United States v. Scott Lee Sharp ( 2000 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 99-4736
SCOTT LEE SHARP,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Durham.
William L. Osteen, District Judge.
(CR-99-82)
Submitted: April 20, 2000
Decided: July 12, 2000
Before LUTTIG, MICHAEL, and KING, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________________________________________
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL
Marvin R. Sparrow, Durham, North Carolina, for Appellant. Walter
C. Holton, Jr., United States Attorney, Lisa B. Boggs, Assistant
United States Attorney, Joshua R. Taylor, Third Year Law Student,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Scott Lee Sharp was convicted after a jury trial of depositing a let-
ter in the mail containing a threat against the life of the President of
the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 871 (1994), and causing
the postal service to deliver a written communication containing a
threat to injure Chief Judge Frank W. Bullock, Jr., in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 876 (1994). Sharp raises various challenges to his convic-
tions and sentences. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I.
Sharp first claims that his convictions were invalid because the dis-
trict court failed to inquire, sua sponte, as to his competency to stand
trial. However, the factual basis of his argument rests nearly exclu-
sively on documents which were not submitted and incidents which
did not occur until after Sharp was convicted. The only fact to which
Sharp points that allegedly should have alerted the district court that
Sharp was possibly incompetent, either before or during trial, is the
single threatening letter which gave rise to both counts against Sharp.
A person is competent to stand trial if (1) he can"consult with his
lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and (2) he
has a "rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings
against him." Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 333 (1989). The letter
itself does not show a lack of factual or rational understanding of real-
ity. While the letter is rambling and lacks cohesion, the meaning is
clear and specific, and Sharp demonstrates an understanding of geog-
raphy and current events. Because the letter does not reflect poorly on
Sharp's ability to consult with his lawyer and to understand legal pro-
ceedings, the letter alone falls short of showing a lack of competency.
In addition, Sharp's demeanor during trial was neither irrational nor
unusual. Sharp consulted with his lawyer, spoke articulately to the
judge, and demonstrated his understanding of the proceedings.
According due deference to the district court, because it had the
opportunity to observe Sharp's demeanor during trial, we find no
error in the lack of a competency hearing.
2
II.
Sharp next contends that he was not competent to waive counsel
for sentencing and that the court should not have accepted his request,
even though it was emphatic and unequivocal. "Competency" in the
waiver of counsel context is co-extensive with the"competency" nec-
essary to stand trial. See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399 (1993).
At the time of the hearing on the motion to withdraw, the presen-
tence report ("PSR") had been prepared. The PSR described a long
history of mental and emotional problems, including two involuntary
commitments to a mental health facility, the latest being in 1993.
However, Sharp was never diagnosed as having a mental disease.
While Sharp's mental and emotional diagnoses revealed that he was
hostile, rude, uncooperative, aggressive, depressed, and immature,
nothing in the PSR shows that Sharp was unable to understand and
participate in legal proceedings.
In fact, Sharp had been arrested many times before, represented by
counsel, and never found incompetent in any proceeding. After a
breaking and entering arrest in 1994, he was referred for a mental
diagnostic study, was found to be antisocial, but was not found
incompetent to stand trial on the charges. Because the PSR did not
show that Sharp was incompetent and because Sharp responded intel-
ligently to the court's questions at the hearing, evincing an under-
standing of the proceedings and presenting his own arguments, we
hold that the court did not err in permitting Sharp to represent himself
at sentencing.
III.
Next, Sharp asserts that the district court erred in failing to hold an
ex parte hearing on his motion for a psychiatric examination under 18
U.S.C.A. § 3006A(e) (West Supp. 1999), and in denying his motion.
It is undisputed that the statute requires an ex parte hearing and that
the court did not hold one. However, "[t]he manifest purpose of
requiring that the inquiry be ex parte is to insure that the defendant
will not have to make a premature disclosure of his case." Marshall
v. United States, 423 F.2d 1315, 1318 (10th Cir. 1970). In this case,
Sharp served his motion for a psychiatric examination on the Govern-
3
ment and did not object when the Government attorney was present.
Because Sharp had already revealed his possible defense to the Gov-
ernment, the district court did not err in failing to consider the issue
ex parte.
Regarding the merits of the motion, § 3006A(e) permits the
appointment of an expert psychiatrist in cases where competency or
insanity is an issue. The statute requires the district court to authorize
§ 3006A(e) services when the defendant is indigent and when the ser-
vices of the psychiatric expert are necessary for an adequate defense.
A court may refuse to authorize § 3006A(e) expert services on the
ground that they are not necessary, if the court concludes that the
defendant does not have a plausible claim or defense. See United
States v. Fince, 670 F.2d 1356, 1357-58 (4th Cir. 1982). The decision
to grant or deny a motion for services pursuant to§ 3006A(e) is com-
mitted to the sound discretion of the district court and may only be
overturned upon a showing of abuse of that discretion. See United
States v. Hartsell, 127 F.3d 343, 349 (4th Cir. 1997). To show revers-
ible error in a district court's refusal to appoint an expert, a defendant
must demonstrate that the court's refusal was prejudicial to his
defense. See United States v. Perrera, 842 F.2d 73, 77 (4th Cir.
1988).
In his motion, Sharp stated that he needed a psychiatrist in order
to challenge competency, file a motion to suppress, and file "any
other motion." First, regarding competency, as discussed above, there
was no viable issue necessitating an expert. Second, because the trial
was already completed, any motion to suppress would have been
irrelevant and, therefore, could not provide a basis for appointment of
an expert. Finally, Sharp's assertion that there might be "other
motions" was too general to show necessity under the statute. Accord-
ingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion.
IV.
Sharp next asserts that the district court erred in denying his motion
for a continuance of sentencing, which sought time to obtain medical
records and information to assist in showing diminished capacity. A
district court's decision to grant or deny a motion for a continuance
is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Speed, 53
4
F.3d 643, 644 (4th Cir. 1995). Absent a showing that the denial sub-
stantially impaired the defendant's opportunity to secure a fair sen-
tence, we will not vacate a sentence merely because a continuance
was denied. See id. at 644-45. As discussed below, a downward
adjustment based on diminished capacity was not available in Sharp's
case. Accordingly, Sharp cannot show prejudice, and his claim of
error fails.
V.
Under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual§ 3A1.2(a) (1998), a
three level upward adjustment should be made if the victim was "a
government officer or employee; a former government officer or
employee; or a member of the immediate family of any of the above,
and the offense of conviction was motivated by such status."
Although Sharp's offense level was adjusted under this section, he
does not challenge this adjustment. Application Note 2 of § 3A1.2(a)
states as follows:
Certain high-level officials, e.g., the President and Vice
President, although covered by this section, do not represent
the heartland of the conduct covered. An upward departure
to reflect the potential disruption of the governmental func-
tion in such cases typically would be warranted.
Sharp challenges the court's upward departure of three offense levels
under this Application Note.
Sharp contends that the district court erred by departing upward
based on the fact that the victims of his crime were"high-level offi-
cials." First, Sharp asserts that the Chief Judge was not a high-level
official. Second, he contends that, since an element of his crime was
that the President was a victim, it was double counting to depart
upward on this basis. Because Sharp did not raise these claims below,
we may only review the district court's actions for plain error.
Both parties submit that there is no authority as to whether the
Chief Judge of the Middle District of North Carolina is a "high-level"
official within the meaning of the Application Note. As such, any
5
error in the district court's determination that the Chief Judge was a
"high-level" official was not "plain."
Next, Sharp's double counting argument fails. The relevant com-
parison in determining whether there was double counting is between
the applicable guidelines provisions, not between the guidelines pro-
visions and the criminal code. See United States v. McAninch, 994
F.2d 1380, 1385 (9th Cir. 1993). Nothing in the Application Note dis-
courages the departure when an element of the offense was the vic-
tim's "high-level" status.
In addition, Sharp's base offense level was set at twelve under
USSG § 2A6.1 (threatening communications), which does not specifi-
cally incorporate the official victim or high-level victim factor.*
Because the "high-level" victim status is not addressed in the guide-
line establishing Sharp's base offense level, there was no double
counting in the calculation of Sharp's sentence. See United States v.
Fann, 41 F.3d 1218, 1219 (8th Cir. 1994).
VI.
Finally, Sharp contends that the district court erred in failing to
address his request for sentencing consideration under USSG
§ 5K2.13, p.s., based on his diminished capacity. However, § 5K2.13
specifically states that a downward departure based on diminished
capacity is not permissible if the offense "involved actual violence or
a serious threat of violence." Sharp has not argued that his threats
were frivolous or factually impossible. Thus, Sharp's specific and
explicit threats of violence foreclose any departure based on his men-
tal condition under § 5K2.13.
Accordingly, we affirm Sharp's convictions and sentences. We dis-
pense with oral argument, because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________________
*In fact, that section "includes a particularly wide range of conduct . . .
[and] [f]actors not incorporated in the guideline may be considered by
the court in determining whether a departure from the guidelines is war-
ranted." USSG § 2A6.1, comment. (n.1).
6