McCune v. Xerox Corporation ( 2000 )

UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
ALEX G. MCCUNE, d/b/a Shenandoah
Business Systems,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 99-1765
v.
XEROX CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellant.
ALEX G. MCCUNE, d/b/a Shenandoah
Business Systems,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 99-1829
v.
XEROX CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg.
W. Craig Broadwater, District Judge.
(CA-97-23-3)
Argued: May 1, 2000
Decided: July 24, 2000
Before MOTZ and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges, and
Frank W. BULLOCK, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Middle District of North Carolina, sitting by designation.
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Affirmed in part and vacated in part by unpublished per curiam opin-
ion.
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Charles McKinley Surber, Jr., JACKSON & KELLY,
P.L.L.C., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Henry Malcolm
Lloyd, BOYKIN & CASANO, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Stephen M. LaCagnin, Julia M. Chico, JACKSON &
KELLY, P.L.L.C., Morgantown, West Virginia, for Appellant. Wil-
liam Richard McCune, Jr., WM. RICHARD MCCUNE, JR.,
P.L.L.C., Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appellee.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
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OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Xerox Corporation ("Xerox") appeals the district court's denial of
its post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law, or in the alterna-
tive for a new trial. By way of cross-appeal, Alex G. McCune
("McCune") challenges the district court's reduction of his damages
award. We affirm in part and vacate in part.
I.
McCune, doing business as Shenandoah Business Systems, was an
authorized sales agent/owner for Xerox from 1983 until January 1997.
McCune's assigned territory was the panhandle area of West Virginia.
McCune performed at a high level until 1995-96 when he failed to
meet his sales quotas for eight consecutive quarters. Xerox attributed
this downturn to McCune's developing other aspects of his business,
such as cellular phones, and an inexperienced sales agent employed
by McCune. McCune, on the other hand, attributed the lion's share
of his performance deficiencies to lack of support from Xerox. Spe-
cifically, McCune complained about the Agent Channel Managers
(ACMs) assigned to his territory. ACMs provide a number of support
2
functions including assisting with sales, filling orders, and introducing
new products. McCune believed his ACMs, one of whom had no
prior management experience, were inattentive to his needs and put
forth little effort.
In September 1996, Xerox informed McCune and other
agents/owners that it would not be extending their contracts and that
the agents/owners would learn in the fourth quarter whether they
would be offered a new contract. In late December 1996, McCune
received a new contract in the mail for his "review and signature."
J.A. 1058. The contract indicated that it would be effective as of the
earlier of the date of execution or January 1, 1997. McCune signed
the contract on December 29 and continued to sell Xerox products in
January 1997.
Towards the end of January, Xerox informed McCune that it would
not be offering him a new contract. Xerox terminated McCune, but
compensated him for sales made in January. McCune brought suit
alleging breach of contract, tortious interference, and fraud. The case
was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict for McCune. The
jury awarded McCune $66,268.40 for breach of contract and
$331,283 for fraud ($226,283 compensatory damages and $105,000
emotional distress damages). Xerox renewed its motion for judgment
as a matter of law and moved in the alternative for a new trial. The
district judge, finding there was a double recovery, reduced the ver-
dict by $66,268.40, but affirmed the remainder of the award. Xerox
appeals, and McCune cross-appeals the reduction of his award.
II.
We review the district court's denial of Xerox's Rule 50(b) motion
for judgment as a matter of law de novo, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to McCune and drawing all reasonable inferences
in his favor. See Konkel v. Bob Evans Farms, Inc., 165 F.3d 275, 279
(4th Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 184 (1999). If there is evidence
upon which a reasonable jury could have found in favor of McCune,
this court must affirm the final verdict. Id. The district court's denial
of Xerox's motion for a new trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
See id.3
A.
Xerox argues that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law
because McCune did not provide clear and convincing evidence of
fraud under Virginia law.1 See Winn v. Aleda Constr. Co., 315 S.E.2d
193, 195 (Va. 1984) ("The burden is upon the party charging fraud
to prove it by clear and convincing evidence."). In Virginia, the requi-
site elements of a fraud claim are:
(1) a false representation
(2) of a material fact
(3) made intentionally and knowingly
(4) with intent to mislead
(5) reliance by the party misled, and
(6) resulting damage to the party misled.
See Prospect Dev. Co. v. Bershader, 515 S.E.2d 291, 297 (Va. 1999).
We will consider each element in turn.
1. False representation
As for the first element, McCune alleged at trial that Xerox misrep-
resented its intent to continue McCune's agency for 1997. McCune
offered evidence indicating that Xerox informed McCune and other
agents/owners in September 1996 that it would not be extending their
contracts and that the agents/owners would learn in the fourth quarter
whether they would be offered a new contract. In late December,
McCune received a new contract which provided that for agents cov-
ering substantially the same territory as under the old contract, the
agreement would be "effective as of the earlier of the date of execu-
tion or January 1, 1997." J.A. 65. McCune's territory was unchanged
and he signed the contract on December 29, 1996. Franklin L.
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1 The parties agree that Virginia law applies to the fraud claim.
4
Edmonds, a Xerox vice president, agreed at trial that Xerox was under
no obligation to send McCune the new contract.
McCune's sales representative, Anthony Triggs, testified that he
attended a Xerox fall sales conference during which Jeannette Ill, a
Xerox district sales manager, said that all agents/owners were "going
to be offered a contract." J.A. 474. Triggs also testified that he and
McCune attended a January 1997 kickoff meeting where Edmonds
welcomed them back for another year. Shortly after this meeting, and
after McCune made a number of sales in January 1997, McCune
received a letter from Xerox informing him "that Xerox has decided
not to offer Shenandoah Business Systems a 1997 Xerox Authorized
Sales Agent Agreement." J.A. 79. Xerox claimed this decision was
not made until after review of McCune's 1997 business plan, but
Jeannette Ill's deposition testimony read to the jury indicated that in
October 1996 Xerox had decided to "[t]erminate [McCune's] con-
tract." J.A. 302.
In disputing the sufficiency of the evidence for this first element,
Xerox observes that under Virginia case law "fraud must relate to a
present or a preexisting fact, and cannot ordinarily be predicated on
unfulfilled promises or statements as to future events." Blair Constr.,
Inc. v. Weatherford, 485 S.E.2d 137, 139 (Va. 1997) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted). While Xerox accurately states the general rule,
it ignores one important exception. If a party "makes the promise,
intending not to perform, his promise is a misrepresentation of pres-
ent fact, and if made to induce the promisee to act to his detriment,
is actionable as actual fraud." Id. at 139 (quoting Colonial Ford Truck
Sales, Inc. v. Schneider, 325 S.E.2d 91, 94 (Va. 1985)). The facts of
this case, unlike those in Words v. Xerox Corp. , 205 F.3d 1336, 2000
WL 234502 (4th Cir. 2000) (unpublished), fall squarely within the
exception. McCune provided evidence not only that Xerox promised
to renew his contract, but also that when Xerox made this promise it
never intended to keep it. McCune offered evidence, e.g., the testi-
mony of a government procurement officer, that Xerox fraudulently
promised to renew his contract so that he would continue working for
Xerox assisting it in obtaining a major contract with a U.S. Fish &
Wildlife facility; after Xerox had virtually captured the government
business, it refused to renew its contract with McCune. Given this
5
evidence, a reasonable jury could find that Xerox's promise to renew
McCune's contract was a misrepresentation of present fact.
Based on the foregoing, a reasonable jury could have found by
clear and convincing evidence that Xerox misrepresented its intention
to continue McCune's agency.
2. Of a material fact
A representation that a party's contract will be renewed is clearly
material. The evidence produced at trial indicated that McCune
earned approximately $46,000 in profit from the sale of Xerox equip-
ment in 1996 and spent fifty percent of his time on Xerox matters. In
addition, Anthony Triggs, McCune's employee, spent 100 percent of
his time on Xerox matters. The continuance of McCune's status as an
authorized sales agent/owner for Xerox was material, and sufficient
evidence was presented to establish this element.
3. Made intentionally and knowingly
McCune offered clear and convincing evidence that Xerox inten-
tionally and knowingly misrepresented its intent to retain McCune as
an agent/owner. As previously mentioned, Jeannette Ill's deposition
testimony read to the jury indicated that Xerox made its decision to
terminate McCune in October 1996. Nevertheless, Xerox offered
assurances that the contract would be renewed, sent McCune a new
contract for his signature, and compensated McCune pursuant to the
1997 schedule for sales made in January 1997. Hence, a reasonable
jury could have concluded that Xerox intentionally and knowingly
misrepresented its intent to continue McCune's agency.
4. With the intent to mislead
As for intent to mislead, McCune offered extensive testimony from
William Nebel who oversaw purchases of copying equipment for the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1996, the government was
completing construction of a conservation training center ("the cen-
ter") in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Nebel served as the team
leader for graphics and publishing for the center until his retirement
6
in August 1997. Nebel testified that he had experienced problems
with the Xerox bureaucracy and its high pressure sales techniques,
and that Xerox had misled him about the capabilities of equipment.
Aware of Nebel's complaints, Xerox assured him that the new center
would deal with McCune rather than with corporate Xerox. With
McCune's office just eight miles from the center, Xerox emphasized
that supplies and service could be obtained quickly. Nebel soon "de-
veloped a relationship of trust and respect" with McCune and Triggs
which was far different from his previous dealings with corporate
Xerox. J.A. 104.
Nebel decided to purchase for the center a used Xerox DocuTech,
which cost $157,600, and signed a non-binding letter of intent on
November 12, 1996. News of McCune's termination in January 1997
"bothered" Nebel because Xerox had earlier assured him that he "had
a company right down the street for [the center's] needs and con-
cerns." J.A. 111. Though upset with Xerox's actions, Nebel testified
that he did not cancel the purchase of the DocuTech because it "was
too far along." J.A. 126. From this evidence, a reasonable jury could
have concluded that Xerox misled McCune regarding his contract so
that McCune would continue to use his best efforts to cultivate the
relationship with Nebel. Further, the jury could have reasoned that
once the purchase of the DocuTech was too far along to be canceled,
Xerox terminated McCune after securing a large sale.
McCune also offered testimony that Xerox, though it had already
decided to terminate him, sought his 1997 business plan and Triggs'
compensation rate. McCune testified that in January 1997 his ACM
telephoned him and "specifically wanted to know how I was compen-
sating [Triggs]." J.A. 654. McCune further testified that Xerox had
never before requested this information. Shortly after McCune was
terminated, another agent/owner, whom Xerox was considering for
McCune's territory, called Triggs and offered him employment.
Triggs testified that this agent/owner "knew of the arrangements that
[McCune] and I had as far as what I was being compensated." J.A.
490. Based on the evidence, a jury could have concluded that Xerox
intentionally misled McCune in order to obtain information about the
operation of his business.
7
5. Reliance by the party misled
McCune offered evidence of his reliance on the representation that
his relationship with Xerox would continue. He continued to work on
Xerox's behalf by making sales and maintaining goodwill for Xerox
among his customers. He closed approximately six sales in January
1997 and was compensated pursuant to Xerox's 1997 schedule.
McCune could have closed down the Xerox portion of his business
and searched for other business opportunities; but instead he contin-
ued to concentrate his and Triggs' efforts on Xerox matters. Thus,
clear and convincing evidence of reliance was presented to the jury.
6. Resulting damages
McCune also offered clear and convincing evidence of damages.
Though McCune admitted that 1995-96 were poor sales years, he tes-
tified that the needs of the new center, which continued to buy Xerox
products after McCune's termination, "would naturally get us off to
a good start." J.A. 655. And, if McCune did get off to a good start and
was designated a high performing agent under the contract, then the
term of the agreement could have been extended from one to three
years.
McCune called as an expert witness Dr. William Johnson, a profes-
sor of economics at Shepherd College. Dr. Johnson offered extensive
testimony, to a reasonable degree of economic certainty, concerning
the loss to McCune. Based on the 1997 quota, Dr. Johnson projected
the revenues and expenses associated with the sale of Xerox equip-
ment from 1997 to 2003. The calculations were based on the assump-
tion that McCune would have met his sales quota and that his revenue
growth would have increased at three percent per year. Dr. Johnson
calculated McCune's total loss to be $517,135, though the jury chose
to award only $226,283 in compensatory damages for fraud. Hence,
McCune offered clear and convincing evidence of resulting damages.
In sum, the district court did not err in denying Xerox's motion for
judgment as a matter of law on the fraud claim. The evidence viewed
in the light most favorable to McCune reveals that the jury, by clear
8
and convincing evidence, could have reasonably found in favor of
McCune and awarded compensatory damages.2
B.
As part of McCune's fraud recovery, the jury also awarded
$105,000 in emotional distress damages. Under Virginia law, a plain-
tiff may recover damages for emotional distress, absent proof of phys-
ical injury or willful and wanton conduct, if the defendant has
committed an intentional tort against the plaintiff. See Sea-Land Serv.,
Inc. v. O'Neal, 297 S.E.2d 647, 653 (Va. 1982). Fraud, of course, is
a quintessential intentional tort. See Fox v. Deese, 362 S.E.2d 699,
706 (Va. 1987) (describing actual fraud as an intentional tort).
In the present case, McCune testified that his termination "embed-
ded a very big void in my mind" and that it "wreaked havoc on my
mental stability within myself over the last 18 months." J.A. 736. The
district court determined that these conclusory allegations of distress
were sufficient to present the claim to the jury. We disagree. In this
circuit, a district court should grant a Rule 50(b) motion "if the plain-
tiff has failed to adduce substantial evidence in support of his claim."
DeMaine v. Bank One, Akron, N.A., 904 F.2d 219, 220 (4th Cir. 1990)
(per curiam). McCune's evidence of emotional distress, which con-
sisted of two sentences in a 1455-page joint appendix, cannot be
described as substantial. There is no evidence, for example, that
McCune sought medical treatment for the distress, that he was unable
to function as usual, that he withdrew from activities, or that he suf-
fered physical manifestations caused by the distress. Without ques-
tion, the evidence presented by McCune falls far short of the degree
of proof required to enable a reasonable juror to award emotional dis-
tress damages. See id.; see also Bailey v. County of Georgetown, 94
F.3d 152, 157 (4th Cir. 1996) (holding that a court should submit an
issue to the jury "only when that issue is supported by substantial evi-
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2 The jury also awarded McCune $66,268.40 for breach of contract.
Because the compensatory damages for fraud must necessarily encom-
pass the contract damages and we affirm the reduction of the entire
award by the amount of the contract damages, see infra Part II.C, we
need not linger over the contract claim which we nevertheless find to be
supported by substantial evidence.
9
dence which shows a probability and not a mere possibility of
proof.") (internal quotation marks omitted); Gairola v. Virginia Dep't
of Gen. Servs., 753 F.2d 1281, 1285 (4th Cir. 1985) (holding that "a
mere scintilla of evidence is not enough to defeat a motion for a
directed verdict"). Thus, the district court erred in denying Xerox's
Rule 50(b) motion regarding McCune's emotional distress damages,
and we therefore vacate this portion of the damages award.
C.
Concluding that McCune received an impermissible double recov-
ery from the jury, the district court on Xerox's motion reduced the
total award by $66,268.40, the amount of the contract damages.
Xerox contends that the district court erred and should have instead
reduced the award by $226,283, the amount of the compensatory
damages for fraud. By way of cross-appeal, McCune argues that there
was no duplicative recovery and that the district court erred in reduc-
ing the award.3
"Where a plaintiff seeks recovery for the same damages under dif-
ferent legal theories, only a single recovery is allowed." Conway v.
Icahn & Co., 16 F.3d 504, 511 (2d Cir. 1994); see also Singleton
Management, Inc. v. Compere, 673 N.Y.S.2d 381, 385 (N.Y. App.
Div. 1998) (explaining that in order to avoid a double recovery dam-
ages recovered in tortious interference suit must be reduced by
amount of the settlement of the breach of contract claim); Carter v.
New York, 546 N.Y.S.2d 648, 650 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989) (holding
that a claimant who had recovered under § 1983 for wrongful convic-
tion and imprisonment could not also recover under the state's Unjust
Conviction and Imprisonment Act). In the present case, the district
court found that the fraud and breach of contract were related, based
on a single set of facts, and "constitute[d] a single course of conduct
which caused [McCune] a single form of damages." J.A. 1444-45. We
agree. The fraud and contract damages represented lost profits from
the agency agreement. The contract, however, limited damages for
breach to one year, whereas no such limitation applied to fraud dam-
ages. Hence, the fraud damages must necessarily include the contract
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3 The parties agree that New York law applies to the contract claim.
10
damages, and the district court properly reduced the award of dam-
ages by $66,268.40.4
III.
For the foregoing reasons we affirm the district court's denial of
Xerox's post-trial motions as to the fraud and contract claims. We
also affirm the district court's reduction of McCune's total damages
award by the amount of the contract damages. However, we vacate
the emotional distress damages because of insufficient evidence.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART
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4 We also conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Xerox's motion for a new trial.
11