Caytrans Proj Srv v. BBC Chartering ( 2021 )


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  • Case: 20-30623     Document: 00515903587         Page: 1     Date Filed: 06/17/2021
    United States Court of Appeals
    for the Fifth Circuit                           United States Court of Appeals
    Fifth Circuit
    FILED
    June 17, 2021
    No. 20-30623                       Lyle W. Cayce
    Clerk
    Caytrans Project Services Americas, Limited,
    Plaintiff—Appellant,
    versus
    BBC Chartering & Logistics GmbH & Company KG; BBC
    Global GmbH & Company KG; BBC Chartering USA, LLC,
    Defendants—Appellees.
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Eastern District of Louisiana
    USDC No. 2:20-CV-414
    Before Owen, Chief Judge, and Davis and Dennis, Circuit Judges.
    Per Curiam:*
    Plaintiff, Caytrans Project Services Americas, Ltd. (“Caytrans”),
    appeals the district court’s judgment granting the Rule 12(b)(7) motion to
    dismiss filed by Defendants, BBC Chartering & Logistics GmbH & Co. KG,
    BBC Global GmbH & Co. KG, and BBC Chartering USA, LLC. In their
    *
    Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
    opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
    circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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    No. 20-30623
    motion, Defendants asserted that Caytrans failed to join an indispensable
    party required by Rule 19, and because the party’s joinder would destroy the
    court’s diversity jurisdiction, Caytrans’s complaint had to be dismissed. For
    the reasons set forth below, we VACATE and REMAND.
    I. BACKGROUND
    In 2006 Caytrans, a corporation domiciled in Louisiana, entered into
    a Shareholders’ Agreement (“Agreement”) with BBC Chartering &
    Logistics GmbH & Co. KG (“BBC”), domiciled in Germany. The
    Agreement created a Louisiana limited liability company, Caytrans BBC,
    LLC (“Company”), to operate chartered marine vessels. Caytrans and BBC
    each owned 50 percent of the shares in the Company. In 2016 BBC
    transferred its shares to BBC Global GmbH & Co. KG (“BBC Global”), also
    domiciled in Germany, at which point Caytrans continued to own 50 percent
    of the Company’s shares, and BBC Global owned the other 50 percent.
    In its complaint, Caytrans asserted that it agreed with BBC that two
    commercial agents, BBC (USA) LP (“BBC USA”) and Dan-Gulf Shipping,
    Inc. (“Dan-Gulf”), would be appointed to assist with the Company’s
    operations. Caytrans further alleged that the Agreement required BBC or
    BBC USA to perform “[a]ll accounting for the Company” and to “submit
    monthly accounting to the Board” and that the Agreement required BBC to
    maintain the Company’s bank account. According to Caytrans, a 2008
    addendum to the Agreement provided that all references to BBC USA in the
    Agreement referred to Defendant, BBC Chartering USA, LLC (“BBC
    Chartering USA”), whose sole member is BBC Global.
    Caytrans further stated in its complaint that BBC hired Dan-Gulf’s
    controller, Deepak N. Jagtiani (“Jack”), to perform these accounting
    services for the Company. Caytrans explained that BBC paid 50 percent of
    Jack’s salary and benefits and that Dan-Gulf paid the other 50 percent since
    2
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    Jack continued to work for Dan-Gulf as its controller. Caytrans alleged that
    although BBC, BBC Global and/or BBC Chartering USA were
    “responsible” for the Company’s accounting, “they did absolutely nothing
    to monitor and supervise Jack’s handling of [the Company’s] finances or the
    status of [the Company’s] accounts.” Caytrans asserted: “Among other
    things, they did not ask Jack to send them regular financial statements, bank
    statements or other financial records needed to satisfy their duty to properly
    handle [the Company’s] accounting.”
    In January 2019, Jack informed the management of the Company and
    the management of Dan-Gulf that there were not enough funds on hand to
    meet either companies’ obligations. On January 15, 2019, the Company and
    Dan-Gulf “instructed Jack to provide complete financial information to
    them.” On February 5, 2019, Jack abruptly resigned and never returned to
    work. Investigation into the companies’ financial situations revealed that
    Jack had embezzled approximately $5.9 million from the Company over a 10-
    year period.
    Caytrans stated that it has not been able to recover any of the stolen
    funds from Jack, but that it, one of its affiliates, the Company, an agent of the
    Company, and Dan-Gulf have all sued Jack and others in state court to
    recover as much of the losses as possible. Caytrans contended that BBC and
    BBC Global, however, have resisted allowing the Company to pay any
    portion of the costs for investigating the losses and pursuing the recovery of
    the losses from Jack and others. Additionally, Caytrans asserted that, in
    January 2020, it discovered that BBC and/or BBC Global have “been
    competing with [the Company] for business and diverting business away
    from [the Company]” for their sole benefit and to the detriment of the
    Company and Caytrans. Caytrans also alleged that BBC Chartering USA
    ceased carrying out its duties as the Company’s agent and diverted business
    away from the Company and to its sole member, BBC Global.
    3
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    Based on the allegations relating to Jack’s embezzlement, Caytrans
    asserted claims against Defendants for breach of their contractual obligations
    to monitor and supervise the Company’s accounting and bank accounts,
    breach of their fiduciary duty to fulfill their “accounting duties in good faith
    and with ordinary diligence,” and gross negligence in “failing to have
    adequate safeguards in place to prevent theft and failing to discover the
    embezzlement.” Based on the allegations that Defendants were diverting
    business away from the Company, Caytrans asserted that they breached their
    fiduciary duty of loyalty to the Company by self-dealing and engaging in
    unfair trade practices in violation of Louisiana law.
    As to the damages resulting from Defendants’ breach of their
    contractual and fiduciary duties and gross negligence relating to Jack’s
    embezzlement, Caytrans asserted that the Company lost approximately $5.9
    million and that, “as a 50% shareholder” of the Company, it “derivatively
    was damaged” by almost $2.9 million. As to the damages resulting from
    Defendants’ alleged self-dealing and unfair trade practices, Caytrans
    asserted that the Company suffered a “business loss, and a loss of reputation
    in the market, all in an amount to be proven at trial,” and that “as a 50%
    shareholder” of the Company, Caytrans “derivatively was damaged by 50%
    of this business loss.”
    In response to Caytrans’s complaint, Defendants filed the
    Rule 12(b)(7) motion to dismiss at issue in this appeal. They asserted that
    because Caytrans’s complaint set forth a derivative action, Caytrans was
    required to join the Company as a party under Rule 19. 1 Defendants
    contended that once the Company was properly joined as a defendant,
    1
    Defendants also argued that Caytrans failed to plead properly a derivative action
    under Rule 23.1. The issue became moot, however, by the filing of Caytrans’s verified third
    amended complaint, which complied with Rule 23.1.
    4
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    however, the district court would lack subject matter jurisdiction over the
    action because Caytrans and the Company are nondiverse. 2 Therefore, the
    action had to be dismissed.
    In opposition to the motion, Caytrans acknowledged that the
    Company is a required party under Rule 19(a) because this is a derivative
    action. Caytrans asserted, however, that the Company is not an indispensable
    party under the factors set forth in Rule 19(b); therefore, its joinder was not
    mandatory, and diversity jurisdiction was present.
    The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss. It reviewed
    the Rule 19(b) factors, determining that three of the four factors indicated
    that the Company was an indispensable party and favored dismissal. Caytrans
    filed a motion for reconsideration, which the district court denied. This
    timely appeal followed.
    II. DISCUSSION
    Rule 19(a) directs the district court to join “required” parties “if
    feasible.” 3 But, “[w]hen joining a required party is not feasible, such as when
    joining that party would destroy diversity [jurisdiction], the court must
    determine whether the party is ‘merely necessary’ to the litigation, or in fact
    ‘indispensable.’” 4 Specifically, Rule 19(b) instructs the district court to
    consider the following four factors to “determine whether, in equity and
    good conscience, the action should proceed among the existing parties or
    2
    In Harvey v. Grey Wolf Drilling, Co., 
    542 F.3d 1077
    , 1080 (5th Cir. 2008), this
    Court held that “the citizenship of a LLC is determined by the citizenship of all of its
    members.” Consequently, the Company is a citizen of Louisiana and Germany. Thus,
    whether the Company is joined as a plaintiff or defendant, diversity jurisdiction would be
    lacking.
    3
    Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a).
    4
    Moss v. Princip, 
    913 F.3d 508
    , 515 (5th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted).
    5
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    should be dismissed:” (1) the extent to which a judgment rendered in the
    person’s absence might prejudice that person or the existing parties; (2) the
    extent to which any prejudice could be lessened or avoided by protective
    provisions in the judgment, shaping the relief, or other measures;
    (3) whether a judgment rendered in the person’s absence would be adequate;
    and (4) whether the plaintiff would have an adequate remedy if the action
    were dismissed for nonjoinder. 5
    This Court has noted that “Rule 19 militate[s] in favor of a highly
    practical, fact-based decision.” 6 “While the indispensability of a party is a
    question of federal law, a federal court can look to state law to determine the
    relative interest that the party has in the litigation.” 7 The decision whether a
    party is indispensable can be made only after considering the “context of
    particular litigation.” 8 This Court reviews the district court’s decision to
    dismiss for failure to join an indispensable party under an abuse-of-discretion
    standard. 9
    A.     Extent to which a judgment rendered in the Company’s absence
    might prejudice the Company or Defendants
    The district court determined that the first Rule 19(b) factor, the
    extent to which a judgment rendered in the Company’s absence might
    prejudice the Company or Defendants, weighed in favor of a finding that the
    Company was an indispensable party.
    5
    Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b).
    6
    Pulitzer-Polster v. Pulitzer, 
    784 F.2d 1305
    , 1309 (5th Cir. 1986).
    7
    Whalen v. Carter, 
    954 F.2d 1087
    , 1096 n.8 (5th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted).
    8
    Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 
    390 U.S. 102
    , 118 (1968).
    9
    Pulitzer-Polster, 
    784 F.2d at 1309
    .
    6
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    (1) Prejudice to the Company
    The district court noted that as a Louisiana limited liability company
    (“LLC”), the Company was “wholly separate” from its members and that
    its separate status “suggest[ed] separate interests—interests unrepresented
    and therefore unprotected here.” Because a judgment rendered in the
    Company’s absence would fail to account for the Company’s “distinct
    interests,” the district court determined that such judgment would “plainly
    prejudice” the Company.
    Caytrans rightly points out, however, that the district court did not
    describe what those “separate and unprotected interests” were. Caytrans
    disputes that the Company has any separate interests that are not fully
    protected by the existing parties, as “this is a purely internal dispute between
    the only two members of [the Company] concerning the operation of that
    limited liability company.”
    On appeal, Defendants attempt to identify the Company’s separate
    and unprotected interests. They assert that the Company must be joined so
    that the Company can answer Caytrans’s allegations against it for “not acting
    as it should.” Caytrans, however, has not alleged any wrongdoing by the
    Company. Defendants also assert that if the Company is not a party, it cannot
    defend itself against allegations concerning its own negligence in this matter.
    Again, however, Caytrans has not alleged that the Company was negligent,
    but that Defendants were, and states that it “has no intention of arguing that
    [the Company] [wa]s negligent.”
    Relying on a recent case from this Court, Caytrans asserts that the
    Company’s interests in this action, whatever they may be, are fully protected
    because its only two members (Caytrans and BBC/BBC Global) are both
    parties to this suit. In Moss v. Princip, the plaintiffs were two partners and
    limited liability members of a four-person partnership and a four-person
    7
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    LLC. 10 They sued the other two partners and limited liability members, the
    partnership, and the LLC in state court, alleging fraud, breach of fiduciary
    duty, breach of the partnership agreement, and conversion. 11
    The defendants removed to federal court on the basis of diversity
    jurisdiction. After a jury trial and a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs, the
    defendants moved to dismiss the case, arguing that the district court never
    had subject matter jurisdiction because the partnership and the LLC were
    nondiverse. The plaintiffs responded by moving to dismiss the partnership
    and LLC as dispensable nondiverse parties. The district court granted the
    plaintiffs’ motion, and this Court affirmed. 12
    This Court determined that the district court did not abuse its
    discretion in dismissing the partnership and LLC as dispensable parties to
    preserve its diversity jurisdiction. The parties agreed that the partnership
    was a “required” party under Rule 19(a). The defendants further asserted
    that the partnership was “indispensable” under Rule 19(b). Noting that
    Rule 19 requires a “flexible and pragmatic” approach in evaluating a party’s
    indispensability, and discussing cases from other circuits, 13 this Court
    affirmed the district court’s judgment because “the partnership’s interests
    were fully represented by each of its partners, all of whom were before the
    court.” 14
    10
    
    913 F.3d 508
    , 512 (5th Cir. 2019).
    11
    
    Id.
    12
    
    Id. at 513
    .
    13
    
    Id.
     at 517–18 (citing Hooper v. Wolfe, 
    396 F.3d 744
     (6th Cir. 2005); HB Gen. Corp.
    v. Manchester Partners, L.P., 
    95 F.3d 1185
     (3d Cir. 1996); Curley v. Brignoli, Curley & Roberts
    Assocs., 
    915 F.2d 81
     (2d Cir. 1990)).
    14
    Moss, 913 F.3d at 519.
    8
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    This Court further noted that although the plaintiffs raised claims for
    damages “derivative” of the partnership’s rights, the presence of the
    partnership was not necessary to protect the partnership or the parties from
    prejudice. This was shown by the fact that the partnership played a “purely
    passive” role throughout the litigation, “reflecting the reality that its
    interests did not diverge from the interests represented by the four individual
    partners and that its presence played no distinct role in the outcome of the
    suit against the individuals.” 15 This Court further noted that any risk of
    duplicative litigation brought by the partnership itself could be cured through
    injunctive relief fashioned by the district court. 16 Because the defendants did
    not argue that the LLC should be treated differently from the partnership for
    the jurisdictional inquiry, this Court extended its analysis to the LLC and
    held that the district court also properly dismissed the LLC. 17
    Our decision in Moss reflects the “highly practical, fact-based
    decision” a court should make when determining the indispensability of a
    party. 18 As applied here, Moss requires a determination whether the
    Company’s interests vary from those of Caytrans or BBC/BBC Global such
    that the Company would play a distinct role in this lawsuit. If the Company’s
    interests do not diverge from Caytrans or BBC/BBC Global, then the
    Company’s presence is not required to protect its interests.
    In this case, the district court noted that as a Louisiana LLC, the
    Company is “wholly separate” from its members. The court concluded that
    the Company’s separate status under Louisiana law “suggest[ed] separate
    15
    Id.
    16
    Id.
    17
    Id. at 521.
    18
    See Pulitzer-Polster v. Pulitzer, 
    784 F.2d 1305
    , 1309 (5th Cir. 1986).
    9
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    interests—interests unrepresented and therefore unprotected here.” But the
    court did not engage in an analysis of the facts to determine whether the
    Company’s interests (although separate under Louisiana law) varied in
    reality from those of Caytrans or BBC/BBC Global. Our decision in Moss
    suggests that because the only two limited liability members of the Company
    are parties to the suit, then any interest of the Company will be protected.
    Specifically, to the extent that the Company has valid claims against
    BBC/BBC Global, Caytrans can advance those claims; to the extent that the
    Company has valid claims against Caytrans, BBC/BBC Global can advance
    those claims. Moreover, Caytrans has alleged no wrongdoing on the part of
    the Company such that the Company might need to play a distinct role here,
    and Caytrans has confirmed that it has no intention of asserting such
    allegations in this suit.
    As the district court noted, the procedural posture of Moss was
    different from the instant matter. The case was on appeal after a jury trial had
    been completed, and a verdict rendered in the plaintiffs’ favor. The Supreme
    Court has noted that after a judgment has been rendered, there is “a strong
    additional interest” under Rule 19(b) in preserving a district court’s
    judgment. 19 The different procedural posture, however, does not render Moss
    inapplicable here. Our holding in Moss was not dependent upon the
    procedural posture of the case. Rather, we emphasized in Moss that “Rule 19
    requires courts to be ‘flexible and pragmatic’ in evaluating a party’s
    indispensability, a call demanding attention to the case at hand.” 20
    19
    Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 
    390 U.S. 102
    , 110 (1968).
    20
    Moss, 913 F.3d at 517 (citation omitted). The district court’s decision in Orpheum
    Property, Inc. v. Coscina, No. 17-6480, 
    2018 WL 1518471
    , at *1 (E.D. La. Mar. 28, 2018),
    reflects the type of evaluation required by Rule 19(b). In that case, the plaintiff asserted a
    derivative claim on behalf of a Louisiana LLC. The plaintiff was the only member of the
    company, and the district court noted that, at the time of the suit, the company had no
    10
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    In this matter, the district court focused on the separateness of the
    Company under Louisiana’s LLC law, but it did not engage in the practical
    and highly fact-based analysis our Rule 19(b) precedent requires in
    determining whether the Company would be prejudiced by its absence from
    this lawsuit. In response to the panel’s questioning during oral argument,
    defense counsel confirmed that the Company is no longer operating, but that
    it still has a bank account and is receiving restitution payments as required by
    the judgment from the federal criminal proceeding against Jack.21 Although
    counsel stated that the district court was informed about the status of the
    Company, the record does not indicate that the district court was aware of
    this information.
    Because the status of the Company is highly relevant to the
    determination whether, in practical terms, the Company will suffer any
    prejudice as a result of its absence from this lawsuit, we vacate the district
    court’s decision as to this factor and remand so that the district court may
    reevaluate this factor.
    (2)     Prejudice to Defendants
    The first Rule 19(b) factor also requires consideration of the extent to
    which a judgment rendered in the Company’s absence might prejudice
    Defendants. As Caytrans argues, in evaluating the potential prejudice to
    Defendants, the district court erroneously focused on the absence of the
    assets or income and was “all but dead.” Id. at *7. The court further noted that if the
    lawsuit was successful and damages recovered, those funds rightly belonged to the
    company because it was a derivative lawsuit. Id. Therefore, there was no prejudice to the
    company, and its joinder was not required. Id.
    21
    The panel questioned counsel regarding the status of the Company after noting
    that Dan-Gulf’s website indicated in May 2020 that the Company was “being dissolved.”
    11
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    other defendants named in the state-court litigation against Jack rather than
    on the Company’s absence.
    Although the pending state-court litigation is relevant to the third
    factor under Rule 19(b) (discussed below), it is not helpful in determining
    whether the absence of the Company in this action prejudices Defendants.
    The claims against the Defendants are that they breached their contractual
    obligations and fiduciary duties of accounting and monitoring and were
    grossly negligent. The Company’s absence will not hinder Defendants from
    presenting a defense to these claims. They presumably could also assert
    third-party demands against the defendants named as joint tortfeasors in the
    state court suit. Under Rule 14(a)(1), Defendants may bring a claim against a
    “nonparty who is or may be liable to it for all or part of the claim against it.”22
    With respect to the claims that Defendants engaged in self-dealing and unfair
    trade practices, the Company’s absence will not prevent Defendants from
    asserting a defense.
    In sum, contrary to the district court’s determination, and as the
    record now stands, the first factor under Rule 19(b) does not appear to weigh
    in favor of a finding that the Company is an indispensable party. However,
    because the district court did not have the benefit of complete information
    regarding the status of the Company, we vacate its determination regarding
    this factor and remand.
    B.     The extent to which any prejudice could be lessened or avoided by
    protective provisions in the judgment, shaping the relief, or other
    measures
    As discussed above, there appears to be no prejudice to the Company
    or Defendants if this action proceeds in the Company’s absence. The district
    22
    Fed. R. Civ. P. 14(a)(1).
    12
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    court determined that this factor was neutral. Caytrans states that the court
    in the pending state proceeding ordered the plaintiffs to arbitrate their claims
    against the company (Paychex) issuing salary checks to Jack. Caytrans further
    points out that if Paychex breached its contract with the Company, then it
    can be liable under New York law for the entire loss, without reduction for
    comparative fault. Caytrans submits that the district court could stay this
    matter pending the outcome of the arbitration, for instance. In the event that
    the arbitration results in plaintiffs’ favor, Defendants in this lawsuit will
    benefit. In light of our remand of this matter, the district court will have the
    opportunity to explore whether a stay might be one of the “other measures”
    contemplated by Rule 19(b).
    C.     Whether a judgment rendered in the Company’s absence would
    be adequate
    The Supreme Court has interpreted the third Rule 19(b) factor to refer
    to “the interest of the courts and the public in complete, consistent, and
    efficient settlement of controversies.” 23 As stated by the Court, the
    “adequacy of the judgment” factor centers on the “public stake in settling
    disputes by wholes, whenever possible, for clearly the plaintiff, who himself
    chose both the forum and the parties defendant, will not be heard to complain
    about the sufficiency of relief obtainable against them.” 24
    The district court determined that this factor weighed in favor of a
    finding that the Company was an indispensable party because a judgment
    rendered in its absence would be “inefficient, incomplete, and (potentially)
    inconsistent” with the judgment that might issue in the state court
    proceeding. The district court noted that the instant action and the state
    23
    Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 
    390 U.S. 102
    , 111 (1968).
    24
    
    Id.
    13
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    court proceeding arise from the same theft and seek recovery for the same
    loss. Although the district court stated that the state court would have
    jurisdiction over all parties and all claims, the parties informed this Court on
    appeal that the claims against Paychex have been sent to arbitration. As with
    the second factor, and in light of our remand, the district court will have the
    opportunity to reevaluate this factor with respect to the claims involving
    Jack’s embezzlement.
    With respect to Caytrans’s claims against Defendants for self-dealing
    and unfair trade practices, however, the third Rule 19(b) factor does not
    weigh in favor of finding the Company indispensable. As Caytrans points out,
    those claims do not overlap with any of the claims pending in state court.
    Therefore, there are no inefficiency concerns with respect to those claims.
    D.     Whether Caytrans would have an adequate remedy if the action
    were dismissed for nonjoinder
    The final Rule 19(b) factor instructs the district court to consider
    whether, if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder of an indispensable party,
    the plaintiff will be able to obtain an adequate remedy in an alternate forum. 25
    The district court should consider whether any applicable limitations period
    has expired since the institution of the plaintiff’s action. 26
    In its ruling, the district court noted that no party had “suggested”
    that Caytrans’s claims against Defendants would be prescribed if the instant
    action were dismissed. Caytrans subsequently refiled its claims in state court.
    However, Caytrans states in its reply brief that after it refiled its claims in
    state court, BBC Chartering USA raised prescription and peremption
    exceptions/defenses in its answer. In light of these developments, we also
    25
    Whalen v. Carter, 
    954 F.2d 1087
    , 1097 (5th Cir. 1992).
    26
    
    Id.
    14
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    vacate the district court’s decision on this factor and remand for
    reevaluation.
    Based on the foregoing, the district court’s judgment is VACATED,
    and this matter is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with
    this opinion.
    15