United States v. Oliver ( 2023 )

Case: 21-11173 Document: 00516635078 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/03/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
February 3, 2023
No. 21-11173
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
United States of America,
Plaintiff—Appellee,
versus
Terran Oliver,
Defendant—Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:19-CR-408-2
Before Elrod, Haynes, and Willett, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Terran Oliver pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit wire fraud
under 18 U.S.C. § 371 (18 U.S.C. § 1343) pursuant to a plea agreement which
included a waiver of the right to appeal, including waiving the right to appeal
restitution awards. The waiver included an exception (thus allowing an
appeal) if the sentence exceeds “the statutory maximum punishment.”
Oliver filed this appeal to challenge the restitution order issued by the district
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 21-11173 Document: 00516635078 Page: 2 Date Filed: 02/03/2023
No. 21-11173
court. 1 The Government contends this appeal is waived. We agree and,
therefore, dismiss the appeal.
Oliver’s conspiracy involved utilizing measures to steal airline miles
such that the conspirators could sell airline tickets on American Airlines to
travelers and keep the money. Oliver received pay for the tickets and sent
some of that money to his co-conspirator in Poland named Wojciech
Borkowski. In connection with sentencing him, the district court was
required to award the losses sustained by American Airlines under the
Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (“MVRA”). See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3663A(a)(1). Because American Airlines did not present that amount to
the court, the court utilized the funds sent by Oliver to Borkowski to calculate
the victim’s loss, resulting in a restitution amount of $369,110.90.
Oliver contends that the Government cannot use evidence of a
criminal defendant’s gain to approximate the victim’s loss. But he does not
argue that the amount awarded actually exceeds American Airlines’ losses.
We have interpreted the MVRA and other statutes to place several limits on
restitution awards, including that the Government must prove that the
defendant proximately caused damages at least equaling the award, and that
the award may not exceed the victim’s loss. See, e.g., United States v. Winchel,
896 F.3d 387, 389 (5th Cir. 2018); United States v. Chem. & Metal Indus., Inc.,
677 F.3d 750, 752 (5th Cir. 2012); see also United States v. Inman, 411 F.3d
591, 595 (5th Cir. 2005) (holding that a restitution award exceeds statutory
maximum where it is calculated using behavior other than “the conduct
underlying the offense for which [the defendant] was convicted”); United
States v. Bevon, 602 F. App’x 147, 154 (5th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (holding
1
Oliver does not raise his prison sentence of 30 months or his supervised release
of one year.
2
Case: 21-11173 Document: 00516635078 Page: 3 Date Filed: 02/03/2023
No. 21-11173
that a restitution award exceeds statutory maximum where it is given for
“victims other than victims of the offenses of conviction”); United States v.
Bell, No. 21-11103, 2022 WL 17729413, at *2–3 (5th Cir. Dec. 16, 2022) (per
curiam) (unpublished) (same). 2 A defendant asserting these arguments may
challenge a restitution award notwithstanding an appeal waiver. See, e.g.,
United States v. Kim, 988 F.3d 803, 810–11 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct.
225 (2021).
These well-established statutory limits on restitution awards are not
at issue here. Instead, Oliver simply disagrees with the methodology used
and argues about the evidence considered. While those arguments might
have had merit in an appeal that was not waived, his arguments do not raise
a proper claim of exceeding the statutory maximum, the only issue he can
raise. 3 Thus, those arguments are waived, and we must dismiss the appeal.
DISMISSED.
2
Although Bell and related unpublished opinions cited herein “[are] not
controlling precedent,” they “may be [cited as] persuasive authority.” Ballard v. Burton,
444 F.3d 391, 401 n.7 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4).
3
A recent case from our court, raised by the Government and to which Oliver did
not respond, addressed this kind of situation under a different statute. United States v.
Meredith, 52 F.4th 984, 987 n.1 (5th Cir. 2022) (explaining that it was not addressing the
MVRA). It explained that just because a party contests the amount awarded, that does not
mean that the amount awarded exceeds the statutory maximum. See id. at 987. That is similar
here: Oliver’s challenges to the evidence do not mean that the district court exceeded the
losses to American Airlines.
3