Heriberto Huerta v. Marcia Shein , 498 F. App'x 422 ( 2012 )

Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
November 27, 2012
No. 12-50346 Lyle W. Cayce
Summary Calendar Clerk
HERIBERTO HUERTA,
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
MARCIA G. SHEIN; LAW OFFICE OF MARCIA G. SHEIN, P.C.,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
No. 5:11-CV-00476-OLG
Before KING, CLEMENT, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Heriberto Huerta filed suit against the Law Office of Marcia G. Shein,
P.C., and attorney Marcia G. Shein, asserting claims for breach of contract,
money had and received, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligence in
connection with the defendants’ alleged failure to file a timely 28 U.S.C. § 2255motion on Huerta’s behalf. Finding the claims barred as a matter of law, the
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should
not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th
Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss. For the reasons set
forth below, we AFFIRM.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On February 23, 1994, a jury convicted Heriberto Huerta of various drug-
related offenses. After unsuccessfully appealing his conviction, Huerta retained
the Law Office of Marcia G. Shein, P.C., and attorney Marcia G. Shein
(collectively “Shein” or “Defendants”) to file on his behalf a habeas corpus
motion—pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255—challenging his conviction. Under the
provisions of section 2255, Huerta’s motion was due April 24, 1997. Because
Shein did not mail the motion until April 23, 1997, however, it was not received
and filed in the clerk’s office until April 25, 1997. Given the untimely filing, the
district court dismissed Huerta’s motion on March 13, 1998.
Huerta alleges that, after the dismissal, Shein convinced him to appeal
because the law was favorable to his position. Thus, acting on Huerta’s behalf,
Shein filed a motion in this court requesting a Certificate of Appealability. The
motion was denied June 17, 1999, as was a subsequently filed petition for
rehearing. Huerta claims that Shein then persuaded him to file motions for
relief under Rule 60(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 2241.1 These motions also were denied.
According to Huerta’s complaint, Shein never informed him that his
section 2255 motion had been dismissed as untimely. Indeed, Huerta claims
that he did not discover this fact until 2009, when another attorney informed
him that he had a right to file a malpractice claim against Shein. On June 15,
2011, Huerta filed a federal diversity suit against Shein, alleging causes of
action “involving breach of contract, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, actual
fraud, and fraudulent concealment of facts, which relate to Mr. Huerta’s
1
Rule 60(b) provides several grounds for relief from a final judgment, order, or
proceeding, Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), while 28 U.S.C. § 2241 permits courts, in certain
circumstances, to grant writs of habeas corpus.
2
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
underlying claim that Defendant’s [sic] engaged in legal malpractice when they
represented him.”
On July 8, 2011, Shein filed a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Huerta’s
complaint. After considering the parties’ arguments, the magistrate judge
presiding over the case initially recommended to the district court that the
motion be denied. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), Shein filed written
objections to the recommendation, arguing that the magistrate judge overlooked
compelling authority that supported their motion to dismiss. In particular,
Shein argued that Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494 (Tex. 1995), and its
progeny foreclosed Huerta’s claims because, under those cases, it is a plaintiff’s
criminal conduct rather than counsel’s alleged negligence that is the sole
proximate cause of any injuries flowing from the plaintiff’s conviction. Thus, as
a matter of law, “plaintiffs who have been convicted of a criminal offense may
negate the sole proximate cause bar to their claim for legal malpractice in
connection with that conviction only if they have been exonerated.” Id. at
497–98.
Upon consideration of Shein’s objections, the magistrate judge found Peeler
and its progeny controlling. Accordingly, because Huerta had not been
exonerated, she amended her report to the district court and recommended that
Shein’s motion to dismiss be granted. On March 21, 2012, over Huerta’s
objection, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation, and entered a judgment dismissing Huerta’s claims.
Huerta timely appeals, asserting that the district court committed three
errors in dismissing his claims. First, he argues that Peeler’s “sole proximate
cause bar” is inapplicable here because (1) the facts in Peeler are distinguishable
from the facts of this case, and (2) the policy justifications for imposition of the
bar are not implicated in this case. Second, Huerta alternatively contends that
the sole proximate cause bar applies only to his negligence claim, and that the
3
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
district court therefore erred in applying it to his claims for breach of contract,
money had and received, breach of fiduciary duty, actual fraud, and fraudulent
concealment of facts. Finally, Huerta maintains that the district court’s
dismissal of his claims violated the Contract Clause of the United States
Constitution, because that clause guarantees him the right to enforce his
contract with Shein.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Rule
12(b)(6).” Frame v. City of Arlington, 657 F.3d 215, 222 (5th Cir. 2011). “To
survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “All well-pleaded facts in the
complaint are accepted as true and viewed in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant.” Bass v. Stryker Corp., 669 F.3d 501, 506 (5th Cir. 2012). “Rule
12(b)(6),” however, “authorizes a court to dismiss a claim on the basis of a
dispositive issue of law.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 326 (1989). A claim
must be dismissed “if as a matter of law ‘it is clear that no relief could be granted
under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations.’”
Id. (quoting Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984)).
III. DISCUSSION
Where, as here, federal jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship, we
apply the substantive law of the forum state. Citigroup Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 649
F.3d 367, 371 (5th Cir. 2011). Thus, Texas substantive law governs this dispute.
To determine a state’s substantive law, “federal courts sitting in diversity look
to the final decisions of the state’s highest court.” Am. Int’l Specialty Lines Ins.
4
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
Co. v. Canal Indem. Co., 352 F.3d 254, 260 (5th Cir. 2003). “In the absence of a
final decision by the state’s highest court on the issue at hand, it is the duty of
the federal court to determine, in its best judgment, how the highest court of the
state would resolve the issue if presented with the same case.” Id. In making
this determination, “we defer to intermediate state appellate court decisions
‘unless convinced by other persuasive data that the highest court of the state
would decide otherwise.’” Herrmann Holdings Ltd. v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 302
F.3d 552, 558 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Durant v. Trans Terra
Corp., 142 F.3d 802, 809 (5th Cir. 1998)).
A. The Sole Proximate Cause Bar
As alluded to above, the district court granted Shein’s motion to dismiss
after holding that Peeler and its progeny foreclosed Huerta’s claims. In Peeler,
the plaintiff had pled guilty to a federal crime pursuant to a plea agreement.
909 S.W.2d at 496. After subsequently learning that her defense attorney
allegedly had neglected to inform her of a prior offer of transactional immunity,
she sued the attorney for malpractice. Id. In addressing her claim, the Texas
Supreme Court first noted that, “[g]enerally, to recover on a claim of legal
malpractice, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the attorney owed the plaintiff a
duty, (2) the attorney breached that duty, (3) the breach proximately caused the
plaintiff’s injuries, and (4) damages occurred.” Id. The court explained,
however, that additional public policy concerns are implicated when a criminal
defendant sues her defense attorney for malpractice. Id. at 496–97. In
particular, the court found that permitting the plaintiff to pursue her
malpractice claim would thwart the public policies of “prohibit[ing] convicts from
profiting from their illegal conduct” and “impermissibly shift[ing] responsibility
for the crime away from the convict.” Id. at 498.
In light of these policy concerns, the court held “that, as a matter of law,
it is the illegal conduct rather than the negligence of a convict’s counsel that is
5
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 6 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
the cause in fact of any injuries flowing from the conviction, unless the
conviction has been overturned.” Id. Accordingly, “plaintiffs who have been
convicted of a criminal offense may negate the sole proximate cause bar to their
claim for legal malpractice in connection with that conviction only if they have
been exonerated on direct appeal, through post-conviction relief, or otherwise.”
Id. at 497–98. Because the plaintiff in Peeler had not been exonerated of her
crime, the court held that she had no cognizable malpractice claim, since, as a
matter of law, “her illegal acts remain[ed] the sole proximate and producing
causes of her indictment and conviction.” Id. at 498.
1. Huerta’s Professional Negligence Claim
While acknowledging Peeler’s general force, Huerta argues that its sole
proximate cause bar is inapplicable to this case because the facts here are
distinguishable from those of Peeler and, relatedly, the policy justifications for
imposition of the bar would not be advanced by its application here. In
particular, Huerta contends that, unlike counsel in Peeler, Shein’s
representation was not “in connection with” Huerta’s conviction, because Shein
was not his trial counsel, nor did they represent him on direct appeal. Thus,
Huerta argues that because Shein’s alleged malpractice occurred “in connection
with” his habeas application rather than the underlying trial or direct appeal,
the policy concerns at issue in Peeler would not be defeated by permitting Huerta
to pursue his professional negligence claim. As such, Huerta maintains that the
Texas Supreme Court would not apply Peeler’s sole proximate cause bar to this
case, were it to decide the issue.
We are not persuaded that Peeler itself does not control the outcome of this
case. Nonetheless, even if we grant as much, Huerta acknowledges that several
intermediate appellate courts in Texas have applied Peeler to facts materially
indistinguishable from those presented here. In Falby v. Percely, for example,
inmate Allen Falby hired an attorney and the attorney’s unlicensed associate to
6
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
file a state habeas application on Falby’s behalf. No. 09-04-422-CV, 2005 WL
1038776, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 5, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.). For
unexplained reasons, neither man actually filed Falby’s application. Id. Falby
subsequently brought suit, alleging that because of the attorney’s negligence “in
failing to file a state writ, a deadline for filing a federal writ passed.” Id.Applying Peeler, the lower court granted the attorney’s motion for summary
judgment. Id. at *2. On appeal, Falby argued that Peeler was inapplicable
because, as a habeas applicant, his suit against his attorney was “unrelated to
his conviction.” Id. The appellate court rejected this argument, however, finding
that “the gravamen of [Falby’s] complaint [was] that he [had] lost the ability to
challenge his conviction through a federal post-conviction writ of habeas corpus
because of [his attorney’s] negligence.” Id. The court thus held that Peeler’s sole
proximate cause bar precluded Falby’s recovery because his habeas application
related to, and flowed from, his conviction. Id. at *2–3.
Similarly, in Meullion v. Gladden, an inmate who had hired an attorney
to prepare his habeas corpus application later sued the attorney for fraud,
breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and a Deceptive Trade Practices Act
(“DTPA”) violation. No. 14-10-01143-CV, 2011 WL 5926676, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 29, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). The lower court
dismissed the inmate’s suit after applying Peeler’s sole proximate cause bar. On
appeal, the inmate argued that the lower court erred in applying Peeler’s bar
because his attorney “was not connected to the conviction as trial counsel, nor
was he the attorney on direct appeal.” Id. at *3 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
In analyzing the inmate’s claim, the Meullion court noted that several
other courts had “declined to distinguish between the application of Peeler to
suits against a convict’s trial counsel, counsel on direct appeal, or counsel
retained in connection with seeking habeas or other post-conviction relief.” Id.7
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 8 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
at *4. Aside from Falby, the court also cited to Nabors v. McColl, in which
another Texas appellate court applied Peeler’s bar after finding that the inmate’s
illegal conduct, rather than the attorney’s alleged negligence in handling a post-
conviction matter, was the sole proximate cause of the inmate’s injuries. Id.(citing Nabors, No. 05-08-01491-CV, 2010 WL 255968, at *2–3 (Tex.
App.—Dallas Jan. 25, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.)); see also Butler v. Mason,
No. 11-05-00273-CV, 2006 WL 3747181, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Eastland Dec. 21,
2006, pet. denied) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (holding that Peeler precluded an
inmate’s suit against his attorney for the attorney’s alleged mishandling of the
inmate’s habeas applications). The Meullion court agreed, adopted the
reasoning of these other cases, and concluded that the inmate’s “claims
concern[ed] the quality of legal counsel retained ‘in connection with’ [the
inmate’s] conviction.” 2011 WL 5926676, at *4. Because the inmate’s criminal
conduct was “the only cause in fact of any injuries ‘flowing from the conviction,’”
the court held that his claims were precluded under Peeler. Id. (citing Peeler,
909 S.W.2d at 498).
Although Huerta admits that these cases are squarely on point, he
essentially argues that were the Texas Supreme Court to consider this precise
issue, it—unlike the state’s intermediate appellate courts—would not extend
Peeler to negligence claims brought against post-conviction counsel. Aside from
general public policy statements, however, Huerta points to no authority from
a Texas court that supports his assertion. We therefore defer to the state’s
intermediate appellate court decisions and hold that Peeler’s sole proximate
cause bar precludes Huerta’s negligence claim against Shein.2
2
Given that we do not agree with his argument that Peeler does not extend to
negligence claims brought against post-conviction counsel, Huerta requests that we certify the
questions raised in this case to the Texas Supreme Court. While we may appropriately seek
the guidance of a state’s supreme court when the state’s law is “genuinely unsettled,” we
unduly impose upon those courts when we certify questions as to which the law is not
8
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 9 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
2. Huerta’s Other Claims
Alternatively, Huerta contends that even if Peeler’s sole proximate cause
bar precludes, as a matter of law, his negligence claim, the district court erred
in applying it to his other claims. Huerta correctly asserts that, by its terms,
Peeler concerned only claims brought against an attorney for malpractice and
violations of the DTPA.3 See 909 S.W.2d at 498. Common to both causes of
action, the Peeler court explained, was “the element of cause in fact,” meaning
that, to prevail, the plaintiff was required to show “that the defendant’s conduct
was a substantial factor in bringing about the injury which would not otherwise
have occurred.” Id. The plaintiff could not show this, however, since the court
concluded that “as a matter of law, it is the illegal conduct rather than the
negligence of a convict’s counsel that is the cause in fact of any injuries flowing
from the conviction.” Id.
In light of the court’s analysis, Huerta maintains that Peeler operates only
to bar claims that require a showing of proximate cause. As such, he submits
that his claims for breach of contract, money had and received, fraud, and breach
of fiduciary duty—none of which, he argues, requires a showing of proximate
cause—should have survived Shein’s motion to dismiss, because they are
independent of his negligence claim.
Under Texas law, however, “[w]hether allegations against a lawyer,
labeled as breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, or some other cause of action, are
actually claims for professional negligence or something else is a question of law
to be determined by the court.” Nabors, 2010 WL 255968, at *2. “Texas courts
unsettled. DiPascal v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 749 F.2d 255, 260 (5th Cir. 1985). Here, the Texas
courts have “given us ample guidance in the decisions cited in this opinion.” Id.3
Although the suit in Peeler originally also had included claims for breach of contract
and breach of warranty, those issues had not been preserved for appeal. 909 S.W.2d at 499.
The Peeler court thus “express[ed] no opinion about them.” Id.
9
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 10 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
do not allow plaintiffs to convert what are really negligence claims into claims
for fraud, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, or violation of the DTPA.”
Murphy v. Gruber, 241 S.W.3d 689, 693 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied).
“[T]his prohibition does not necessarily foreclose the simultaneous pursuit of a
negligence-based malpractice claim and a separate breach of fiduciary duty or
fraud claim when there is a viable basis for doing so.” Meullion, 2011 WL
5926676, at *4. Nevertheless, to do so, “the plaintiff must do more than merely
reassert the same claim for legal malpractice under an alternative label. The
plaintiff must present a claim that goes beyond what traditionally has been
characterized as legal malpractice.” Duerr v. Brown, 262 S.W.3d 63, 70 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). “Regardless of the theory a plaintiff
pleads, as long as the crux of the complaint is that the plaintiff’s attorney did not
provide adequate legal representation, the claim is one for legal malpractice.”
Kimleco Petroleum, Inc. v. Morrison & Shelton, 91 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied).
Accordingly, we must turn to Huerta’s complaint to determine the precise
character of his claims, viewing the pleaded facts, as we must, in the light most
favorable to him. At the outset, we note that Huerta’s complaint describes the
nature of the action as one “involving breach of contract, negligence, breach of
fiduciary duty, actual fraud, and fraudulent concealment of facts, which relate
to Mr. Huerta’s underlying claim that Defendant’s [sic] engaged in legal
malpractice when they represented him.” Huerta’s claims therefore are set forth
as follows: his breach of contract claim is based on the allegation that Shein
failed to perform their contractual obligations “by failing to timely file Plaintiff’s
§2255 Habeas Corpus Motion”; Huerta’s money had and received claim is
grounded on the assertion that Shein “received monies from Plaintiff” to prepare
and file the motion and that the “monies in equity and good conscience . . .
belong[] to Plaintiff”; the breach of fiduciary duty claim is based on the
10
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 11 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
contention that Shein “failed to inform Plaintiff of their mistake associated with
the untimely filing of his” motion and erroneously informed him that the courts’
rulings were incorrect; and Huerta’s fraud claims are grounded on the allegation
that Shein failed to disclose and misrepresented certain facts “regarding their
failure to timely file Plaintiff’s” motion.
Thus, the crux of Huerta’s complaint is that Shein: (1) failed timely to file
Huerta’s section 2255 motion, which led to its dismissal; (2) did not disclose the
untimely nature of the filing to Huerta; and (3) erroneously advised Huerta to
pursue an appeal because the law supported his position. Though framed as
multiple causes of action, we conclude that these claims all sound in negligence,
essentially amounting to the assertion that Shein committed legal malpractice.
Our conclusion finds ample support in Texas caselaw. In Murphy, for
example, the court explained that, as alleged here, a lawyer commits
“professional negligence by giving an erroneous legal opinion or erroneous
advice, by delaying or failing to handle a matter entrusted to the lawyer’s care,
or by not using a lawyer’s ordinary care in preparing, managing, and prosecuting
a case.” 241 S.W.3d at 693; see also id. at 692–93 (“Professional negligence, or
the failure to exercise ordinary care, includes giving a client bad legal advice or
otherwise improperly representing the client.”). Because acts of this nature
constitute professional negligence, Texas courts repeatedly have declined to
permit plaintiffs to convert claims for these acts into breach of contract actions.
See Nabors, 2010 WL 255968, at *2 (collecting cases). Likewise, “Texas courts
have consistently held that the failure to disclose significant information about
a client’s case is professional negligence and not a breach of fiduciary duty.”
Kemp v. Jensen, 329 S.W.3d 866, 872 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. denied)
(reviewing cases); see also Murphy, 241 S.W.3d at 694 (explaining that Texas
appellate courts have “differentiated between claims against a lawyer for
11
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 12 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
professional negligence and breach of fiduciary duty” and discussing cases so
holding).
Indeed, this case is analogous to Nabors. There, an attorney (“McColl”)
had represented a defendant (“Nabors”) charged with various drug-related
offenses in both federal and state court. Nabors, 2010 WL 255968, at *1. After
Nabors entered into a plea agreement, McColl allegedly informed him that
additional charges that had been pending in Dallas County, Texas were
dismissed. Id. Later, while serving his federal sentence, Nabors attempted to
enroll in a residential drug and alcohol treatment program in exchange for a
reduced sentence, but was informed that he was ineligible because his Dallas
County case was still pending. Id. Nabors contacted McColl, who informed
Nabors that the problem was simply a “bureaucratic error.” Id. Although
McColl subsequently determined that Nabors’ Dallas County case remained
open, he did not inform Nabors of this fact until several months later. Id.Nabors eventually sued McColl for legal malpractice, DTPA violations,
fraud, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duties, and conversion. Id. At the
outset, the court affirmed summary judgment against Nabors’ malpractice claim
after holding that, as a matter of law, Peeler’s sole proximate cause bar
precluded recovery for malpractice. Id. at *1–2. The court then considered
whether Nabors’ additional claims were “subsumed in his legal malpractice
claim.” Id. at *2.
In analyzing that issue, the court began by examining Nabors’ complaint,
explaining:
Nabors’ claim for breach of contract is based on McColl’s failure to
“fully perform his agreement to represent [Nabors] in the Dallas
case and timely complete” it and on Nabors’ claim that McColl failed
to earn the $25,000 fee in the Dallas case. Nabors’ breach of
fiduciary relationship claim is based on McColl’s failure to disclose
that the Dallas case was not dismissed, McColl’s misrepresentations
that the case was dismissed, and McColl’s refusal to turn over
12
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 13 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
certain client files and accounting records. Nabors’ common law
fraud claim is also based on McColl’s alleged intentional
nondisclosure of the fact the Dallas case had not been dismissed.
Id. at *3. The court noted that “[a] cause of action claiming bad legal advice or
improper representation is one for legal malpractice,” and similarly, “[a]n
attorney’s misrepresentations about the status of litigation being handled by the
attorney constitutes a claim for malpractice rather than breach of fiduciary
duty.” Id. Thus, the court held, “Nabors’ claims were an impermissible attempt
to convert what were really negligence claims into claims of breach of contract,
fraud, and breach of fiduciary duty.” Id. The court therefore affirmed summary
judgment against Nabors, as it was “well settled” that his claims were barred by
law. Id. at *1.
Likewise here, Huerta’s claims all amount to the assertion that Shein
committed professional negligence. We are therefore constrained by Peeler’s sole
proximate cause bar to affirm the district court’s dismissal of those claims.
B. Huerta’s Contract Clause Argument
Finally, Huerta argues that if we apply Peeler’s sole proximate cause bar
to his claims, our ruling will operate to deprive him of his rights under the
Contract Clause of the United States Constitution.4 U.S. Const. art. I, § 10. The
Contract Clause provides that “[n]o State shall . . . pass any . . . Law impairing
the Obligation of Contracts.” Id. Huerta maintains that the common law sole
proximate cause bar amounts to a violation of his rights under this clause
because the bar prevents him from holding Shein accountable for the contractual
obligations into which they entered.
We disagree. First, as we have explained, Huerta’s claim is grounded not
in breach of contract, but rather in negligence. Moreover, even were that not the
4
Huerta first raises this argument on appeal. Though this court generally does “not
consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal,” In re Paige, 610 F.3d 865, 871 (5th Cir.
2010), for the reasons noted, Huerta’s argument is, in any event, unavailing.
13
Case: 12-50346 Document: 00512064515 Page: 14 Date Filed: 11/27/2012
No. 12-50346
case, the United States Supreme Court has foreclosed Huerta’s argument by
holding that the Contract Clause “is directed only against impairment by
legislation and not by judgments of courts.” Tidal Oil Co. v. Flanagan, 263 U.S.
444, 451 (1924); see also Lipscomb v. Columbus Mun. Separate Sch. Dist., 269
F.3d 494, 503 n.34 (stating that “only legislative actions, not judicial actions, can
create a viable Contract Clause claim”). Because the sole proximate cause bar
is a common law doctrine, the Contract Clause has no application here.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
14