Dana French v. Linn Energy, L.L.C. ( 2019 )

Case: 18-40369 Document: 00515101385 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/03/2019
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 18-40369
September 3, 2019
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
In the Matter of: LINN ENERGY, L.L.C.; BERRY PETROLEUM
COMPANY, L.L.C.; LINNCO, L.L.C.; LINN ACQUISITION COMPANY,
L.L.C.; LINN ENERGY FINANCE CORPORATION; LINN EXPLORATION ;
PRODUCTION MICHIGAN, L.L.C.; LINN EXPLORATION
MIDCONTINENT, L.L.C.; LINN MIDSTREAM, L.L.C.; LINN MIDWEST
ENERGY, L.L.C.; LINN OPERATING, INCORPORATED; MID-
CONTINENT I, L.L.C.; MID-CONTINENT II, L.L.C.; MID-CONTINENT
HOLDINGS II, L.L.C.,
Debtors
DANA FRENCH, personal representative of the Estate of Clarence J. “Peter”
Bennett,
Appellant
v.
LINN ENERGY, L.L.C.; BERRY PETROLEUM COMPANY, L.L.C.;
LINNCO, L.L.C.,
Appellees
Consolidated With 18-40731
In the Matter of: LINN ENERGY, L.L.C.; BERRY PETROLEUM
COMPANY, L.L.C.; LINNCO, L.L.C.; LINN ACQUISITION COMPANY,
L.L.C.; LINN ENERGY FINANCES CORPORATION; LINN EXPLORATION
; PRODUCTION MICHIGAN, L.L.C.; LINN EXPLORATION
MIDCONTINENT, L.L.C.; LINN MIDSTREAM, L.L.C.; LINN MIDWEST
ENERGY, L.L.C.; LINN OPERATING INCORPORATED; MID-CONTINENT
I, L.L.C.; MID-CONTINENT II, L.L.C.; MID-CONTINENT HOLDINGS II,
L.L.C.,
Debtors
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BRUCE D. BICKEL, personal representative of the Estate of Clarence J.
“Peter” Bennett,
Appellant
v.
LINN ENERGY, L.L.C.; BERRY PETROLEUM COMPANY, L.L.C.;
LINNCO, L.L.C.,
Appellees
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before CLEMENT, HAYNES, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:
In this case we decide that payments owed to a shareholder by a
bankrupt debtor, which are not quite dividends but which certainly look a lot
like dividends, should be treated like the equity interests of a shareholder and
subordinated to claims by creditors of the debtor. We therefore affirm.
I.
Clarence Bennett had a wealthy uncle. In 1930, that uncle died. His will
created a trust for the benefit of certain relatives, including Bennett. The will
placed 250 shares of the uncle’s company, Berry Holding Company (“BHC”),
into the trust and divided the trust beneficiaries into classes. The first class
was “A Group.” Its members would share 37.5% of the income earned on the
250 shares for so long as any of them were alive. The second class, which
included Bennett, was “B Group.” Just like A Group, its members would share
37.5% of the income earned on the trust for so long as any B Group members
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were alive. The trust provided that upon the death of any member of A Group
or B Group, his share would be divided equally among the surviving members
of his group.
The remaining 25% of trust income was to be held in trust until the third
class, “C Group,” of which Bennett was also a member, came of age. The C
Group members were children at the time. The trust provided that when the
youngest of them turned 21, the C Group members would receive the income
on the 25% which had been held in trust up to that point, and the trust corpus
would be distributed amongst the C Group members.
In 1949, the youngest member of C Group came of age. In a court-
approved agreement, the 250 shares of BHC were divided among the eight C
Group members so that each received 31.5 shares. Further, to facilitate the
continuing distributions of income to A Group and B Group members, the
agreement provided that BHC would place all the income on the 250 shares of
BHC stock into the C.J. Berry Trust Beneficiaries Distribution Account. BHC
would then distribute the income to the classes from the account as required
by the trust. In other words, 37.5% of the income in the account would go to A
Group, 37.5% would go to B Group, and the C Group members would each
receive the remaining income earned on their 31.5 shares. Because the BHC
shares were now owned by the eight C Group members, an equitable charge
was placed on the shares for the value of the distributions to the A Group and
B Group members. An “equitable charge” is a type of security interest which
allows a creditor to sue for recovery of the property on which the charge is
placed if the debtor defaults. Equitable Charge, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
(11th ed. 2019). By virtue of his B Group membership, Bennett maintained an
interest in 37.5% of the income paid as dividends on the 250 shares. And by
virtue of his C Group membership, Bennett owned 31.5 shares of BHC stock
outright.
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From 1949 to 1986, Bennett received regular income payments on BHC
stock dividends. Then, in 1986, BHC underwent a merger and became Berry
Petroleum Company (“BPC”), a publicly traded company. An unrelated dispute
arose between BPC and a third party, Victory Holding Company (“VHC”). To
settle the dispute, BPC agreed to retire VHC’s shares—i.e., buy VHC out. But
there was a problem: the proposed retirement would injure B Group. VHC
owned approximately 950,000 shares of BPC stock that were subject to B
Group’s 37.5% equitable charge. If the VHC shares were retired, it would mean
that no dividends would be paid on those shares. Since B Group’s then-living
members were entitled to 37.5% of any dividends issued to VHC, they would
be harmed by the retirement.
To appease the B Group members (only three were still alive at this
point), BPC created the “Victory Trust.” BPC would act as the trustee of the
Victory Trust. The trust provided that the VHC shares would be retired by
BPC; however, BPC would continue to pay B Group members in an amount
equal to 37.5% of the dividends that VHC would have received if its shares had
not been retired. Those payments were not actually dividends (since no
dividends were issued to VHC anymore), but rather “deemed dividends,” akin
to settlement payments whose amount was tethered to the value of BPC
distributions. Each time BPC paid dividends to its shareholders, BPC
calculated the dividends that VHC would have received and then paid Bennett
and the other two survivors 37.5% of that amount from the money BPC kept
in the Victory Trust.
The system worked. From 1986 to 2013, BPC paid B Group members as
required by the Victory Trust. Note that the trust only required BPC to pay
the B Group members income when dividends were issued; the trust did not
require BPC to issue dividends in the first place. So while B Group members
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had a right to 37.5% of the income which would have been paid as dividends to
VHC, they had no right to any income if dividends were not paid.
By 2013, Bennett was the only surviving member of B Group. He alone
received 37.5% of the income paid as dividends on VHC’s “shares” of BPC stock.
He also received dividends through his own stock ownership in BPC. Then, in
2013, BPC entered into a share-for-share exchange with Linn Energy LLC and
LinnCo LLC (collectively, “Linn”). Through the transaction, BPC became Berry
Petroleum Company, LLC (“Berry”). To help obtain Bennett’s approval of the
deal as a stockholder in BPC, Linn purportedly promised to undertake and
continue BPC’s obligation to pay Bennett, as the last surviving beneficiary of
B Group, the deemed dividends. But once the deal was done, the payments
stopped coming. For purposes of this appeal, it does not matter whether Linn
and BPC acted appropriately in terminating the payments. This appeal
assumes the claims against Linn and BPC are valid.
In late 2014, Linn filed suit in the Eastern District of California seeking
a declaration that it owed Bennett nothing. Bennett filed a counterclaim in
January 2015, then died in June 2015. His estate filed an amended
counterclaim against Linn and added Berry as a defendant in December 2015,
asserting six causes of action. In addition to breach of contract claims, the
Estate advanced tort claims including misrepresentation, elder abuse, and
breach of fiduciary duty.
In May 2016, Linn, Berry, and various associated entities filed for
bankruptcy in Texas. The Estate filed claims for almost $10 million in unpaid
deemed dividends. Linn and Berry (collectively, the “Debtors”) filed an
objection, arguing that the claims should either be expunged or subordinated
under Section 510(b) of the Bankruptcy Code because Bennett had been an
investor. The bankruptcy court sustained the Debtors’ objections in part and
subordinated half of the Estate’s claims. Because of the Debtors’ limited assets,
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the subordination order effectively gutted the Estate’s chances to receive any
money. The bankruptcy court allowed the Estate to amend its complaint to
clarify the basis for the misrepresentation and breach of fiduciary duty claims.
The Estate amended its remaining claims before the bankruptcy court,
and in the meantime appealed the first subordination order. In April 2018, the
district court affirmed that order. The Estate immediately appealed to this
court. Following a hearing, the bankruptcy court also subordinated the
Estate’s remaining claims. The bankruptcy court certified its second
subordination order for immediate appeal; we allowed the Estate to skip the
district court and consolidated its appeal of the second subordination order
with the first appeal.
II.
“We apply the same standard of review to the bankruptcy court’s findings
of fact and conclusions of law as applied by the district court.” In re Pratt, 524
F.3d 580, 584 (5th Cir. 2008); see also Drive Fin. Servs., L.P. v. Jordan, 521
F.3d 343, 346 (5th Cir. 2008) (“When directly reviewing an order of the
bankruptcy court, we apply the same standard of review that would have been
used by the district court.”). That means we review the bankruptcy court’s
findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. In re Am.
Hous. Found., 785 F.3d 143, 152 (5th Cir. 2015), as revised (June 8, 2015).
“Under a clear error standard, this court will reverse only if, on the entire
evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been made.” Id. (quotation omitted). Because it is a matter of statutory
interpretation, a bankruptcy court’s Section 510(b) determination is a legal
conclusion this court reviews de novo. See In re SeaQuest Diving, LP, 579 F.3d
411, 417 (5th Cir. 2009) (reviewing Section 510(b) determination at summary-
judgment stage de novo); In re Foust, 310 F.3d 849, 854 (5th Cir. 2002)
(statutory interpretation reviewed de novo).
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III.
“Subordination alters the otherwise applicable priority of a claim under
the bankruptcy code.” SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 417. Section 510(b) of the
Bankruptcy Code provides:
For the purpose of distribution under this title, a claim arising
from rescission of a purchase or sale of a security of the debtor or
of an affiliate of the debtor, for damages arising from the purchase
or sale of such a security, or for reimbursement or contribution
allowed under section 502 on account of such a claim, shall be
subordinated to all claims or interests that are senior to or equal
the claim or interest represented by such security, except that if
such security is common stock, such claim has the same priority as
common stock.
11 U.S.C. § 510(b). “Section 510(b) serves to effectuate one of the general
principles of corporate and bankruptcy law: that creditors are entitled to be
paid ahead of shareholders in the distribution of corporate assets.” SeaQuest,
579 F.3d at 417 (quotation omitted). If a claim falls within Section 510(b),
subordination is mandatory. Id.
“Any discussion of section 510(b) must begin with the 1973 law review
article authored by Professors John J. Slain and Homer Kripke, entitled The
Interface Between Securities Regulation and Bankruptcy—Allocating the Risk
of Illegal Securities Issuance Between Securityholders and the Issuer’s
Creditors, 48 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 261 (1973).” Id. at 420 (quotation omitted); see also
In re Betacom of Phoenix, Inc., 240 F.3d 823, 829 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Congress
relied heavily on the analysis of two law professors in crafting the statute.”).
“Effective November 1978, the Bankruptcy Reform Act inserted the
subordination principle first articulated by Slain and Kripke into bankruptcy
law through the enactment of § 510(b).” SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 420 (quotation
omitted). The crux of Slain and Kripke’s subordination principle is this:
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[B]oth investors and creditors accept the risk of enterprise
insolvency but to a different degree. This stems from their
dissimilar expectations. Even if the business prospers, the creditor
anticipates no more than the repayment of his fixed debt. Further,
the shareholder’s investment provides an equity cushion for the
repayment of the claim[, which the creditor relies on in extending
credit to the business]. The investors, on the other hand, share the
profits to the exclusion of the creditors. The shareholder’s
enhanced risk of insolvency represents the flipside of his unique
right to participate in the profits. The allocation of the risk, as
between the investor and the creditor, is reflected in the absolute
priority rule, 1 and should not be reallocated.
In re Granite Partners, L.P., 208 B.R. 332, 336 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1997)
(citations omitted). Thus the “most important policy rationale behind Section
510(b) is that claims seeking to recover a portion of claimants’ equity
investments should be subordinated.” Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d at 153
(cleaned up).
A.
The policy goals of Section 510(b) are clear, but applying the statute is
more complex. Circuit courts agree the “arising from” language is ambiguous.
SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 421. The Debtors urge the court to find subordination
where: (1) a claim is for “damages,” (2) the claim involves “securities,” and
(3) the claim “arise[s] from” a “purchase or sale” having a nexus with those
securities. That approach is consistent with our decision in In re American
Housing Foundation. 785 F.3d at 153–56. Other courts arrange the elements
differently, but the analysis is fundamentally the same. See, e.g., In re Lehman
Bros. Holdings Inc., 855 F.3d 459, 472–78 (2d Cir. 2017) (examining (1)
1 “The absolute priority rule requires that certain classes of claimants be paid
in full before any member of a subordinate class is paid. Under this rule, unsecured
creditors stand ahead of investors in the receiving line and their claims must be
satisfied before any investment loss is compensated.” SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 420 n.5
(quotation omitted).
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whether the claimant owns a security, (2) whether the claimant acquired the
security through a purchase or sale, and (3) whether the claimant’s damage
claim arose from the purchase or rescission of the security).
The Estate does not challenge the Debtors’ organization of the
subordination inquiry, and we find that organization useful. In applying it,
however, we are mindful that a formulaic check-the-box approach to
subordination under the statute is impossible. Given its ambiguity, the policy
rationales behind Section 510(b) must always guide its interpretation and
application to particular facts. See Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d at 154–55
(policy goals of the statute support subordination); SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 421–
22 (same); In re Telegroup, Inc., 281 F.3d 133, 141 (3d Cir. 2002) (same). The
most important question is this: Does the nature of the Estate’s interest make
the Estate more like an investor or a creditor? Because we conclude the deemed
dividends gave the Estate benefits normally reserved for equity investors, we
conclude subordination of all of the Estate’s claims was appropriate.
i.
The Bankruptcy Code does not define “damages.” But “[s]everal
bankruptcy courts have reasoned that the concept of damages under Section
510(b) has the connotation of some recovery other than the simple recovery of
an unpaid debt due upon an instrument.” Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d at 154
(quotations omitted) (citing In re Blondheim Real Estate, Inc., 91 B.R. 639, 640
(Bankr. D.N.H. 1988) (holding that claim for recovery on debtor’s promissory
note should not be subordinated under Section 510(b))). Claims seeking
compensation for fraud or breach of fiduciary duty are claims for damages and
fall within the statute’s scope. Id. at 153. So do claims “predicated on post-
issuance conduct,” including claims for breach of contract. Id. at 154 (quotation
omitted).
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The Estate does not deny that it is seeking damages, instead arguing
that the damages do not arise from the purchase or sale of a security. The lack
of engagement on the point is surprising, because a theme throughout the
Estate’s briefs is that its interest under the trust is more akin to a creditor’s
contractual right to payment than the equity interest of an investor. One would
expect the Estate to argue that its lawsuit seeks only “the simple recovery of
an unpaid debt.” Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d at 154. In any event, all agree
the Estate seeks damages within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code.
ii.
The next question is whether the Estate’s claims pertain to securities of
the debtor. The Estate argues that its interest in receiving dividend payments
from BHC, then deemed dividend payments from BPC, does not count as a
“security.” The Bankruptcy Code contains a long definition of security, but the
definition does not refer to equitable charges or payments pursuant to a trust
or settlement agreement. The Estate urges that its interest in the deemed
dividend payments from BPC does not bear any of the traditional hallmarks of
a security interest. Bennett could not sell, bequeath, or otherwise transfer the
life interest he obtained in the deemed dividends through his membership in
B Group. And Bennett’s B Group interest did not convey any voting or
shareholder rights to him, was non-negotiable, and did not give him a right to
demand dividend payments.
The Debtors respond that Bennett’s interest was a security interest
because it falls within the residual clause of the Bankruptcy Code’s definition
of security. But they also emphasize that, even if the deemed dividends are not
securities, the Estate’s claims against the Debtors nevertheless arise from the
purchase or sale of securities, or the rescission of a purchase or sale of
securities, of the Debtors. That’s because the claims arise either from the 2013
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stock-for-stock exchange between BPC and Linn, the 1986 retirement of VHC’s
stock in BPC, or the 1931 bequest of BHC stock into the trust.
We need not address the Debtors’ fallback position, because we agree
that the deemed dividend interest owned by the Estate is a security interest
under the residual clause of the Bankruptcy Code. The residual clause provides
that if a claimant’s interest does not fit any of the specific examples provided
in the Code and is not explicitly excluded from the definition of “security,” it
will be considered a security if it is any “other claim or interest commonly
known as ‘security.’” 11 U.S.C. § 101(49)(A)(xiv). We have noted the “broad”
nature of the residual clause. SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 418. Under the
Bankruptcy Code, interests are securities if they “bear hallmarks of interests
commonly known as securities.” Lehman Bros., 855 F.3d at 475.
The Second Circuit has observed that “some interests will not perfectly
match any of the specific examples in [the Code’s definition of security],” and
on these occasions, it is of “most significance” that a claimant “ha[s] the same
risk and benefit expectations as shareholders.” Id. at 473–74. “The form in
which the equity interest is held is ultimately irrelevant. So long as the
claimant’s interest enabled him to participate in the success of the enterprise
and the distribution of profits, the claim will be subordinated pursuant to
section 510(b).” In re WorldCom, Inc., 2006 WL 3782712, at *6 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. Dec. 21, 2006).
Bennett held greater financial expectations than that of a creditor during
his lifetime. The upside of his deemed dividend payments was theoretically
limitless, as it tracked the value of the corporation. Further, because he risked
receiving nothing at all if the corporation went bankrupt or if the corporation
chose not to issue dividends, Bennett faced many of the same risks as a
traditional shareholder. True, Bennett did not have the right to vote or
participate in corporate management, or to sell or bequeath his deemed
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dividend payments to someone else. But even traditional shareholders do not
always enjoy all these rights. See, e.g., Landreth Timber Co. v. Landreth, 471
U.S. 681, 686 n.2 (1985). The most fundamental consideration is whether
Bennett had “the same risk and benefit expectations as shareholders.” Lehman
Bros., 855 F.3d at 475. The deemed dividends plainly gave him such
expectations. Treating them as securities comports with the broad reading
courts have given Section 510(b). Id. at 474 (“Several courts have similarly
defined ‘security’ in section 510(b) in terms of an interest tied to a firm’s overall
success.”).
The Estate points out that the Bankruptcy Code’s definition of security
specifically carves out certain kinds of interests. See 11 U.S.C. § 101(49)(B). A
profit-sharing agreement that does not require a statement to be filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission is among the interests excepted under
the statute. Id. § 101(49)(A)(xii), (B)(vi). But nothing guaranteed Bennett a
share of profits. The only obligation undertaken by the company was to pay
Bennett a percentage of profits if the company chose to issue dividends. In
other words, the deemed dividends only entitled Bennett to receive profits
when other shareholders of BPC were receiving profits. That is not a profit-
sharing agreement. We conclude that the Estate’s deemed dividends are
properly considered securities under the Code.
iii.
The final question is whether the Estate’s claims arise from the purchase
or sale of a security of the debtor. “For a claim to ‘arise from’ the purchase or
sale of a security, there must be some nexus or causal relationship between the
claim and the sale.” SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 421 (citing Telegroup, 281 F.3d at
138). This is a “broad reading” of the “arise from” requirement. Id. Further,
because courts have found the “arising from” language in the statute to be
ambiguous, the policy goals of the statute must be considered. Id. “[T]he fact
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that the claims in the case seek to recover a portion of claimants’ equity
investment is the most important policy rationale.” Id. That’s because, “[w]hen
an investor seeks pari passu treatment with the other creditors, he disregards
the absolute priority rule, and attempts to establish a contrary principle that
threatens to swallow up this fundamental rule of bankruptcy law.” Id. at 421–
22 (quotation omitted). “When a claimant elects to take an equity stake in the
debtor, he becomes bound by the choice to trade the relative safety of a fixed
return for the upside potential of shareholder status.” Id. at 422 (quotation
omitted).
The Debtors suggest that under this broad standard, but-for causation
is all that is required for a claim to arise from the purchase or sale of securities.
The cases support their position, at least where subordination is consistent
with the policy behind the statute. Id. at 425 (“S&J correctly observes that it
was owed a debt under the October 3 Settlement Agreement, but that debt
would not exist but for the rescission of its equity investment in SeaQuest.
Based on the facts of this case, subordinating the S&J claim is consistent with
the primary policy rationale underlying § 510(b).” (emphasis added) (citing
Telegroup, 281 F.3d at 142)); see also Telegroup, 281 F.3d at 138 (“[T]he text of
§ 510(b) is reasonably read to encompass the claims in this case, since the
claims would not have arisen but for the purchase of Telegroup’s stock and
allege a breach of a provision of the stock purchase agreement.” (emphasis
added)).
Clearly, but for the 1931 stock bequest, the 1986 Victory Trust, or the
2013 deal, the Estate would not have a right to demand the deemed dividends
in the bankruptcy proceeding. Each of those transactions counts as a purchase
or sale—or, in the case of the 1986 transaction, the rescission of a purchase or
sale—of securities of the Debtors. Of those transactions, however, the 2013
deal is the “purchase or sale” of securities to be focused on. It is the nearest in
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time and the transaction most directly responsible for the Estate’s claims. And
there can be no serious dispute that “some nexus or causal relationship” exists
between the Estate’s claims and the 2013 deal. See Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d
at 155.
“A claim (no matter how it is characterized by the claimant) arises from
a securities transaction so long as the transaction is part of the causal link
leading to the alleged injury.” Lehman Bros., 855 F.3d at 478; see also Med
Diversified, 461 F.3d at 257–59 (holding that section 510(b) applies to a claim
arising from a failed securities transaction even though the claimant never
received shares in the debtor). And in this circuit, it is irrelevant that some of
the claims may be “predicated on post-issuance conduct.” Am. Hous. Found.,
785 F.3d at 154 (quotation omitted). Regardless of whether the Estate’s claims
are premised on the Debtors’ pre- or post-deal conduct, the 2013 deal is part of
the causal link leading to the alleged injuries.
Finally, the policies underlying Section 510(b) also support
subordination of the Estate’s claims. Deciding which transaction the claims
“arise from” is less important than determining whether the interest the
Estate seeks to recoup is more like an investor’s interest or more like a
creditor’s interest. See Telegroup, 281 F.3d at 142 (“More important than the
timing of the actionable conduct, from a policy standpoint, is the fact that the
claims in this case seek to recover a portion of claimants’ equity investment.”).
Although the Estate is correct that the deemed dividend payments do not fit
perfectly in the investor box, the interest the Estate enjoyed in BHC, BPC, and
then in Linn or Berry was certainly more like an investor’s interest than a
creditor’s interest.
Allowing the Estate to be treated pari passu with creditors would upset
the equity cushion those creditors relied on when extending credit and would
undermine the Bankruptcy Code’s absolute priority rule. Subordinating the
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Estate’s claims is consistent with the central policy underlying Section 510(b).
See Am. Hous. Found., 785 F.3d at 153; SeaQuest, 579 F.3d at 420 (“While the
creditor anticipates repayment of a fixed debt, the investor anticipates a
potentially unlimited share of future profits.”).
IV.
The Estate argues that the bankruptcy court’s refusal to permit
discovery constituted error and violated due process. “A court’s decision to limit
discovery is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Crosby v. La. Health Serv. &
Indem. Co., 647 F.3d 258, 261 (5th Cir. 2011).
The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in denying discovery.
It assumed all the Estate’s claims were true for purposes of reaching its
decision. The undetermined issues the Estate identifies in its brief either are
legal issues, the resolution of which would not have been aided by additional
discovery, or are irrelevant. The bankruptcy court’s ruling was akin to a
decision on a Rule 12(b)(6) standard. Discovery would not have been helpful.
For the same reasons, the Estate’s due process right to discovery was not
violated.
AFFIRMED.
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