United States v. Jose Andaverde-Tinoco ( 2013 )

Case: 12-40472 Document: 00512475113 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/18/2013
REVISED December 18, 2013
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 12-40472 December 17, 2013
c/w No. 12-40477
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
JOSE JULIAN ANDAVERDE-TIÑOCO
Defendant-Appellant
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
JOSE JULIAN ANDAVERDE-TIÑOCO, also known as Julian Rodriguez-
Hernandez
Defendant-Appellant
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before SMITH, DENNIS, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
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A jury found Jose Julian Andaverde-Tiñoco guilty of illegal reentry
subsequent to removal after conviction of an aggravated felony, in violation of
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). The district court sentenced him to 70 months of
imprisonment and three years of supervised release. It also revoked a
previously imposed term of supervised release and sentenced him to eight
months of imprisonment, four months of which were to run consecutively and
four concurrently to the 70-month sentence, for a total of 74 months. He
appeals. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM his conviction and sentence.
I.
On March 9, 2011, United States Border Patrol agent Carlos Ortega
observed four individuals attempting to make their way north from the Rio
Grande. Ortega called two other agents, Luis Garza and Ernest Granado, to
the scene. The agents detained and handcuffed the individuals, including
Defendant-Appellant Jose Julian Andaverde-Tiñoco (“Andaverde-Tiñoco”).
According to Andaverde-Tiñoco’s testimony on cross-examination, the agents
read him his Miranda rights in Spanish while in the field.
Granado transported the individuals by car to a nearby Border Patrol
station. Granado testified that, during the ride, one of Andaverde-Tiñoco’s
companions said that the companions had been “beaten and robbed” on the
Mexican side of the river but did not specify when or where that had happened
or mention anything about being forced to cross the river. Granado also
testified that there were no marks or indications of recent physical abuse on
any of the individuals. Granado did not follow up on this information, pass it
along to the other agents, or write any report.
At the station, the four companions were processed, and the other three
were granted voluntary returns to Mexico. Andaverde-Tiñoco was not eligible
for a voluntary return because of his criminal and immigration history, so he
was processed as a criminal alien. Agent Eron Hernandez testified that he
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interviewed Andaverde-Tiñoco at the station and that the first thing he did
was read Andaverde-Tiñoco his Miranda rights in Spanish. A written record
of the interview—which Hernandez prepared and Andaverde-Tiñoco read,
approved, and signed—showed that Andaverde-Tiñoco admitted that he was a
Mexican citizen, that he had entered the United States on March 9, 2011 by
swimming across the Rio Grande, that he had previously been deported or
removed from the United States and never applied for permission to return,
and that he did not fear any persecution or torture if he were to be removed to
Mexico. According to Hernandez’s testimony, Andaverde-Tiñoco did not
mention that he had been robbed on the other side of the Rio Grande, nor did
other agents mention to Hernandez that any of Andaverde-Tiñoco’s
companions had claimed to have been robbed.
A one-count indictment charged Andaverde-Tiñoco with illegal reentry
subsequent to removal after conviction of an aggravated felony, in violation of
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b). The government also moved to revoke a previously
imposed term of supervised release that resulted from a prior illegal-reentry
conviction.
At trial, Andaverde-Tiñoco stipulated to the elements of the offense, yet
presented the defense that he reentered under duress and hence was not
criminally responsible for his actions. Andaverde-Tiñoco called border agent
David Montoya, who testified that he had interviewed the other individuals
and that one of them had said they had been robbed before crossing.
Andaverde-Tiñoco testified and described how, on the day of the arrest, he and
three friends were driving in Mexico when armed men stopped them and
robbed them of their vehicle and money. He further testified that the men
brought him and his friends to the river and told them to cross or be shot, that
he begged the men not to make him cross because he would be sent to prison,
and that he crossed the river because he felt he had no choice. He admitted
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that he did not mention the robbery when initially detained or during transport
to the station, but then he stated that he told the agents about the robbery
while they fingerprinted and interviewed him and that the agents did not write
anything down or record the conversation.
Approximately two hours after starting deliberations, the jury sent a
note stating that the jurors were deadlocked at a six-to-six vote. The district
court proposed that it give an Allen charge to the jury. Andaverde-Tiñoco
objected—arguing that the jurors had not been deliberating for long, the trial
was short, and most of the evidence was uncontroverted—and requested a
mistrial. The district court overruled the objection, denied the motion for a
mistrial, and sent the Allen charge to the jury. Approximately two-and-a-half
hours after receiving the charge, the jury found Andaverde-Tiñoco guilty.
At sentencing, Andaverde-Tiñoco attempted to present an affidavit of
Daniel Reyna Flores, one of his companions on the night of the arrest, who
corroborated most of his story. The government objected. The district court
refused to admit the affidavit because it was hearsay, but allowed the
investigator who obtained the affidavit to testify as to some of the statements
Reyna Flores made to him, including that he had been forced across the river.
Andaverde-Tiñoco pleaded “true” to the facts alleged in the petition for
revocation of supervised release. The district court sentenced him to 70 months
of imprisonment and three years of supervised released. It also revoked the
previously imposed term of supervised release and sentenced him to eight
months of imprisonment, four months of which were to run consecutively to
the 70-month sentence, for a total of 74 months. Andaverde-Tiñoco timely
appealed the conviction and sentence.
II.
Andaverde-Tiñoco argues first that the district court abused its
discretion by giving an Allen charge to the jury. The relevant inquiry on appeal
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is whether: (1) any semantic deviation from approved Allen-charge language
was so prejudicial that it requires reversal and (2) the circumstances
surrounding the use of the charge were coercive. United States v. Winters, 105
F.3d 200, 203 (5th Cir. 1997). Generally, we review the use of an Allen charge
for abuse of discretion. Id. Where a defendant does not object to its use, review
is for plain error. United States v. Hitt, 473 F.3d 146, 153 (5th Cir. 2006). The
government argues that Andaverde-Tiñoco’s objection to the charge in the
district court failed to preserve his challenge on appeal. “A party must raise a
claim of error with the district court in such a manner so that the district court
may correct itself and thus, obviate the need for our review.” United States v.
Gutierrez, 635 F.3d 148, 152 (5th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and
footnote omitted). “[T]he touchstone is whether the objection was specific
enough to allow the trial court to take testimony, receive argument, or
otherwise explore the issue raised.” United States v. Burton, 126 F.3d 666, 673
(5th Cir. 1997).
Andaverde-Tiñoco objected to the Allen charge as follows:
As the Court is aware, this is a very short trial. Most of it was completely
uncontroverted. The controverted evidence is extremely short, and the
fact that the jurors already said that they couldn’t reach a verdict and
they’re divided numerically six to six, your Honor, I believe an Allen
charge would not be appropriate at this time, and we ask for a mistrial.
Andaverde-Tiñoco cites United States v. Montalvo, 495 F. App’x 391, 392 n.2
(5th Cir. 2012) (unpublished), to argue that a general objection to an Allen
charge that does not mention the language itself is sufficient to preserve that
issue for appeal. However, our unpublished Montalvo decision is inapposite.
There, although the government argued that Montalvo had not objected to the
language of the Allen charge, Montalvo himself did not make the language
argument on appeal. Thus, the court looked only to the circumstances of the
charge, an objection that the court found Montalvo had adequately made
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below. Id. at 392-93 & n.2; cf. Hitt, 473 F.3d at 153 & n.5 (reviewing for plain
error where defendant objected to charge in toto but not to language
specifically); United States v. Hill, 334 F. App’x 640, 645 (5th Cir. 2009)
(unpublished) (reviewing language for plain error where objection to charge
did not include objection to its language). The objection does not reference the
language of the charge, so the district court “could not have understood,”
Gutierrez, 635 F.3d at 152, that Andaverde-Tiñoco wanted additional or
adjusted language included in the charge, particularly because the district
court used the language from the then-applicable Fifth Circuit Pattern Jury
Instructions. FIFTH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS (CRIMINAL), § 1.45
(West 2001). However, the objection does directly address the coerciveness of
the charge under the circumstances and thus preserves that issue for appeal.
Therefore, we review the language of the charge for plain error and the use of
the charge for abuse of discretion.
A.
Under the first prong of the Allen analysis, we inquire whether any
semantic deviation from approved Allen-charge language was so prejudicial
that it requires reversal. Winters, 105 F.3d at 203. As stated above, we review
the language of the charge in this case for plain error. To prevail under plain
error, an appellant must show a forfeited error that is clear or obvious and that
affects his substantial rights. Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135
(2009). If he makes such a showing, we have the discretion to correct the error,
but only if it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings. Id. In reviewing jury instructions, “plain error occurs only
when the instruction, considered as a whole, was so clearly erroneous as to
result in the likelihood of a grave miscarriage of justice.” United States v.
Garcia, 567 F.3d 721, 728 (5th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
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Here, the language of the modified Allen charge was almost identical to
the charge found in the then-applicable 2001 Pattern Jury Instructions, a fact
we previously have noted in upholding Allen charges. See United States v.
Allard, 464 F.3d 529, 536 (5th Cir. 2006). The only modification was the
addition of a sentence that reminded the jury not to reveal the exact numerical
breakdown of its voting, an addition that Andaverde-Tiñoco does not challenge.
Instead, Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that the charge was unbalanced because it
focused on the government’s burden of proof on the elements of the illegal entry
offense, which Andaverde-Tiñoco had conceded, and did not address his burden
of proof on the duress defense.
The failure to include additional language about the duress defense was
not a clear or obvious error. Andaverde-Tiñoco acknowledges that the charge
was equivalent to the then-applicable pattern instruction. The cases that
Andaverde-Tiñoco cites do not stand for the proposition that failure to include
additional language in an otherwise-approved pattern instruction constitutes
error.
Even if he had shown a clear or obvious error, Andaverde-Tiñoco has not
shown that the failure to include language about his duress defense affected
his substantial rights. To make that showing, he must “demonstrate that the
error affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” United States v.
Broussard, 669 F.3d 537, 553 (5th Cir. 2012). Because Andaverde-Tiñoco
stipulated to the offense, 1 his theory for why the jury should find him not guilty
become only his affirmative duress defense. The Allen charge asked the jurors
who believed Andaverde-Tiñoco was guilty to reconsider this conclusion in
In the ill-defined posture of a “stipulated” trial, it is especially incumbent on a party
1
to adhere to the specificity requirements of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 30(d). Cf.
United States v. Richardson, 713 F.3d 232, 234 n.2 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 230
(2013).
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light of the fact that other jurors believed him to be not guilty. The Allen charge
also instructed the jurors to follow their initial instructions, which included the
duress defense, and we presume that jurors follow their instructions. See, e.g.,
United States v. Turner, 674 F.3d 420, 430 (5th Cir. 2012). Finally, the jury
deliberated for more than two hours after receiving the Allen charge,
presumably on the duress defense because that was the only issue at trial. For
these independent reasons, Andaverde-Tiñoco has not shown that the district
court plainly erred in the language of the Allen charge.
B.
Under the second prong of an Allen-charge analysis, we inquire whether
the circumstances surrounding the use of the charge were coercive. Winters,
105 F.3d at 203. We evaluate the “totality of the circumstances” surrounding
the use of the charge in assessing its coercive effect. United States v. Lindell,
881 F.2d 1313, 1321 (5th Cir. 1989). The district court has “broad discretion to
evaluate whether an Allen charge is likely to coerce a jury into returning a
verdict it would not otherwise return.” Allard, 464 F.3d at 536 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). As stated above, we review the use of
the charge in this case for abuse of discretion.
Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that the use of the Allen charge after
approximately two hours of deliberations “sent a strong message that failure
to reach a verdict was not an option”; that the jury received the charge close to
midday on a Friday, which “surely raised fears that inability to reach a verdict
that day would result in the jury’s being called in for deliberations on
Saturday”; that the jury’s decision to deliberate without taking a lunch break
suggests that it felt pressure to reach a verdict before the weekend; that
skipping lunch “created the possibility that some jurors might cave in simply
because of overwhelming feelings of hunger”; and that the jury reached a
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verdict only two hours after receiving the charge, which “is strongly suggestive
of the coercive effect of the Allen charge.”
We have affirmed Allen charges in more stringent circumstances than
those here. In United States v. Betancourt, 427 F.2d 851, 854 (5th Cir. 1970),
we affirmed a charge where the trial had begun at 9 a.m. on the day of the
verdict, the jury did not receive the case until 6:13 p.m., it reported itself
deadlocked at 8:19 p.m., and it returned its verdict at 10:23 p.m. on a stormy
night. In United States v. Bottom, 638 F.2d 781, 788 (5th Cir. Unit B Mar.
1981), we affirmed an Allen charge, explaining: “The jury deliberated another
three hours after the ‘Allen’ charge was given from 9:56 A.M. to 1:40 P.M., not
an unduly short amount of time. The time of the day was not late. The day was
not Friday or the day before a holiday. The weather was not alleged to be
inclement.” Here, although the district court gave the charge on a Friday, it
was not late in the day or close to a holiday, and the jury deliberated for about
two-and-a-half hours after receiving the charge. The timing here also
presented less potential for coerciveness than it did in Betancourt. Cf.
Montalvo, 495 F. App’x at 393-94 (rejecting challenge to Allen charge that jury
received less than four days before Christmas because it was not issued on the
day before a holiday; there was no indication that the jury expressed concern
about, or that the judge mentioned, the approaching holiday; and the
circumstances that may have pressured the jury were less extreme than those
in Betancourt).
Additionally, we have rejected a claim that the jury’s decision to forego a
meal renders an Allen charge coercive. United States v. Reeves, 892 F.2d 1223,
1229 (5th Cir. 1990). We have also rejected claims of coerciveness with
similarly short and even shorter deliberation periods. See Bottom, 638 F.2d at
788 (charge given after eight hours of deliberation, verdict returned three
hours after Allen charge); United States v. Scruggs, 583 F.2d 238, 241 (5th Cir.
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1978) (charge given after four-and-a-half hours of deliberation, verdict
returned 48 minutes after charge); United States v. Bailey, 468 F.2d 652, 664-
65 (5th Cir. 1972) (charge given after three-and-a-half hours of deliberation,
verdict returned one-and-a-half hours after charge); Andrews v. United States,
309 F.2d 127, 129 (5th Cir. 1962) (charge given after one hour and five minutes
of deliberation, verdict returned 25 minutes after charge). We conclude here
that Andaverde-Tiñoco has not shown that the district court abused its
discretion in its use of the Allen charge.
III.
Second, Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that the government improperly
elicited testimony and argued to the jury that he had remained silent instead
of immediately informing the agents that he had been forced to cross the river,
in violation of Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619 (1976). Crucial to our ruling,
Andaverde-Tiñoco did not object to the alleged Doyle violations in the district
court, hence review is for plain error. See United States v. Garcia-Flores, 246
F.3d 451, 457 (5th Cir. 2001). Andaverde-Tiñoco must show a forfeited error
that is clear or obvious and that affects his substantial rights. Puckett 556 U.S.
at 135. If he makes such a showing, we have the discretion to correct the error,
but only if it seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings. Id.; see also Henderson v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 1121,
1130 (2013).
A.
Under the first and second prongs of plain error review, we inquire
whether there was an error that was clear or obvious. As a threshold matter,
the government argues that “the vast state of the evidence was that Andaverde
was not read his [Miranda] rights until he arrived at the Border Patrol
station.” As such, the government contends that commentary on Andaverde-
Tiñoco’s silence during the ride to the station could not have violated Doyle. To
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support its argument, the government attempts to explain the following
exchange between the prosecutor and Andaverde-Tiñoco on cross-examination:
Cross-Examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco by Prosecutor
Q: But you said when Border Patrol arrived you hunkered down in the
field, right?
A: Yes, yes.
Q: And you hunkered down so they wouldn’t see you, didn’t you?
A: Yes.
Q: And they handcuffed you, didn’t they?
A: Yes.
Q: And they read you your rights in Spanish?
A: Yes.
Q: And they placed you in the back of a vehicle?
A: Yes.
The government claims that the prosecutor “simply made a mistake” when
asking this question and that the question did not differentiate between the
field and the station, so Andaverde-Tiñoco’s answer was “technically correct.”
This argument is unpersuasive. There is no dispute in the existing record
over whether the agents read Andaverde-Tiñoco his rights in the field. There
is no evidence beyond the government’s ipse dixit that the prosecutor made a
mistake, and the context of the question belies the government’s claim. The
question came in chronological order after a question about Andaverde-
Tiñoco’s behavior in the field and before a question about his ride to the station.
The only persuasive reading of this testimony and exchange is that the agents
read Andaverde-Tiñoco his rights in the field. Nothing in the record contradicts
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that (even Agent Hernandez’s affirmative testimony that he read Andaverde-
Tiñoco his rights at the station) because the prosecutor never confirmed with
the agents themselves, testifying at trial, if they read the rights in the field.
We credit the trial record that the agents read Andaverde-Tiñoco his rights in
the field.
Having testified to that Miranda factual predicate, Andaverde-Tiñoco
asserts that there were five Doyle violations that occurred during his trial. We
set them out below and highlight the alleged violations in italics.
Alleged Violation 1: Cross-Examination of Agent Granado by Defense
Counsel
Q: Now, once you knew that another -- a person among these four people
was being prosecuted, did you feel it’s your duty as a [sic] officer for
Border Patrol to report to someone that some people had claimed having
been victimized before they crossed?
A: Yes. But it was not the defendant that made that statement, so,
therefore, for me, that would be hearsay, and no, I did not make that
statement to anybody else.
Alleged Violation 2: Redirect Examination of Agent Granado by Government
Q: You say there’s only one that—only one of the agent—aliens
mentioned anything about being beaten and robbed?
A: That is correct.
Q: The other three were there, obviously, in the back of the vehicle,
correct?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And none of them said anything about it at the time?
A: No, sir.
Q: That would include the defendant?
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A: That is correct.
Alleged Violation 3: Cross-Examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco
Q: At no point did you ever tell any of the agents that you had been robbed
on the other side, did you, up until the point that you were at the Border
Patrol station like you’re saying?
A: That’s right, until I was at the Immigration office.
Q: And when they found you in the field, you didn’t go running to them
at all saying, “Oh help. I need your help. Someone on the other side wants
to get me,” did you?
A: No.
Alleged Violation 4: Government’s Closing Argument
When they saw the lights of the Border Patrol vehicles, they laid down
and hid. They didn’t run up to them and say, “Thank God you’re here.
We needed some help. We got robbed.” No, they hid. When the agents
shined their flashlights on them, they ran.
So what did the defendant do after he actually got caught here and put
in the Border Patrol vehicle? He starts joking with the agent. He doesn’t
say anything about the alleged robbery.
One of the other aliens that was in the vehicle, he took the opportunity
to make some sort of claim of a robbery. Didn’t say when or where really,
but he made a claim. The defendant was right there. He said nothing.
Alleged Violation 5: Government’s Rebuttal Argument
Two Border Patrol agents were dispatched out to the scene, and when
they were dispatched out to the scene, the defendant hid. They arrested
him. They put him in the back of their vehicle, and he never once said
anything to them about being forced. That was another person.
Under Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619, and its progeny, “the use for impeachment
purposes of [a defendant’s] silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving
Miranda warnings, violate[s] the Due Process Clause.” “A prosecutor’s or
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witness’s remarks constitute comment on a defendant’s silence if the manifest
intent was to comment on the defendant’s silence, or if the character of the
remark was such that the jury would naturally and necessarily so construe the
remark.” United States v. Carter, 953 F.2d 1449, 1464 (5th Cir. 1992) (citation
omitted). However, the Court in Doyle made clear that the government could
use a defendant’s post-Miranda silence to challenge a defendant who testifies
to an exculpatory version of events and claims to have told the police that
version following arrest. Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619 n.11. “We, and other circuits,
have continued to recognize this ‘open the door’ or ‘reply’ exception to Doyle.”
United States v. Martinez-Larraga, 517 F.3d 258, 268 (5th Cir. 2008) (citations
omitted); see also United States v. Rodriguez, 260 F.3d 416, 421 (5th Cir. 2001).
At the same time, the “open the door” exception does not afford the
government free reign to invoke the defendant’s post-arrest silence. “Although
the government may use a defendant’s post-arrest silence to impeach
testimony about the circumstances of an arrest, the government may not then
argue that the defendant’s silence was inconsistent with his claim of
innocence.” Rodriguez, 260 F.3d at 421 (citations omitted). In other words, the
government may not ask the jury to “infer . . . guilt directly from . . . post-arrest
silence.” Id. When the impeachment exception is not met, the Doyle test “is
strict; virtually any description of a defendant’s silence following arrest and a
Miranda warning will constitute a Doyle violation.” United States v. Shaw, 701
F.2d 367, 382 (5th Cir. 1983); see also United States v. Edwards, 576 F.2d 1152,
1155 (5th Cir. 1978).
Granado’s statement on cross-examination by defense counsel did not
violate Doyle. The “manifest intent” of Granado’s response was not to comment
on Andaverde-Tiñoco’s post-Miranda silence in a way that improperly inferred
his guilt. See Carter, 953 F.2d at 1464; see also United States v. Clark-Gonzalez,
530 F. App’x 372, 380 (5th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (declining to find a Doyle
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error where, among other reasons, the witness’s comment was elicited not by
the prosecution but by defense counsel); United States v. Moreno, 185 F.3d 465,
472 (5th Cir. 1999) (stating that, in assessing a Doyle violation, the court seeks
“to determine whether the remark was a spontaneous comment by the witness
or a comment prompted by the prosecutor”). Granado’s statement, heard by the
jury before any reference to Andaverde-Tiñoco’s being given Miranda warnings
in the field, was not prompted by the prosecutor but by defense counsel on
cross-examination, and it is best read as a response to a question about why
Granado did not report the statement of someone other than Andaverde-
Tiñoco.
Likewise, the prosecutor’s redirect of Granado did not violate Doyle.
Defense counsel’s opening statement implying that Andaverde-Tiñoco had
immediately informed the agents of his exculpatory story opened the door to
narrow permissible impeachment by the government:
Opening Argument by Defense Counsel
They’re taken to get processed, and you’re going to hear from agents of
the government that while they’re being taken to the Harlingen station,
they talked. They talked how they were scared [sic]. They talked that
they were robbed on the other side, and they talked that they were forced
to cross.
This opening argument use of the plural pronoun “they” created the false
impression that Andaverde-Tiñoco and his companions, collectively, promptly
cooperated and told their duress story and that the agents had failed to
respond. Additionally, Andaverde-Tiñoco’s cross-examination of Granado
attempted to undermine his credibility precisely by suggesting that he did not
report this duress story. Thus, the prosecutor’s redirect of Granado was “a
permissible attempt to impeach and clarify” defense counsel’s exculpatory
version of duress and hasty cooperation upon arrest. Rodriguez, 260 F.3d at
421 n.2.
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The prosecutor’s cross-examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco presents a
closer question. Defense counsel, on direct examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco,
first reinforced his opening argument by eliciting proof for the duress story,
but then specifically elicited that Andaverde-Tiñoco himself had remained
silent on the ride to the station:
Direct Examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco by Defense Counsel
Q: Did the officer seem interested to hear details about the claim your
companions have made that they were forced to cross?
A: He was talking to them all along the route, but I never said anything.
Q: Why wouldn’t you have told the officer right then and there, ‘I didn’t
want to come in. They forced me to come in.’?
A: No, I said that at the Immigration office.
Q: So in the vehicle you didn’t tell the driver?
A: No.
On the one hand, then, the prosecutor’s subsequent questions on cross-
examination may have been an attempt to clarify the tension between defense
counsel’s opening statement and Andaverde-Tiñoco’s direct testimony that
only his companions spoke on the way to the station. Cf. Rodriguez, 260 F.3d
at 419-420, 421 n.2 (finding cross-examination question about silence
permissible where it followed defendant’s direct testimony that implied he had
told exculpatory story during his initial interrogation). It is determinative,
however, that Andaverde-Tiñoco testified that he had not said anything on the
way to the station. In an abundance of caution, and because we find that the
government’s statements during its closing and rebuttal arguments were clear
Doyle errors, we assume for purposes of our plain error analysis that the
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government cross-examination of Andaverde-Tiñoco extended beyond a testing
of collective cooperation to improper Doyle impeachment.
In other words, whereas the government initially took the permissible
tack of impeaching Andaverde-Tiñoco’s version of collective cooperation, the
government went beyond “a permissible attempt to impeach and clarify” once
Andaverde-Tiñoco delimited his exact version of post-arrest cooperation to his
companions. Consequently, we conclude that the government improperly
invoked Andaverde-Tiñoco’s post-arrest silence in this closing-argument
assertion: “So what did the defendant do after he actually got caught here and
put in the Border Patrol vehicle? He starts joking with the agent. He doesn’t
say anything about the alleged robbery. . . . One of the other aliens that was in
the vehicle, he took the opportunity to make some sort of claim of a robbery.
Didn’t say when or where really, but he made a claim. The defendant was right
there. He said nothing.” And the government repeated the error in rebuttal
argument: “They put him in the back of their vehicle, and he never once said
anything to them about being forced.” In this summation argument, the
government “directly link[ed] the implausibility of the defendant’s exculpatory
story to his ostensibly inconsistent post-arrest silence.” Price v. King, 714 F.2d
585, 588 (5th Cir. 1983). Determinatively, again, the government did so after
Andaverde-Tiñoco had testified that, unlike his companions, he had not
cooperated post arrest by telling his exculpatory story on the way to the station
but only later after his second Miranda warning, thus obviating the need for
further proper impeachment about the time interval between the first and
second Miranda warnings.
B.
Under the third prong of plain error review, we inquire whether error
affected a defendant’s substantial rights. “[T]he defendant must demonstrate
that the error affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.”
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Broussard, 669 F.3d at 553. Here, the government’s closing and rebuttal
arguments used Andaverde-Tiñoco’s silence to attack his duress defense, the
only issue at trial, which resulted initially in a deadlocked jury. See United
States v. Harp, 536 F.2d 601, 602-03 (5th Cir. 1976) (“Because the prosecutor’s
comments struck at the jugular of their story, those remarks cannot be
classified as harmless.”); 2 see also United States v. Johnson, 558 F.2d 1225,
1230 (5th Cir. 1977) (holding same under plain error review and finding “it
likely that defendant’s expressed desire to remain silent tipped the scales for
the jury”); United States v. Meneses-Davila, 580 F.2d 888, 895-96 (5th Cir.
1978) (holding under plain error review that prosecution’s repeated references
to defendant’s silence in a one-day trial were not harmless, despite defendant’s
responsive comments on silence). Even though Andaverde-Tiñoco did open the
door to some exploration of his companions’ post-arrest statements, and even
though Andaverde-Tiñoco waived his Miranda rights at the station, triggering
trial-contested testimony about his own cooperation and duress story, we
cannot say that his duress defense presented a frivolous argument that had no
chance of success such that the Doyle errors did not affect the outcome of the
proceedings. See Rodriguez, 260 F.3d at 422 (explaining that, in determining
when a Doyle error is harmless, “[w]hen . . . the prosecution directly links the
implausibility of the exculpatory story to the defendant’s ostensibly
inconsistent act of remaining silent, reversible error results even if the story is
transparently frivolous”) (citing Meneses-Davila, 580 F.2d at 893).
2 Circumstances that render Doyle error harmless have defied formulaic precision for
almost half a century. See, e.g., Williams v. Zahradnick, 632 F.2d 353, 363-65 (4th Cir. 1980)
(stating that “[p]erhaps more than any other circuit court, the Fifth Circuit has had occasion
to rule upon the harmfulness of Doyle errors” and collecting Fifth Circuit cases).
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C.
Under the fourth and final prong of plain error review, if the appellant
has shown an error that is clear or obvious and affects his substantial rights,
we may exercise our discretion to correct the error, but only if it seriously
affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. The
Supreme Court recently highlighted the importance of this fourth prong of
plain error review as an independent criterion that helps guard against any
potential “floodgates” of plain error corrections. Henderson 133 S. Ct. at 1130;
see also United States v. Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d 415, 425 (5th Cir. 2012) (en
banc) (calling the fourth prong a “stringent” requirement and “declining to
adopt a blanket rule that once prejudice is found under the [third plain error
prong], the error invariably requires correction”) (internal citation and
quotation marks omitted). The Court also has said that “[m]eeting all four
prongs is difficult, as it should be.” Puckett, 556 U.S. at 135 (citing United
States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 n.9 (2004)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Importantly, the burden is on the defendant to demonstrate
that the error affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings. See Broussard, 669 F.3d at 546.
Although there is no exact test for what type of error seriously affects the
fairness of judicial proceedings, recent case law in which we have addressed
the fourth prong generally is instructive. In United States v. McCann, 613 F.3d
486, 503 (5th Cir. 2010), we held that the error seriously affected the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings where the district court
relied solely on the presentence investigation report to conclude that the
defendant’s prior manslaughter conviction constituted a “crime of violence” for
purposes of sentencing, even though the government admitted that all of the
documents that could have conclusively demonstrated the specific facts of the
defendant’s manslaughter offense were lost in Hurricane Katrina. In
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Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 425-26 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted), we found that the district court’s reliance on an anger-management
justification in increasing the defendant’s sentence directly controverted
“Congress’s express admonition that imprisonment is not an appropriate
means of promoting correction and rehabilitation” and thus affected the
fairness of the proceedings and required reversal. Conversely, in United States
v. Reyna, 358 F.3d 344, 352-53 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc), we found that the
denial of a right to allocute at the defendant's third sentencing hearing did not
affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings, even
though it otherwise met the first three prongs, because the defendant had been
given the right to allocute at his original sentencing hearing and at his second
sentencing hearing, where he was warned that he would be sent back to prison
for twelve months if he violated the terms of his supervised release. As a final
example, in United States v. Seale, 600 F.3d 473, 490 (5th Cir. 2010) (en banc),
we declined to exercise our discretion to correct the district court’s error in
failing to exclude the defendant’s statement under Miranda because the
government had presented other strong evidence of guilt, it had been the
defendant’s primary responsibility to persuade the court to exclude the
statement, and no miscarriage of justice would occur.
Cognizant that fourth-prong assessments trigger no precise formula, we
hold that Andaverde-Tiñoco has not met his burden of showing that the Doyle
violations we identify rise to the level of error that seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. First,
Andaverde-Tiñoco undercut any Doyle claim in his own opening argument
asserting collective cooperation upon arrest. Second, Andaverde-Tiñoco
reinforced that impression of collective cooperation through his cross-
examination probing of Granado, who only responsively commented on
Andaverde-Tiñoco’s silence. Third, the government’s violative summation was
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based on Andaverde-Tiñoco’s own frank direct-examination acknowledgement
that he did not tell “the officer right then and there, ‘I didn’t want to come in.
They forced me to come in.’” In other words, Andaverde-Tiñoco not only
proffered in his opening statement his duress defense through alleged
collective cooperation with law enforcement, but also then on direct
examination highlighted to the jury that he had not told the officers his
exculpatory story immediately. In this way, Andaverde-Tiñoco himself drew
evidentiary focus on the inconsistency between his post-arrest silence and his
duress defense. The government’s subsequent cross-examination and
summation were cumulative of evidence affirmatively given to the jury by
Andaverde-Tiñoco. Finally, Andaverde-Tiñoco did not perceive or object to any
of these exchanges or arguments as a Doyle violation, even in a new trial
motion pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33. See Henderson, 133
S. Ct. at 1130 (explaining that, when courts apply prongs three and four of
plain error review, “the fact that a defendant did not object, despite unsettled
law, may well count against the grant of Rule 52(b) relief”). We cannot
emphasize enough the importance of such prompt intercession, allowing, inter
alia, a sustained objection, curative instructions, juror voir dire, and especially
isolation of any error and avoidance of it in closing arguments.
Although, for the foregoing reasons, we decline to exercise plain error
discretion to correct the Doyle errors we particularize, this case highlights the
risks for the prosecution if it chooses to comment on a defendant’s silence after
Miranda warnings, even in cases, like this one, where a defense opening
implies post-arrest cooperation, where the defense then probes and makes
central the cooperation story, where no Doyle objection is interposed at trial,
and where, indeed, a defendant himself highlights to the jury as an incongruity
his post-arrest silence. See Edwards, 576 F.2d at 1155; cf. Wainwright v.
Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284, 295 (1986) (noting that questions regarding the
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defendant’s behavior at the time of his arrest might be permissible if “carefully
framed” to “avoid[ ] any mention of the defendant’s exercise of his
constitutional rights”). 3
IV.
Third, Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that at sentencing the district court
erred in refusing to accept the affidavit of Daniel Reyna Flores, one of
Andaverde-Tiñoco’s companions who entered the United States with him. The
affidavit corroborated the claim that the men were forced to cross the river,
and Andaverde-Tiñoco offered it to support his request for a downward
departure based on his claim of duress. The government objected. The district
court refused to accept the affidavit on the ground that it contained hearsay,
but allowed Andaverde-Tiñoco to call the investigator who obtained the
affidavit to summarize Reyna Flores’s statements, including that he had been
forced across the river. Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that the district court erred
in excluding the affidavit as hearsay because the rules of evidence are not
applicable in sentencing proceedings. The government argues that the district
court was exercising its discretion as to admissibility and simply was not
persuaded that the affidavit was reliable.
A district court has wide discretion to decide what evidence to consider
or credit at sentencing. United States v. Cantu-Ramirez, 669 F.3d 619, 628 (5th
3 The dissenting opinion draws attention to several plain error outcomes we issued
shortly after Doyle, almost forty years ago, especially Meneses-Davila, 580 F.2d at 895-96.
Leaving aside the fact that those cases focus on harmlessness analysis and do not discuss the
fourth prong as our recent case law has described it, we endorse Doyle as strongly here but
perceive crucial fourth-prong distinctions. For example, in Meneses-Davila, we rejected the
claim that the defendant’s references to his own silence should allow the conviction to stand
because the prosecution made the first reference to the defendant’s silence at trial. Id. at 895.
We then explained, “Had defendant’s statement been the first reference in the case to silence,
the questioning of the agent would probably have been permissible. . . . [T]he defense did not
initiate the comments on silence, but only responded to the prosecutor’s prior comments made
during the trial.” Id.
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Cir.), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 2759, and cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 247 (2012). We
review the decision to reject sentencing evidence for abuse of discretion. See
United States v. Mitchell, 366 F.3d 376, 379 (5th Cir. 2004). At sentencing, a
district court “may consider any relevant evidence without regard to its
admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial, provided the
information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable
accuracy.” United States v. Ramirez, 367 F.3d 274, 277 (5th Cir. 2004). Even
uncorroborated hearsay evidence may be sufficiently reliable for use at
sentencing. See United States v. Gaytan, 74 F.3d 545, 558 (5th Cir. 1996). Thus,
to the extent that the district court thought itself obligated to exclude the
affidavit as hearsay, it relied on an erroneous conclusion of law. Id.; see also
United States v. Jones, 664 F.3d 966, 981 (5th Cir. 2011) (“[I]t is an abuse of
discretion to rely on erroneous conclusions of law.”) (internal citation and
quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 132 S. Ct. 2728 (2012). In excluding the
affidavit, the district court stated:
Well, I consider a document like that hearsay. So why—if it’s being
offered for the truth of the matter asserted, why should I accept it . . . as
evidence . . . ? [A] person who was involved . . . in events leading up to an
arrest of . . . a person later charged would be prevented from testifying
to anything that would be hearsay unless it was an exception. I find no
exception in this case, so the objection is sustained.
Though the record is not conclusive, it appears that the district court
erroneously did feel obligated to exclude the affidavit as hearsay evidence.
Even if the district court did abuse its discretion, however, any error was
harmless. To determine whether an error was harmless, we inquire whether
the defendant suffered prejudice from the error. Reyna, 358 F.3d at 348; see
also United States v. Meza, 701 F.3d 411, 425 (5th Cir. 2012). The district court
allowed the investigator who obtained the affidavit to testify as to some of the
statements Reyna Flores made to him. The district court noted that it afforded
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some “leeway” with the investigator’s testimony and allowed him to testify,
over the government’s objection, as to Reyna Flores’s statements that they had
been forced to cross the river and that Reyna Flores had feared for his life when
they crossed. The district court concluded that it did not believe either Reyna
Flores’s statements or Andaverde-Tiñoco’s duress claim, in part due to the lack
of corroborating evidence. Because the district court heard and considered the
investigator’s testimony about the relevant portions of the affidavit, including
the claim that the companions were forced to cross the border, we hold that
any error in failing to admit the affidavit was harmless.
V.
Fourth, Andaverde-Tiñoco argues that if we vacate his conviction for
illegal reentry, we should also vacate the revocation of his prior term of
supervised release and remand for a new proceeding. Because we affirm
Andaverde-Tiñoco’s conviction and sentence, we need not reach this issue.
The conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.
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JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I agree with the majority that the government committed multiple
constitutional violations causing “clear or obvious” legal errors during Jose
Julian Andaverde-Tiñoco’s criminal trial. I further agree with the majority
that the government’s violations affected the outcome of Andaverde’s trial and,
had the government not unlawfully urged the jury to convict Andaverde for
impermissible reasons, the jury may not have done so. Unlike the majority,
however, I do not agree that this court of law should tolerate a conviction that
was obtained in an illegal manner and I would afford a new trial in which
Andaverde’s guilt or innocence could be determined according to constitutional
requisites. For the reasons that follow, I respectfully dissent.
I.
A.
After being spotted by Border Patrol in an empty field near the Texas-
Mexico border, Andaverde and several others with him were apprehended.
The arresting agents transported the detainees by motor vehicle to a nearby
Border Patrol station. During the ride, one of Andaverde’s companions—but
not Andaverde—reported that the group was “beaten and robbed” in Mexico,
on the other side of the Rio Grande River. Once at the station, it was
discovered that Andaverde had unlawfully entered the United States on prior
occasions and had been deported. His companions were permitted to return to
Mexico without further legal proceedings, but he remained detained. He was
indicted and prosecuted for illegally reentering the United States following a
prior deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. At trial, Andaverde stipulated
to all elements of the offense, admitting that he had in fact previously entered
the United States unlawfully and been deported, but he maintained, pursuant
to the defense of duress, that he was innocent of illegal reentry, contending
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that he did not enter into the United States under his own volition this time,
but rather under threat of force. Testifying in his own defense, he told the jury
that, while driving on a road in Mexico near the Rio Grande River, he and his
companions were robbed at gunpoint. The robbers, he testified, took their car
and money and ordered them to swim across the river, threatening to start
firing if they did not. Andaverde and his companions followed the orders and
swam across the river while the robbers escaped with their property. Some
time after reaching the other side and entering the United States, the group
was found and arrested in the field. Because Andaverde stipulated to all
elements of the illegal reentry offense, the only issue for the jury to decide was
whether to believe his story about entering the United States under duress. If
the jury believed Andaverde’s story, it would have to acquit. If the jury did
not, it would have to convict.
B.
As the majority explains persuasively, the government committed
multiple violations of Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976), during the course of
Andaverde’s short trial. The Doyle rule is simple and should be understood by
all prosecutors: once the government, acting through an arresting officer,
informs an arrestee that he has the right to remain silent—see Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)—the government may not then at the criminal
trial argue to the jury that the defendant’s post-arrest silence is suspicious and
good reason to disbelieve the story he offers at trial but did not tell the
arresting officers. Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619-20. “Because it is fundamentally
unfair simultaneously to afford a suspect a constitutional right to silence
following arrest and yet allow the implications of that silence to be used against
him, prosecutorial comment on silence for either substantive or impeachment
value is constitutionally prohibited.” United States v. Shaw, 701 F.2d 367, 381
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(5th Cir. 1983) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v.
Harp, 536 F.2d 601, 603 (5th Cir. 1976) (“[I]t is fundamentally unfair to allow
an arrested person’s silence following Miranda warnings to be used to impeach
an explanation subsequently offered at trial.”).
But that is what happened here. In flagrant disregard of Doyle’s clear
and longstanding command, the government argued to the jury again and
again that Andaverde’s story about being robbed in Mexico and forced to cross
the river at gunpoint should be disbelieved because he failed to announce it
immediately after he was arrested, instead exercising his right to remain
silent. In essence, the government urged the jury to convict Andaverde for
exercising a constitutional right, and that unlawful strategy deprived him of
the due process the Constitution requires. See Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474
U.S. 284, 291 (1986) (“Doyle and subsequent cases have thus made clear that
breaching the implied assurance of the Miranda warnings is an affront to the
fundamental fairness that the Due Process Clause requires.”).
As explained by the majority, the government’s unlawful trial strategy
began during Andaverde’s testimony in his defense in which he explained how
he, allegedly, entered into the United States under duress, was found in the
empty field, and was read his Miranda rights then, at the time of arrest. 1 On
cross-examination, the government elicited from Andaverde two admissions
1 The government attempts to challenge in this appeal the fact that Andaverde was
read his Miranda rights at the time he was arrested, but as the majority explains
persuasively, the government’s arguments must fail. The government itself elicited from
Andaverde on cross-examination the fact that he was read his rights in the field—at the time
of arrest—and the government never attempted at trial to show anything otherwise. The
government cannot now disclaim the evidence it presented at trial merely because it is
displeased with the consequences of that evidence.
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that, after being arrested and read his Miranda rights, he remained silent at
that time and during the ride to the station:
Q: At no point did you ever tell any of the agents
that you had been robbed on the other side, did
you, up until the point that you were at the
Border Patrol station like you’re saying?
A: That’s right, until I was at the Immigration
office.
To make sure the jury did not miss the government’s point, the prosecutor
asked for more:
Q: And when they found you in the field, you didn’t
go running to them at all saying, “Oh help. I
need your help. Someone on the other side
wants to get me,” did you?
A: No.
And with that, the government had found its theme for the remainder of the
trial. During the government’s closing statement, the prosecutor hammered
on the point repeatedly. First:
When they saw the lights of the Border Patrol vehicles,
they laid down and hid. They didn’t run up to them
and say, “Thank God you’re here. We needed some
help. We got robbed.” No, they hid. When the agents
shined their flashlights on them, they ran.
So what did the defendant do after he actually got
caught here and put in the Border Patrol vehicle? He
starts joking with the agent. 2 He doesn’t say anything
about the alleged robbery.
(Emphasis added.) Second:
2 Despite this statement about Andaverde “joking” with the agent during the ride,
there was no evidence of such presented at trial. We have no indication why the prosecutor
told the jury that Andaverde was “joking” during the ride.
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One of the other aliens that was in the vehicle, he took
the opportunity to make some sort of claim of a
robbery. Didn’t say when or where really, but he made
a claim. The defendant was right there. He said
nothing.
(Emphasis added.) Third:
He gets back to the station. . . . He’s given the
opportunity later to say anything else he wanted to say
and make a claim of any—that he was a victim of some
sort of violence. He said nothing.
(Emphasis added). And, fourth:
At least one of the other aliens did. They took the
opportunity to make the claim again at the station. . . .
The defendant didn’t even make the claim.
(Emphasis added.) 3 After the government finished, Andaverde’s attorney gave
the defense’s closing statement. Then, the government provided a brief
rebuttal in which the prosecutor—again—returned to the silence. Fifth:
Two Border Patrol agents were dispatched out to the
scene, and when they were dispatched out to the scene,
the defendant hid. They arrested him. They put him
in the back of their vehicle, and he never once said
anything to them about being forced. That was another
person. It was another person who’s not on trial here
today.
(Emphasis added). Once that summary was over, the trial concluded and the
jury’s deliberations began.
3 Andaverde does not contend in this appeal that the two references to his silence at
the station (as opposed to during the ride to the station) constituted independent Doyle
violations. Regardless, they are relevant context to show the extent to which the government
hammered on the entirety of the defendant’s post-arrest silence, elevating it to the primary
factor for the jury’s consideration. Additionally, it bears mention that Andaverde testified
that he did, contra the government’s closing statement argument, explain his duress story at
the station.
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C.
The deliberations were close. A little over two hours in, the jury reported
that it was evenly deadlocked, six jurors wanting to convict and six wanting to
acquit. The court urged the jury to continue working to reach unanimity, and
a short time later, the jury did. It rejected Andaverde’s duress defense and
found him guilty.
II.
Despite the repeated and obvious nature of the government’s Doyle
violations, Andaverde’s attorneys did not object at trial to any of them.
Consequently, this court reviews for plain error. See FED. R. CRIM. P. 52(b).
Under such review, we will reverse a conviction only for legal error that is
“clear or obvious” (in other words, “plain”) and affected the outcome of the
district court proceedings (or put another way, affected the defendant’s
“substantial rights”). United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-37 (1993);
United States v. Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d 415, 419 (5th Cir. 2012) (en banc).
If those requirements are met, this court “has the discretion to remedy
the error—discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 419 (alteration omitted). Our discretion to
remedy plain error “should be employed in those circumstances in which a
miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 736 (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 425 (stating
that, although “we do not view the fourth prong as automatic if the other three
prongs are met,” we “should,” however, correct errors “in those circumstances
in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result”) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
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Here, the majority holds that the Doyle errors in this case were plain and
affected the outcome of the trial, and I agree. The remaining question is
whether we ought to exercise our discretion to remedy the errors. I think we
ought to.
A.
The majority states that there is no “exact test” for determining how this
court should exercise its discretion. Ante, at 19. That is undoubtedly true. But
it is also true that our case law provides ample guidance, and for the reasons
that follow, fealty to our prior decisions demands that we provide a new trial.
See Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 139 (2005) (“Discretion is
not whim,” and “like cases should be decided alike.”).
Although a number of factors may affect the court’s decision on whether
to remedy plain error, a core determinant is the severity of the error. See
Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 423 (“The focus of plain error review should be
whether the severity of the error’s harm demands reversal . . . .”) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted); see also id. at 440 n.25 (Smith, J.,
dissenting) (“[T]he degree to which the second and third prongs have been met
[may] influence[] a fourth-prong analysis. There may be a case in which, for
example, an error that is particularly obvious to the district judge and affects
substantial rights to a great degree is thereby likely to meet the fourth
prong.”). 4 And, the Doyle violations here were severe for several reasons.
First, there is the obviousness of the violations. Doyle prohibits the
government from asking the jury to infer guilt directly from post-arrest silence,
and that is precisely what the government did repeatedly in an open and
4This is not to imply that plain errors should be corrected only in those cases in which
the errors were particularly “severe.” Depending on the context, a number of factors other
than severity of the error may be relevant.
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obvious manner. There was nothing subtle about what the prosecutor was
suggesting to the jury when he said, for example, that, “[o]ne of the other aliens
that was in the vehicle, he took the opportunity to make some sort of claim of
robbery,” but “[t]he defendant was right there” and “[h]e said nothing.”
(Emphasis added.) This is not an instance where reasonable minds could differ
on the government’s intended meaning. The prosecutor here employed
textbook Doyle violations to win a conviction. With less egregious Doyle
violations, such as, for example, where the prosecutor merely mentions post-
arrest silence in passing without pressing the matter, the court may have
greater leeway to allow the conviction to stand. But obvious violations of this
sort demand a remedy. See United States v. Rodriguez, 260 F.3d 416, 422 (5th
Cir. 2001) (explaining that, when the prosecution “directly links” the
defendant’s post-arrest silence to the implausibility of his exculpatory story
offered at trial, the government commits the most egregious sort of Doyle
violation) (citing Chapman v. United States, 547 F.2d 1240, 1249-50) (5th Cir.
1977)).
Second, there is the pervasiveness of the violations. Not only did the
government violate Doyle in an open and obvious manner, but it did so
repeatedly. The Doyle violations began during Andaverde’s cross-examination
and they continued throughout closing statements and rebuttal. This
pervasiveness affects the severity of the error and itself favors correction.
Compare United States v. Carter, 953 F.2d 1449, 1467 (5th Cir. 1992) (declining
to reverse for Doyle violation under plain-error review where “the prosecutor
mentioned [the defendant’s immediate post-arrest silence] only once very
briefly in passing . . . and never emphasized it”), with United States v. Meneses-
Davila, 580 F.2d 888, 895 (5th Cir. 1978) (reversing for Doyle violations under
plain-error review where “[t]here was more than a single reference to
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defendant’s silence” and “[t]he repetition ensured that the prosecutor’s point
could not have been lost on the jury, for the trial lasted just one day”).
Third, because of the unique circumstances of this case, the Doyle
violations affected Andaverde’s substantial rights to a great degree. The sole
issue before the jury was whether to believe the story underlying Andaverde’s
duress defense, that he was robbed and forced to enter the United States
against his will. Andaverde stipulated to the elements of the illegal reentry
offense and he presented no affirmative defenses beside duress. Thus, the
government’s impermissible Doyle impeachment undercut the only issue for
decision, whether Andaverde’s story should be believed. That incredibly close
nexus between the government’s violations and the purpose of the trial both
goes to the severity of the error and is itself cause for granting a new trial.
Compare Carter, 953 F.2d at 1465 (declining to reverse for Doyle violations
under plain-error review because, inter alia, “the story being impeached here
is essentially peripheral to [the defendant’s] defense”), with United States v.
Johnson, 558 F.2d 1225, 1230 (5th Cir. 1977) (reversing for Doyle violations
under plain-error review where the violations “went to the heart of the sole
defense, encouraging the jury to believe that the defense was fabricated after
arrest”), and United States v. Harp, 536 F.2d 601, 603 (5th Cir. 1976)
(reversing for Doyle violations under plain-error review where “the prosecutor’s
comments struck at the jugular of the story”).
If there is any doubt that the government’s repeated Doyle violations
were effective in hurting Andaverde’s case, as they were intended to, that
doubt should be dispelled by the fact that the jury deliberated for hours before
reporting it was evenly deadlocked with six jurors wanting to convict and six
wanting to acquit. See United States v. Morales, 854 F.2d 61, 64-65 (5th Cir.
1988) (Smith, J., dissenting) (contending that Doyle violations warranted
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reversal under plain-error review because the record showed the jurors having
difficulty reaching unanimity).
The government’s repeated Doyle violations in this case were obvious.
The violations pervaded the short trial. And, the record shows that the jury
was in all probability influenced by the government’s unlawful and
impermissible argument. The record shows, in short, that the government’s
Doyle violations were severe. We should not allow convictions obtained
through such illegal means to stand. Under our precedent, such severe Doyle
violations warrant a new trial even though the defendant’s attorneys failed to
lodge objections at the proper time. See Meneses-Davila, 580 F.2d at 895;
Johnson, 558 F.2d at 1230; Harp, 536 F.2d at 603.
B.
The majority contends that four of our cases are “instructive” in
illustrating why we should allow this unlawfully-obtained conviction to stand.
See ante, at 19-20 (discussing United States v. McCann, 613 F.3d 486, 503 (5th
Cir. 2010), Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 425-26, United States v. Reyna, 358
F.3d 344, 352-53 (5th Cir. 2004) (en banc), and United States v. Seale, 600 F.3d
473, 490 (5th Cir. 2010)).
Three of those cases—McCann, Escalante-Reyes, and Reyna—involve
legal errors that occurred at sentencing and were caused by the district court’s
procedures. See McCann, 613 F.3d at 502 (court did not consider necessary
documents in calculating sentence); Escalante-Reyes, 689 F.3d at 425-26 (court
based sentence on impermissible consideration); Reyna, 358 F.3d at 352-53
(court did not allow defendant to speak during sentencing). It is not
apparent—and the majority offers no affirmative explanation—what import
those sentencing cases have here, where the government obtained a conviction
from the jury through repeated, unlawful Doyle impeachment. I see no reason
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McCann, Escalante-Reyes, or Reyna require or even suggest that this court
should sit on its hands here.
Seale—the fourth case relied on by the majority—far from supporting
the majority’s decision to allow the unlawfully obtained conviction here to
stand rather illustrates why we should require a new trial. Seale, like this
case, involved the right of an arrestee to remain silent. The defendant there
was arrested for murder at his home and transported by motor vehicle to the
police station. During the ride, the arresting officers peppered the defendant
with questions but they never read him his Miranda rights, viz., that he had
the right to remain silent. One of the officers told the defendant: “We know
you did it, you know you did it, the Lord above knows you did it.” That caused
the defendant to respond, “Yes, but I’m not going to admit it, you are going to
have to prove it.” At the later criminal trial, the government presented the
defendant’s statement to the jury as evidence of his guilt. That was plain legal
error, we held: because the arresting agents did not inform the defendant of
his Miranda rights, the statement obtained from him during interrogation
while he was in custody should have been excluded from evidence as
inadmissible. However, we declined to use our discretion to remedy the error
because we concluded that the erroneous admission of the statement “did not
result in a manifest miscarriage of justice,” explaining that, “we are satisfied
that the Government presented a strong case of guilt. While the defendant’s
statement may have been helpful to the Government, it was certainly not the
centerpiece of its case.” 600 F.3d at 490 (emphasis added).
This case stands in stark contrast. Here, the government’s unlawful
Doyle impeachment was in fact the centerpiece of the government’s case. The
government’s closing statements that pound on Andaverde’s silence five times
can be read no other way. The prosecutor told the jury that, when Andaverde
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was arrested and taken to the border patrol station by motor vehicle, during
the ride, “[h]e d[id]n’t say anything about the alleged robbery.” To further
highlight his silence, the prosecutor then told the jury that one of the other
persons arrested with Andaverde told the story of the group’s innocence, but
Andaverde did not: “[He] was right there. He said nothing.” Next, the
prosecutor turned to after the ride, when Andaverde and the others arrived at
the station. There, once again: “He said nothing.” And, again: “At least one of
the other aliens” “took the opportunity to make the claim again at the station.”
But not the defendant: “The defendant didn’t even make the claim.” In
summing up the case for the jury, the prosecutor zeroed in on the silence one
last time: “[H]e never once said anything to them about being forced. That was
another person. It was another person who’s not on trial here today.” No
reasonable juror could have listened to these five references to Andaverde’s
post-arrest silence and thought the issue was anything but the centerpiece of
the government’s case. As already discussed, the sole issue for trial was
whether Andaverde’s story of entry into the United States under duress should
be believed, and the government presented precious little evidence besides the
impermissible Doyle impeachment on that issue.
In sum, Seale suggests that Andaverde should be afforded a new trial.
Although this court declined to remedy the government’s legal violations in
Seale because the violations played a minor role in the trial as a whole and
were “certainly not the centerpiece of [the government’s] case,” here, the
government’s violations permeated the trial and were in fact the centerpiece of
the government’s case. The majority has identified no case—and I believe
there is none—in which this court (or indeed, any other) has tolerated such
unlawfulness underlying a conviction.
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C.
Those four cases aside, the majority provides an additional reason for
declining to correct the plain errors here: because Andaverde’s counsel bears
some of the fault for the trial’s focus on his post-arrest silence. As the majority
explains, the defense attorney’s opening statements to the jury included the
ambiguous statement that “they”—referring to Andaverde and the others with
whom he was arrested—explained “their” duress story to the arresting agents,
thereby arguably creating the false impression that Andaverde himself, as one
of the persons included in the plural “they,” had personally told the story at
the time of his arrest. That ambiguous statement, the majority contends,
“opened the door” for the government to clarify that, contra the misleading
implication of Andaverde’s attorney’s opening statement, the defendant had
actually not told his story at the time of arrest, but rather remained silent. See
generally Rodriguez, 260 F.3d at 421 (explaining that, “when a defendant
testifies at trial that he told his exculpatory story at the time of his arrest,”
then “the defendant’s silence is admissible only for the limited purpose of
rebutting the impression that the accused had actively cooperated with the
police”). After that was clarified, however, the government did not stop.
Instead, it repeatedly ran afoul of Doyle, hammering on the post-arrest silence
again and again, calling on the jury to find Andaverde guilty because of the
silence. The majority is correct that Andaverde’s attorney bears the fault for
initially “opening the door” to limited discussion of whether Andaverde had
professed his innocence immediately at the time of arrest, as the attorney’s
opening statements arguably implied, or only later, at the station, as
Andaverde clarified in his testimony. That, however, does not make the
government’s subsequent, repeated Doyle violations, in which the government
went far beyond the permissible limit, any less egregious. See id. (explaining
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that, when the defendant “opens the door” to allow post-arrest silence to be
used for a “limited purpose,” the government remains prohibited from going
further and arguing that “the defendant’s silence was inconsistent with his
claim of innocence”); United States v. Martinez-Larraga, 517 F.3d 258, 268 (5th
Cir. 2008) (“We, and other circuits, have continued to recognize this ‘open the
door’ or ‘reply’ exception to Doyle, while likewise recognizing that it does not
permit the prosecution to argue that the jury should infer the defendant’s guilt
directly from his post arrest silence.”) (citations, internal quotation marks, and
alterations omitted). And, under our precedent, it does not support the
majority’s decision to decline relief here.
In United States v. Meneses-Davila, this court addressed similar
circumstances and concluded that, despite the defendant’s attorney’s conduct,
we should afford a remedy. There, “the prosecutor made four separate,
intentional references to defendant’s post-arrest silence,” and, “[i]n an
apparent effort to reduce the impact of these comments by explaining that the
defendant remained silent because he was advised he had a right to do so,
defense counsel himself made three references to defendant’s silence.” 580
F.2d at 891. The defendant’s trial attorney, apparently unaware of the Doyle
rule, did not object to any of the government’s comments and himself injected
the defendant’s silence into the case. On appeal, this court held that, because
the government’s repeated Doyle violations were severe and “[t]he repetition
ensured that the prosecutor’s point could not have been lost on the jury, for the
trial lasted just one day,” reversal was mandated. Id. at 895-96. We noted
that some of the government’s comments on the defendant’s silence were
arguably “defense invited” but we disclaimed that as a reason for allowing the
conviction to stand, explaining that the government went beyond its
permissible bounds, requiring us to remedy the violations. Id. (“Even
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discounting the comments that might be claimed to be defense invited,
however, the prosecutor’s other references mandate reversal.”).
Meneses-Davila, in short, stands for the principle that, where there are
severe, repeated Doyle violations, as there were here, we should remedy the
violations, even if the defendant’s attorney bears some culpability for the
attention on his post-arrest silence. Andaverde’s attorney’s unfortunate
performance did not give the government carte blanche to ignore the
Constitution, as Meneses-Davila makes plain.
III.
Although the majority elects to let Andaverde’s unlawfully obtained
conviction stand, it expresses ever so slight discomfort with the prosecutor’s
tactics in this case. The majority warns, this court still “endorse[s] Doyle as
strongly” as it ever has (as if we have any choice whether to “endorse” Supreme
Court precedent), and this case, even though it results in a win for the
government, somehow “highlights the risks for the prosecution if it chooses to
comment on a defendant’s silence after Miranda warnings.” Ante, at 21 & n.3.
Today is not the first time this court has adopted the role of the scold
when it comes to the government disregarding Doyle. When we were faced
with Doyle violations several decades ago, we took that opportunity to say, “we
note that comment upon silence of the accused is a crooked knife and one likely
to turn in the prosecutor’s hand” and “[w]e suggest that it be abandoned as a
prosecutorial technique.” United States v. Edwards, 576 F.2d 1152, 1155 (5th
Cir. 1978). But we went further then—we concluded that, because the
government had abused the trial process, the defendant’s conviction could not
stand and the defendant deserved a new, lawful trial. Id. We were then, and
we are today, a court of law tasked with enforcing constitutional rights and
when faced with convictions obtained through plain violations of the
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Constitution, we must carry out our duty. Although the legal landscape has
evolved in the past decades, no decision of the Supreme Court’s or ours since
has instructed us to remain passive when faced with convictions obtained
through the government’s obvious, severe, and pervasive violations of
constitutional right. By choosing to do so here, the majority brushes aside our
precedent demanding otherwise and disregards the “basic principle of justice”
that “[d]iscretion is not whim” and “like cases should be decided alike.” See
Martin, 546 U.S. at 139.
In order to convince the jury of Andaverde’s guilt, the government
adopted an illegal trial strategy of impeaching him for exercising his right to
remain silent, and the strategy worked: the jury found Andaverde’s exercise of
his constitutional right suspicious, and he now remains in prison today. The
government’s conduct was “an affront to the fundamental fairness that the Due
Process Clause requires.” Wainwright, 474 U.S. at 291. We should require a
new trial in which the jury can decide Andaverde’s guilt or innocence free from
undue and unconstitutional Doyle influence.
I respectfully dissent.
40