Young v. St Farm Mutual Auto ( 2001 )

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________
No. 01-60022
(Summary Calendar)
_________________
RONNIE E. YOUNG, and Wife; PATRICIA YOUNG, Individually
and as Mother and Next Friend of; LESLEY YOUNG, a Minor,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
versus
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE CO.;
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Northern District of Mississippi
2:97-CV-24-B-B
December 4, 2001
Before JONES, SMITH, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Ronnie E. Young and his wife, Patricia Young (collectively, “the Youngs”) appeal a jury
verdict in favor of State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and State Farm Fire and
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Casualty Company (collectively, “State Farm”). The Youngs filed this case in federal court pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, alleging that State Farm breached their insurance contract by denying their
claims arising out of an accident involving their daughter, Lesley Young (“Lesley”). We GRANT the
Appellant’s motion to amend the record excerpts to include a verbatim transcript recording of the
district court’s jury instruction. We AFFIRM, holding that the district court correctly found that
substantial evidence supported the jury’s verdict. We also conclude that the trial court did not
incorrectly place the burden of proof on the issue of Lesley’s emancipation on the Youngs.
I.
This appeal arises out of an accident in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 23, 1996. An
unidentified driver struck and injured Lesley. She was twenty years old at the time of the accident.
Lesley lived with her parents in Hernando, Mississippi, until July 1994, at which time she left
home after an argument with her father. She traveled throughout the country for six months,
maintaining only minimal contact with and receiving no financial assistance from her parents. Lesley
returned to Hernando and enrolled in Memphis State University in the Spring of 1995. After
completing the semester, she again left home for the open road. From May 1995 until the accident
in February, Lesley traveled the country by jumping freight trains and hitchhiking.
On her departure, her parents gave her one thousand dollars, a phone card, and prescription
medication for her face. The Youngs did not attempt to prevent her from leaving, nor did they
provide her with any further support for the next six months while she was traveling. They admit that
they had no means of locating or communicating with their daughter.
On the date of the accident, Ronnie Young possessed several automobile insurance policies
and a Personal Liability Umbrella Policy (PLUP) with State Farm. These policies included
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substantially equivalent uninsured motorist (UM) provisions, which apply to accidents with other
motorists not carrying insurance or to situations in which the identity of the other motorist cannot be
ascertained. These auto policies provide coverage for the named insured, his or her spouse, and their
relatives who were residents of the insured’s household. Thus, in order to recover under the policy,
the Youngs had to establish that Lesley remained a resident of their household at the time of the
accident.
The Young family submitted claims under these policies to State Farm, alleging that the UM
provisions of their various policies covered Lesley’s injuries. State Farm, concluding that Lesley was
not a “resident relative” of the named insured, denied the family’s claims. The Youngs then filed a
claim for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duties, and fraud in the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Mississippi based on diversity jurisdiction. At trial, a jury determined that
Lesley was not a “resident,” as defined by the insurance provisions, of her parents household at the
time of the accident and denied the Youngs’ claims under the policies.
The district court then rejected the Youngs’ motion for a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict, refusing to overturn the jury’s findings of fact. In their post-judgment motion, the Youngs
also challenged the trial court’s jury instructions, arguing it improperly placed the burden of proof
on them to prove the affirmative defense of emancipation. The district court refused to reconsider
its jury instruction. The Youngs now appeal these decisions.
II.
The judgment in this case became final when the district court denied the Youngs’ motions
for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial. On appeal, the Youngs essentially contend
that there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to support the jury's findings that their daughter
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was not a resident in their home and therefore not covered by the State Farm UM policy. In these
circumstances, we consider such insufficiency arguments as an appeal from the trial court's denial of
a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. See Melear v. Spears, 862 F.2d 1177, 1182 (5th
Cir. 1989).
In reviewing a denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we consider all
of the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. See
Rideau v. Parkem Indus. Servs., Inc., 917 F.2d 892 (5th Cir. 1990). In making this determination,
we are continually cognizant of the principle that “it is the function of the jury as the traditional finder
of fact, and not the Court, to weigh conflicting evidence.” Treadaway v. Societe Anonyme
Louis-Dreyfus, 894 F.2d 161, 164 (5th Cir. 1990) (Internal citations omitted). Thus, the jury verdict
is sustained unless “the facts and inferences point so strongly in favor of one party that the court
believes that reasonable men could not arrive at a contrary verdict.” Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d
365, 374 (5th Cir. 1969) (en banc).
The Youngs first contend that the district court erred in not overturning the jury’s conclusion
that Lesley was no longer a resident of their home. They argue that the jury’s findings conflicted with
the overwhelming weight of evidence presented at trial that Lesley did, in fact, reside in their
household. The Youngs’ argument on this point is without merit.
To recover uninsured motorist benefits provided by the State Farm policies, the Youngs must
prove that Lesley was an “insured” person under either the terms of those policies or under the
Mississippi UM statute. See MISS CODE ANN § 83-11-101 et seq. (Supp. 1993); State Farm Mut.
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Auto. Ins. Co. v. Davis, 613 So.2d 1179, 1180 (Miss.1992).1 The UM statute establishes a minimum
required amount of coverage under Mississippi law. See Johnson v. Preferred Risk Auto. Ins. Co.,
659 So.2d 866, 872 (Miss. 1993). Therefore, if the terms of an individual policy are more narrow
than those provided by the statute, the statutory definition governs. The language of the policies and
the UM statute should be read in conjunction with each other and “must be construed liberally to
provide coverage and strictly to avoid or preclude exceptions or exemptions from coverage.”
Johnson, 659 at 871 (citing Williams, 623 So.2d at 1008).
The UM statute provides the following definition for the term “insured”: “The term “insured”
shall mean the named insured and, while resident of the same household, the spouse of any such
named insured and relatives of either. . ..” MISS. CODE ANN. § 83-11-103 (Supp.1993). The State
Farm automobile policies define “insured” as including “[a] person related to you or your spouse by
blood, marriage or adoption who lives with you.” Supp. R., p. 240 (emphasis added). The policy
language could arguably be read as requiring actual physical presence in the household of the named
insured in order to be a relative of the insured. Construed liberally in order to favor a recovery, it
merely requires that Lesley reside with her parents at the time of the accident in order for her to
1
MISS. CODE ANN. § 83-11-101, provides in relevant part:
(1) No automobile liability insurance policy or contract shall be issued or delivered after
January 1,
1967, unless it contains an endorsement or provisions undertaking to pay the insured
all sums which he shall be legally entitled to recover as damages for bodily injury or
death from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle, within limits which
shall be no less than those set forth in the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Safety
Responsibility Law, as amended, under provisions approved by the commissioner of
insurance; however, at the option of the insured, the uninsured motorist limits may
be increased to limits not to exceed those provided in the policy of bodily injury
liability insurance of the insured or such lesser limits as the insured elects to carry
over the minimum requirement set forth by this section.
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recover. Even assuming this reading is implausible, because the language of the State Farm policies
would be more narrow than the UM statute, we would nevertheless utilize the UM statutory
definition of “insured” person.
A finding of residency under the statute hinges on the degree of one’s attachment to a
particular place. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Williams, 623 So.2d 1005, 1010 (5th Cir. 1993). While
actual presence is a factor under Mississippi law, it is the intent of the party claiming residency to
remain for some time at the particular place in question that is primarily determinative. Johnson, 659
So.2d at 871.
Even under this expansive definition of residency, the jury had sufficient evidence so as to
conclude that Lesley had no intent to return to her parents house in Mississippi at the time of the
accident. Several witnesses described Lesley as a homeless runaway, living on the streets. Patricia
Young also instructed her brother not to give Lesley money because she was homeless. Additionally,
the Youngs had Lesley removed as a driver on their automobile insurance policy because she was no
longer in the household. After the accident, Lesley indicated that she was homeless to hospital
personnel. Reading all inferences in favor of State Farm, the evidence is such that reasonable jurists
could conclude that Lesley had no intention of returning home at the time of the accident and was not
a resident of the Young household. Thus, the Youngs have failed to present sufficient evidence to
overturn the jury’s findings.
III.
In the alternative, the Yo ungs contend that the Mississippi Supreme Court’s decision in
Williams establishes their daughter’s residency in their home as a matter of law. Specifically, they
focus on the Court’s conclusion that “a minor is legally unable to establish a residence separate and
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apart from his or her parents.” Id., 623 So.2d at 1010.
The Williams Court, however, expressly limited its decision to unemancipated minors. The
court commented: “The threshold issue on appeal is whether an unemancipated minor . . . is a
resident of the household of both parents for purposes of the Uninsured Motorist Act.” Id., at 1006.
Mississippi law clearly distinguishes between emancipated and unemancipated minors for the purpose
of determining residency.2 In State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. McGee, the
Court commented: “We hold . . . that a child is a resident of both parents’ households until he or she
reaches the age of majority or becomes fully emancipated. 759 So.2d 358, 362 (Miss. 2000)
(emphasis added). Under the reasoning of Williams and McGee, a minor may establish a separate
residence from his or her parents either when they reach the age of majority or when they are
emancipated. In the later case, the minor essentially takes on most of the rights and obligations of
an adult, including the right to reside separately. Thus, even though Lesley was a minor at the time
of the accident, if the jury correctly concluded that she was emancipated, it follows that they also
could have found that she no longer resided with her parents.
The Mississippi Supreme Court, in Caldwell v. Caldwell, defined emancipation as follows:
“Emancipation . . . means the freeing of a child for all the period of its minority from the care,
custody, control, and service of its parents.” 579 So.2d 543, 549 (Miss. 1991). Emancipation can
occur either through the actions of a parent or by the actions of the child. Rennie v. Rennie, 718
2
Mississippi Supreme Court jurisprudence has carefully and consistently maintained this clear
distinction between emancipated and unemancipated minors in other contexts as well, according
emancipated minors the legal status of adults. See e.g., Cumberland v. Cumberland, 564 So.2d 839,
847 (Miss. 1990) (the obligation to pay child support terminates at the age of majority or when the
child is emancipated); Lancaster v. Lancaster, 57 So.2d 302 (Miss. 1952) (emancipated minor may
sue his father in tort); Chapman v. Hughes, 61 Miss. 339 (1883) (emancipated minor may contract
as an adult).
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So.2d 1091, 1093 (Miss. 1998) (minor “voluntarily chose” emancipation).3
The issue of whether a child has emancipated herself from the custody of his or her parents
is one of fact, for determination by the finder of fact. Dept. of Human Serv. v. Fillingane, 761 So.2d
869, 871 (Miss. 2000). We give “great weight and deference to juries on findings of fact and will not
set aside a verdict unless it is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and credible
testimony.” Parker v. Thornton, 596 So.2d 854, 858 (Miss.1992) (jury determination that the
defendant had not breached express or implied warranties). Therefore, we will uphold the jury’s
finding that Lesley was emancipated unless substantial evidence establishes that the Youngs had not
freed her fro m their care, custody, and control at the time of the accident and that Lesley had not
abandoned this relationship herself through her actions.
Given this deferential standard of review, the evidence presented at trial supports the jury’s
3
The Mississippi legislature further elaborated on this definition, establishing a series of non-
exclusive situations in which the courts could find emancipation. MISS. CODE. ANN. § 93-5-23
provides, in relevant part:
The duty of support of a child terminates upon the emancipation of the child. The court
may determine that emancipation has occurred and no other support obligation exists
when the child:
(a) Attains the age of twenty-one (21) years, or
(b) Marries, or
(c) Discontinues full-time enrollment in school and obtains full-time employment
prior to attaining the age of twenty-one (21) years, or
(d) Voluntarily moves from the home of the custodial parent or guardian and
establishes independent living arrangements and obtains full-time employment prior
to attaining the age of twenty-one (21) years.
The Mississippi courts have held that the effective of § 95-5-23 has been to enlarge rather than
diminish the judicial definition of emancipation. See Rennie, 718 So.2d at 1093 (“Other situations,
not contemplated by the statute, may also establish emancipation.”). Because Lesley does not meet
any of these requirements, we will analyze whether she was emancipated solely under the standards
established in the case-law.
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conclusion that Lesley was emancipated. Garnet West, Patricia Young’s brother, stated that his sister
had told him that Lesley had “run away from home” and that she “was living on the streets.” Mrs.
Young also told West “not to give [Lesley] any money; that she was living on the street and she
didn’t need any money from us.” Ronnie Young further commented to West that Lesley was
“eighteen and she can do legally whatever she wants.” Pat ricia Young’s sister testified that the
Youngs had no idea where Lesley was or whether she would come home. If she did come home “she
was not to bring a baby home in her arms; that she would not be welcome.” From these statements,
alone, the jury could have reasonably inferred that the Youngs had ceased to care for and control their
daughter.
In addition, the jury was presented with evidence of Lesley’s own intent to live independently
from her parents. Lesley testified that she did not receive any financial support from her parents while
she was traveling. Moreover, she testified that while traveling she was not subject to any rules or
control from her parents. From this evidence, the jury could have reasoned that Lesley had effectively
abandoned her home in Mississippi and was living on her own. The district court correctly found that
the Youngs have presented insufficient evidence t o overturn the jury’s finding that Lesley was
emancipated. Under Mississippi law, therefore, she could have established a separate residence from
her parents.
IV.
The Youngs also challenge the trial court’s jury instruction on the issue of emancipation.
They maintain that the language of that instruction impermissibly placed the burden of proving that
their daughter was not emancipated on them. Again, this argument is without merit.
The Youngs, as part of their prima facie case, bear the burden of establishing that Lesley was
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insured under either the Mississippi statute or the State Farm policies. Johnson, 659 So.2d at 871
(“To recover UM benefits provided by an insurance policy, a claimant must first prove that he or she
is an “insured” under either the insurance policy and/or the UM statute.”). In order to establish that
Lesley was “insured,” they must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that she was a resident
of their household at the time of the accident. Because Lesley was a minor, a presumption arises that
she is a resident of her parent’s household because legally she cannot establish a separate residence.
See Williams, 623 So.2d at 1010-11. State Farm, however, can rebut this presumption by
establishing that Lesley was emancipated and had assumed the status of an adult under Mississippi
law.
Thus, the trial court should have instructed the jury that if they found that Lesley was a minor,
the Youngs had established a prima facie case that she was a resident of their household at the time
of the accident. The Youngs should prevail, therefore, unless State Farm affirmatively establishes that
she was emancipated. The trial court instructed the jury:
In deciding [the issue of residency], you must first determine whether Lesley
Young was considered to be of the age of majority and if you decide that she is under
the age of majority, then you must decide whether Lesley Young was emancipated.
***
In the this case, if you find that Lesley Young was under the age of majority,
but was emancipated from the care, custody and control of her parents, then you’re
instructed that you should return a verdict in favor of State Farm.
State Farm argues that had the trial court improperly placed the burden on the Youngs, the
instruction would have required the jury to affirmatively find that Lesley was not emancipated. Under
this erroneous instruction, the Youngs would prevail only if the jury found that Lesley was both a
minor and was not emancipated. The t rial court’s jury instruction did not require the Youngs to
establish both these elements in order to prevail. The court’s instruct ion required the jury first to
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make a positive finding that Lesley was a minor child. Under the court’s instructions, the jury then
had to find affirmatively conclude that Lesley was emancipated. This properly placed the burden of
proof on State Farm. If the jury failed to find emancipation, then the Youngs would prevail because
Lesley would be a resident of their household as a matter of law. See Williams, 623 So.2d at 1006.
Thus, the trial court’s jury instruction appropriately allocated the burden of proof on the issue of
residency between the parties by requiring State Farm to prove Lesley’s emancipation.
For the above-mentioned reasons, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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