Benjie Johnson v. Hope Village Apartments ( 2012 )

Case: 12-40404 Document: 00512089831 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/19/2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
December 19, 2012
No. 12-40404 Lyle W. Cayce
Summary Calendar Clerk
BENJIE F. JOHNSON; DERWIN O. JOHNSON,
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL OF
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT,
Defendants-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
USDC No. 1:10-CV-385
Before KING, CLEMENT, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
In 2010, Benjie and Derwin Johnson filed a lawsuit against multiple
defendants for allegedly unlawful acts committed against them in connection
with attempts to evict them from a government-subsidized housing complex.
Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), the United
States and the Office of Inspector General of the United States Department of
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should
not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th
Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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Housing and Urban Development—along with other governmental entities also
named as defendants—moved to dismiss the claims advanced against them. The
district court granted the motion and the Johnsons now appeal. For the reasons
discussed below, we AFFIRM.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In August 2007, Benjie and Derwin Johnson (“Appellants” or “the
Johnsons”) applied for federally-assisted housing at Pineview Apartments
(“Pineview”) in Jasper, Texas. Benjie Johnson completed and signed Pineview’s
“Application for Rental” and listed himself as “Head of Household.”1 The only
income disclosed on the application was “SSI,” supplemental security income.
In response to the question “[h]ave any criminal charges or complaints ever been
filed against you for actions against people or property,” Benjie Johnson marked
“no” on the application.
As a privately owned and for-profit housing project, Pineview received
payments from the United States Department of Housing and Urban
Development (“HUD”) for providing housing to eligible low-income tenants. See
42 U.S.C. § 1437f(a). In May 2008, Pineview initiated eviction proceedings
against Appellants by reporting to HUD that Appellants had not complied with
Pineview and HUD requirements for obtaining subsidized housing. HUD
referred the matter to its Office of Inspector General (“HUD-OIG”), which
assigned the case to special agent Louis Chang. During the course of its
investigation, HUD-OIG determined that Benjie Johnson failed to disclose on his
rental application two prior felony convictions, as well as an additional source
of income beyond SSI. Accordingly, HUD-OIG recommended to Pineview that
it consider terminating Appellants’ housing assistance.
1
Derwin Johnson, Benjie’s mentally disabled son, was listed on the bottom of the
application as a “co-applicant.”
2
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The results of the HUD-OIG investigation also were provided to the local
district attorney’s office. On the basis of HUD-OIG’s report, Benjie Johnson
subsequently was arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the Texas
Department of Corrections Parole Division, which asserted that Benjie had
violated the terms, rules, or conditions of his parole by securing the execution of
his rental application by deception. Although a grand jury returned an
indictment against Benjie Johnson, the case later was dismissed at the district
attorney’s behest.
On July 6, 2010, Appellants filed a lawsuit against multiple defendants,
which, for the sake of convenience, may be grouped into two categories: the first
included the United States, HUD’s Secretary, HUD-OIG, and Louis Chang
(collectively, the “Governmental Defendants”); the second included persons and
entities associated with Pineview (collectively, the “Pineview Defendants”).2
Generally, Appellants’ claims centered on allegations that the defendants
engaged in practices that violated HUD policies, which led to the unlawful denial
of Appellants’ housing subsidy, and the wrongful arrest, imprisonment, and
indictment of Benjie Johnson. After extensive motion practice, the
Governmental Defendants moved for dismissal of all claims against them
pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). The district
court granted the motion on August 11, 2011.
The Johnsons now appeal, alleging only that the district court erred in
dismissing the United States and HUD-OIG from the lawsuit.3 Accordingly, our
review is limited to claims dismissed against those two defendants.
2
Pineview had by that time changed its name to Hope Village Apartments, which was
one of the named defendants in the lower court.
3
That Appellants appeal only as to the United States and HUD-OIG is confirmed by
Appellants identification of only these two entities as Appellees. Moreover, the United States
and HUD-OIG are the only entities listed on Appellants’ Certificate of Interested Persons, and
are the only named parties in Appellants’ Notice of Appeal.
3
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Boudreau v. United States, 53
F.3d 81, 82 (5th Cir. 1995). “A court may base its disposition of a motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on (1) the complaint alone; (2) the
complaint supplemented by undisputed facts; or (3) the complaint supplemented
by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Robinson v.
TCI/US W. Commc’ns Inc., 117 F.3d 900, 904 (5th Cir. 1997). “The burden of
proof for a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss is on the party asserting jurisdiction.”
Ramming v. United States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).
We also “review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under
Rule 12(b)(6).” Frame v. City of Arlington, 657 F.3d 215, 222 (5th Cir. 2011) (en
banc). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “All well-pleaded facts in the complaint are
accepted as true and viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Bass
v. Stryker Corp., 669 F.3d 501, 506 (5th Cir. 2012).
III. ANALYSIS
A. The Claims at Issue on Appeal
In their third amended complaint, Appellants asserted the following
causes of action: (1) violation of 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2) (“claim one”); (2)
attempted wrongful eviction (“claim two”); (3) slander (“claim three”); (4) breach
of contract (“claim four”); (5) defamation and disparagement (“claim five”); (6)
civil conspiracy (“claim six”); (7) violation of the Administrative Procedure Act
(“APA”) (“claim seven”); (8) claims pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act
4
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(“claim eight”); (9) a Bivens claim against Louis Chang (“claim nine”);4 (10)
violation of due process (“claim ten”); (11) violation of the prohibition against
cruel and unusual punishment (“claim eleven”); and (12) false imprisonment
under Texas law (“claim twelve”). In addressing the Governmental Defendants’
motion to dismiss, the district court noted that, although Appellants’ complaint
was “not a model of clarity,” the complaint and Appellants’ subsequent pleadings
evidenced that Appellants advanced: (1) claims two through six against the
Pineview Defendants; (2) claims one, seven, and eight against certain of the
Governmental Defendants, including HUD-OIG, but excluding Louis Chang; and
(3) claims nine through twelve against Louis Chang.5 The district court also
emphasized, however, that it previously had granted the Governmental
Defendants’ motion to substitute the United States for Louis Chang as to claim
twelve.
Accordingly, because Appellants only appeal the district court’s judgment
as it pertains to the United States and HUD-OIG, our review is limited to the
district court’s dismissal of claims one, seven, and eight—as those claims were
brought expressly against HUD-OIG—and claim twelve, which was advanced
against the United States by virtue of its substitution for Louis Chang.
4
See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388(1971).
5
In a footnote to their appellate brief, the Johnsons express disagreement with this
treatment of their claims. In particular, they state that the district court improperly
concluded that claims two through six were not advanced against the United States or HUD-
OIG. This conclusion, however, was based on Appellants’ own characterizations. In their
response to the Governmental Defendants’ motion to dismiss, for instance, Appellants
explicitly stated that “[w]ith respect to causes of action two, three, four, five, six, and twelve,
these actions are not brought against HUD or HUD-OIG.” Similarly, a motion Appellants filed
for a protective order explicitly stated that they were suing only the Pineview Defendants for
claims two through six, and various of the Governmental Defendants for claims one, seven,
eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve. We therefore agree with the district court’s categorization
of Appellants’ claims, as set forth above.
5
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These claims may briefly be summarized as follows. In claim one,
Appellants allege that HUD-OIG acted in concert with the Pineview Defendants
“to wrongfully evict, imprison, and withhold rent subsidies properly due under
[their] Section 8 housing agreement” and actually “assisted in the removal and
withholding of [Appellants’] subsidies.” The complaint states that these actions
violated 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2), which provides that the Secretary of HUD
“shall assure that . . . project owners not interfere with the efforts of tenants to
obtain rent subsidies or other public assistance.” In claim seven, Appellants
assert that HUD-OIG violated the APA by “engag[ing] in acts or omissions which
were arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with the law.” Appellants’ eighth claim maintains that HUD-OIG wrongfully
prohibited Appellants “from receiving rent subsidies they are rightfully entitled
to collect.” Appellants therefore seek relief under the Declaratory Judgment Act
that would require HUD-OIG to approve and pay future rent subsidies on
Appellants’ behalf and prevent their future eviction. Finally, claim twelve
alleges that Chang’s actions caused Benjie Johnson’s false imprisonment.
The district court granted the Governmental Defendants’ motion for
dismissal of these claims. The court’s order expressly stated that claims one and
seven were dismissed “on sovereign immunity grounds,” claim eight was
“dismissed for lack of jurisdiction,” and claim twelve was dismissed because
Appellants specifically stated they did not allege the claim against the United
States, but only against Louis Chang, who already had been dismissed from the
claim by virtue of the United States’ substitution.
On appeal, the Johnsons assign several errors to the district court. First,
they assert that the court erred in dismissing claim one on sovereign immunity
grounds because, they contend, they established a waiver of immunity for claims
brought pursuant to 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2). Second, Appellants maintain
that the court improperly dismissed claim seven, advanced under the APA,
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because they pleaded non-monetary relief and established a waiver of sovereign
immunity. Third, they allege that the district court erred in dismissing claim
eight, pursued under the Declaratory Judgment Act, because they established
jurisdiction for their claim. Fourth, Appellants suggest that claim twelve should
not have been dismissed because, contrary to the lower court’s conclusion, the
United States was a named defendant in connection with that claim. Finally,
they maintain that the district court did not properly specify and apply the
standards for a motion to dismiss. Each of these challenges will be addressed in
turn.
B. Appellants’ 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2) Claim (Claim One)
As mentioned above, Appellants contend that HUD-OIG’s actions violated
12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2), which provides that the Secretary of HUD “shall
assure that . . . project owners not interfere with the efforts of tenants to obtain
rent subsidies or other public assistance.” The district court dismissed this claim
after concluding that Appellants had not demonstrated a waiver of HUD-OIG’s
sovereign immunity. We agree.
“The constitution contemplates that, except as authorized by Congress, the
federal government and its agencies are immune from suit.” In re Supreme Beef
Processors, Inc., 468 F.3d 248, 251 (5th Cir. 2006) (en banc). “Absent an express
waiver of federal immunity by Congress,” the federal government and its
agencies may not be sued. Id. at 252. A waiver of sovereign immunity “cannot
be implied but must be unequivocally expressed.” United States v. King, 395
U.S. 1, 4 (1969). Further, “a waiver of the Government’s sovereign immunity
will be strictly construed, in terms of its scope, in favor of the sovereign.” Lane
v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996). “[P]laintiffs bear the burden of showing
Congress’s unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity.” Spotts v. United States,
613 F.3d 559, 568 (5th Cir. 2010).
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Appellants argue that 12 U.S.C. § 1702 waives sovereign immunity for
their 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2) claim. Section 1702 provides that the Secretary
of HUD “shall, in carrying out the provisions of [certain subchapters of the
National Housing Act], be authorized, in his official capacity, to sue and be
sued.” 12 U.S.C. § 1702. Appellants contend that because section 1715z-1b(b)(2)
is contained in a subchapter expressly referenced in section 1702’s immunity
waiver, they have met their burden of demonstrating a waiver of sovereign
immunity.
Because Appellants do not appeal the district court’s dismissal of this
claim as to the Secretary or HUD itself, it is not clear that they have preserved
it. Nevertheless, even assuming, arguendo, that Appellants’ 12 U.S.C.§ 1715z-
1b(b)(2) claim is properly before this court, previous cases interpreting section
1702’s immunity waiver support our conclusion that Appellants have not
demonstrated a waiver.
For example, in discussing section 1702’s predecessor in Federal Housing
Administration, Region No. 4 v. Burr, the Supreme Court stated that while the
provision authorized suit against the Secretary (then known as “the
Administrator”), “[t]hat does not, of course, mean that any funds or property of
the United States can be held responsible for this judgment.” 309 U.S. 242, 250
(1940). Rather, the Court noted, “Congress has specifically directed that all such
claims against [HUD] of the type here involved shall be paid out of funds made
available by [the National Housing Act].” Id. (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). “The result is that only those funds which have been paid over
to [HUD] in accordance with [the National Housing Act] and which are in its
possession, severed from Treasury funds and Treasury control, are subject to
execution.” Id.Accordingly, we have previously held that “section 1702 is a waiver of the
immunity of HUD only, and that the section is neither a grant of jurisdiction nor
8
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a waiver of the United States generally.” Johnson v. Sec’y of & U.S. Dep’t of
Hous. & Urban Dev., 710 F.2d 1130, 1138 (5th Cir. 1983) (emphasis added).
Thus, to the extent Appellants seek to assert their section 1715z-1b(b)(2) claim
against the United States as a defendant, Johnson forecloses their attempt.
Moreover, even in suits advanced against HUD or its Secretary, courts
interpreting Burr have concluded that it “requires that the plaintiff establish the
existence of some fund in the possession and control of HUD from which a
potential judgment against the Secretary may be recovered.” Thomas v. Pierce,
662 F. Supp. 519, 526 (D. Kan. 1987); see also Johnson, 710 F.2d at 1138. In
other words, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “the judgment can be paid out of
funds appropriated under the National Housing Act and in the control or subject
to the discretion of the Secretary.” Johnson, 710 F.2d at 1138.
Here, as the district court explained, Appellants have entirely failed to
allege the existence of such funds. In challenging the district court’s order,
Appellants do little more than suggest that the existence of such funds should
be treated as a disputed fact. Their argument neglects, however, that they bear
the burden of showing an unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity. Because
Appellants have not satisfied this burden, the district court properly dismissed
their 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2) claim.6
C. Appellants’ APA Claim (Claim Seven)
Appellants’ complaint also argued that insofar as HUD-OIG failed to
ensure that the Pineview Defendants did not interfere with Appellants’ efforts
to obtain rent subsidies, HUD-OIG violated the APA by engaging in acts that
6
Appellants assert that the district court also erred in dismissing a claim they
advanced under 42 U.S.C. § 1437f, which generally authorizes HUD to make assistance
payments to low-income families. The district court did no such thing, however, as Appellants
did not raise such a claim in the lower court. Although Appellants contend their complaint
alluded to a 42 U.S.C. § 1437f claim, it is well-settled that “if a litigant desires to preserve an
argument for appeal, the litigant must press and not merely intimate the argument during the
proceedings before the district court.” FDIC v. Mijalis, 15 F.3d 1314, 1327 (5th Cir. 1994).
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were arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law. The district court dismissed this claim on sovereign immunity
grounds—a result we affirm.
The APA provides for judicial review of certain agency actions. See, e.g.,
Sierra Club v. Glickman, 67 F.3d 90, 96 (5th Cir. 1995). However, the Act
waives sovereign immunity only for actions “seeking relief other than money
damages.” 5 U.S.C. § 702. Here, the district court explained that Appellants
sought only money damages in connection with their alleged APA violations. To
wit, Appellants’ complaint stated that “[a]s a direct and proximate result of these
[APA-related] violations, Plaintiffs have been injured in an amount to be
determined according to proof.” No other non-monetary relief was referenced in
the context of Appellants’ APA claim.
On appeal, the Johnsons argue that the district court “misconstrued” their
APA claim. In particular, they assert that although they did not plead for
equitable relief specifically in connection with their APA claim, the complaint’s
“prayer for relief” section sufficiently indicated that Appellants were seeking
both injunctive relief and money damages for that claim.
To be sure, Appellants did seek a permanent injunction that would
prohibit the Governmental Defendants from engaging in certain conduct
Appellants deemed objectionable. It is not clear, however, that any of the
referenced conduct in the complaint’s “prayer for relief” section pertained to the
alleged APA violation. The best Appellants can do on this front is rely on their
request that the court enjoin HUD-OIG from “failing to prevent [the Pineview
Defendants] from interfering with efforts of Plaintiffs to obtain rent subsidies or
other public assistance.” This, however, is not a cognizable request for equitable
relief under the APA, as it would require us unreasonably to assume that all
future efforts by HUD-OIG and the Pineview Defendants to monitor, investigate,
or act on Appellants’ attempts to obtain public assistance necessarily would be
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unlawful. As we previously have explained, expanding injunctive relief to these
bounds essentially would require us to issue an advisory opinion—an
undertaking in which we may not engage. See John Doe #1 v. Veneman, 380
F.3d 807, 819 (5th Cir. 2004).
Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Appellants’ complaint
requested only monetary damages for HUD-OIG’s alleged APA violation. As
such, Appellants’ APA claim against the defendants is barred by sovereign
immunity.
D. Appellants’ Declaratory Judgment Act Claim (Claim Eight)
As mentioned above, Appellants also sought an order under the
Declaratory Judgment Act requiring, inter alia, HUD-OIG to approve and pay
future rent subsidies on Appellants’ behalf. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 2202. In
addressing this claim, the district court relied on our opinion in Jones v.
Alexander, in which we explained that “[t]he Declaratory Judgment Act is not
an independent ground for jurisdiction; it permits the award of declaratory relief
only when other bases for jurisdiction are present.” 609 F.2d 778, 781 (5th Cir.
1980). Because Appellants failed to demonstrate any other jurisdictional basis
for their requested declaratory relief, the court dismissed Appellants’ claim.
In challenging the district court’s dismissal, Appellants argue that they
established jurisdiction under 12 U.S.C. § 1702.7 Nevertheless, for the reasons
already detailed above, Appellants still have not demonstrated a waiver of
sovereign immunity in connection with section 1702. Accordingly, we agree with
the district court that Appellants’ Declaratory Judgment Act claim must be
dismissed.
7
Appellants also assert that 42 U.S.C. § 1404a supplies jurisdiction for their
Declaratory Judgment Act claim. As relevant, section 1404a provides that HUD’s Secretary
may sue and be sued with respect to certain functions carried out under the Housing Act of
1937, 42 U.S.C. § 1437 et seq. As explained in an earlier footnote, however, Appellants have
not preserved their claims associated with this Act. See Mijalis, 15 F.3d at 1327.
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E. Appellants’ False Imprisonment Claim (Claim Twelve)
In their third amended complaint, Appellants asserted a false
imprisonment claim, brought under Texas law, against Chang, HUD, and HUD-
OIG. In their response to the Governmental Defendants’ motion to dismiss,
however, Appellants expressly stated that this claim was “not brought against
HUD or HUD-OIG.” Indeed, Appellants previously had insisted that they were
pursuing their false imprisonment claim only against Chang. Accordingly, the
district court dismissed the claim based on Appellants’ failure to properly name
the United States as a defendant, as required by the Federal Tort Claims Act
(“FTCA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1); McLaurin v. United States, 392 F.3d 774,
777 (5th Cir. 2004).
On appeal, Appellants contend that the district court erred in concluding
that the United States was not a properly named defendant. They suggest that
because the district court granted the Governmental Defendants’ motion to
substitute the United States as a defendant for Chang, the United States was
fully aware that it was the party against whom Appellants advanced their false
imprisonment claim. Appellants cite no authority for their assertion and their
argument appears to be contrary to the position they maintained at trial.
Nonetheless, even if we assume it to be accurate, the district court still properly
dismissed Appellants’ false imprisonment claim for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
Because Appellants’ false imprisonment claim alleged a violation of state
rather than federal law, Appellants’ action generally is cognizable under the
FTCA. See FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 476-78 (1994); McLaurin, 392 F.3d at
777 (“Section 2679 of the FTCA provides that a suit against the United States
is the exclusive remedy for damages for injury or loss of property ‘resulting from
the negligent or wrongful conduct of any employee of the Government while
acting within the scope of his office or employment.’” (quoting 28 U.S.C. §
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2679(b)(1))). As a result, Appellants were required to comply with the FTCA’s
other provisions for pursuing a suit against the government. One such
requirement is that a plaintiff must exhaust all available administrative
remedies before he may pursue an action for money damages against the United
States. 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). As we previously have explained, “[e]xhaustion of
administrative remedies is a jurisdictional prerequisite to suit under the
[FTCA], and absent compliance with the statute’s requirement the district court
[is] without jurisdiction.” McAfee v. 5th Circuit Judges, 884 F.2d 221, 222-23
(5th Cir. 1989) (per curiam), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1083 (1990).
Here, Appellants did not pursue—much less exhaust—any administrative
remedies in connection with their false imprisonment claim. Accordingly,
whether because the United States was not properly named as a party, or
because Appellants failed to comply with the FTCA’s exhaustion requirements,
the district court properly dismissed Appellants’ claim for lack of jurisdiction.
F. The District Court Applied the Correct Dismissal Standards
Finally, Appellants allege that the district court failed to indicate the
grounds on which it dismissed their claims and applied incorrect legal
standards. Although their argument is not entirely clear, Appellants appear to
fault the lower court for failing to specify in its order whether the court
dismissed their claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, or pursuant to 12(b)(6), for failure to state claim upon which relief
could be granted.8 Appellants also suggest that the district court improperly
resolved disputed facts.
8
Appellants evidently raise this argument given the principle that a “court’s dismissal
of a plaintiff’s case because the plaintiff lacks subject matter jurisdiction is not a
determination of the merits and does not prevent the plaintiff from pursuing a claim in a court
that does have proper jurisdiction.” Ramming, 281 F.3d at 161.
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First, we reject Appellants’ assertion that the district court did not specify
the standard under which it dismissed the claims at issue. As we already have
explained, the district court’s order explicitly indicated that the court dismissed
Appellants’ claims under 12 U.S.C. § 1715z-1b(b)(2) and the APA on sovereign
immunity grounds. Because “[s]overeign immunity is jurisdictional in nature,”
Meyer, 510 U.S. at 475, it is clear that those claims were dismissed under Rule
12(b)(1). Likewise, the court expressly stated that Appellants’ Declaratory
Judgment Act claim was dismissed “for lack of jurisdiction,” thereby indicating
that it too was dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). The only cause of action as
to which there could be any doubt is Appellants’ false imprisonment claim.
Nonetheless, for the reasons we have just discussed, it is similarly clear that this
claim also was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1).
We similarly hold Appellants’ argument that the district court improperly
resolved disputed facts to be without merit. A review of the record demonstrates
that the district court granted the Governmental Defendants’ motion to dismiss
based solely on its review of Appellants’ complaint. What Appellants really
complain of is the district court’s refusal to treat facts that they did not plead as
facts that were disputed. Nevertheless, in making this argument, Appellants
ignore that they bore the burden of proving jurisdiction in response to the
Governmental Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) motion. See Ramming, 281 F.3d at 161.
That Appellants failed to carry this burden does not constitute judicial error.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
14