United States v. Caremark Inc ( 2009 )

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
July 21, 2009
No. 08-50354 Charles R. Fulbruge III
Consolidated with Clerk
Nos. 08-50357, 08-50358,
08-50359 and 08-50360
STATE OF TEXAS; STATE OF CALIFORNIA; STATE OF ARKANSAS;
STATE OF LOUISIANA; STATE OF DELAWARE; STATE OF ILLINOIS;
STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
CAREMARK, INC.; CAREMARK INTERNATIONAL INC.; CAREMARK
INTERNATIONAL HOLDINGS INC.; MEDPARTNERS INC.
Defendants-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:99-CV-914
Before SMITH, GARZA, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
This interlocutory appeal arises out of litigation involving the United
States, several individual states (the “States”), and Defendant-Appellee
Caremark, Inc. (“Caremark”). The States moved, on the grounds of sovereign
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
No. 08-50354
immunity, to dismiss an affirmative defense asserted by Caremark that the
States characterize as a “counterclaim”. The district court summarily denied the
motion as “premature” given other threshold legal issues. The States appealed.
We vacate the order and remand to the district court to consider and rule upon
the sovereign immunity issue in the first instance.
I
This appeal arises out of a qui tam suit that was filed by relator Janaki
Ramados (“Ramados”). Ramados initiated the action by filing a complaint on her
own behalf and on behalf of the United States and the states of Arkansas,
California, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Tennessee and Texas alleging
Caremark’s violation of the False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq.) as well
as violations of analogous provisions of state law (including the Texas Medicaid
Fraud Prevention Act) and other statutory and common law duties. Soon
thereafter several of the States and the United States filed notices of
intervention and filed a joint complaint in intervention (“Joint Intervention
Complaint”); the state of Louisiana separately filed its own complaint in
intervention (“Louisiana Complaint”). Ramados subsequently filed a First
Amended Complaint (“Relator’s Complaint”) acknowledging the interventions
by the United States and the States. The United States’ and States’ complaints
alleged that Caremark, a pharmacy benefit manager, fraudulently withheld
reimbursement payments due to the States under the federal Medicaid program.
Caremark responded to each complaint with motions to dismiss, which were
denied by the district court.
After the district court’s denial of its motions to dismiss, Caremark filed
its answers. In each answer, Caremark pled the same “Seventh Affirmative
Defense,” which stated that it was entitled to “a set-off and/or recoupment of all
amounts paid to the [plaintiffs] to which [such plaintiffs were] not entitled.” In
essence, Caremark asserted that, due to miscalculations Caremark had made
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regarding the amounts due to the States on their claims for Medicaid
reimbursements, it had overpaid the States and was entitled to recover the
overpayments. The States, arguing that the Seventh Affirmative Defense is
actually a “counterclaim,” moved to dismiss the Seventh Affirmative Defense on
the grounds of sovereign immunity. The district court noted that, while the
States’ sovereign immunity arguments were potentially meritorious, dismissal
of the Seventh Affirmative Defense was “premature”; without giving further
reasons, the court denied the States’ motion. The States filed a notice of
interlocutory appeal. The district court subsequently issued an “Advisory to the
Fifth Circuit,” stating that it had denied the States’ motion “because. . . it was
necessary to first address the numerous motions for summary judgment
regarding threshold legal questions,” and that the district court’s “inclination. . .
has been to address the major legal issues in the action in logical order,” with the
first step being resolution of the pending summary judgment motions. The
district court expressed its view that this court should not rule on the sovereign
immunity issue until other legal issues were resolved and further discovery was
conducted in the proceedings below.
Caremark argues that we do not have jurisdiction to consider the district
court’s order denying the motion to dismiss as premature. Alternatively,
Caremark argues that even if we possess jurisdiction, the States have waived
sovereign immunity as to Caremark’s Seventh Affirmative Defense by initiating
the litigation at hand. Because the district court summarily denied the States’
motion without considering the merits, it did not reach the latter question.
II
We have jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of a motion to
dismiss pursuant to the collateral order doctrine, which permits review of orders
that “[1] conclusively determine the disputed question, [2] resolve an important
issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and [3] [are] effectively
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No. 08-50354
unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment.” Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345,
349 (2006)(quoting Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,
506 U.S. 139, 144 (1993)). Denials of motions to dismiss on sovereign immunity
grounds fall within the collateral order doctrine, and are thus immediately
appealable. McCarthy ex rel. Travis v. Hawkins, 381 F.3d 407, 411-12 (5th Cir.
2004)(citing Puerto Rico Aqueduct, 506 U.S. at 144-45).
Caremark argues that the district court’s order was “tentative, informal,
or incomplete,” which would remove it from the ambit of the collateral order
doctrine. See Swint v. Chambers County Comm’n, 514 U.S. 35, 42 (1995)(quoting
Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546(1949)). Pointing to the
district court’s statement that the Motions to Dismiss are “premature” given the
need to resolve the “threshold legal issues” contained in the motions for
summary judgment, Caremark argues that the district court has not issued a
“final order” for the purposes of the collateral order doctrine.
We disagree. Because sovereign immunity protects states from suit,
Puerto Rico Aqueduct, 506 U.S. at 144-45, orders denying dismissal on the basis
of sovereign immunity are immediately appealable regardless of the district
court’s reasons for its decision. In Sherwinski v. Peterson, 98 F.3d 849, 851 (5th
Cir. 1996), this court maintained jurisdiction over an appeal from a district court
order that denied a sovereign immunity-based motion to dismiss against the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The district court in that case had stated
that “[u]ntil the factual and legal basis of the case has been further developed,
no defendants will be dismissed.” Id. We held that because the very object and
purpose of sovereign immunity is to protect the state from the “coercive process
of judicial tribunals at the instance of private parties,” and because the value of
sovereign immunity is “for the most part lost as litigation proceeds past motion
practice,” we had jurisdiction over the appeal pursuant to the collateral order
doctrine. Id.
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No. 08-50354
Sherwinski controls the present question. The district court’s description
of the Motions to Dismiss as premature, and its stated desire to delay the issue
until after the resolution of the motions for summary judgment, do not render
its order “tentative, informal or incomplete.” Swint, 514 U.S. at 42. As the
States point out, the denial of their motions leaves them open to potentially
intrusive discovery related to Caremark’s Seventh Affirmative Defense—i.e.,
discovery into how the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program is administered,
including the agreements between private drug manufacturers and the federal
and state agencies that regulate Medicaid. Thus, the sovereign immunity
question must be decided before further litigation proceeds; otherwise, the object
and purpose of sovereign immunity—to shield the states from the burden of suits
to which they have not consented—is violated. See, e.g., Fed. Mar. Comm’n v.
S.C. State Ports Auth., 535 U.S. 743, 760 (2002). We therefore have jurisdiction
over this appeal.
III
Though we have jurisdiction over the appeal, we decline to decide the
merits of the sovereign immunity issue at this time. Due to the summary nature
of the district court’s denial of the motions to dismiss, the record is insufficiently
developed for us to resolve the sovereign immunity question.
The sovereign immunity issue turns on the relationship between
Caremark’s Seventh Affirmative Defense and the claims asserted by the States
in the underlying suit. The States argue that Caremark’s pleading of the
Seventh Affirmative Defense is more accurately characterized as Caremark’s
attempt to assert a “permissive counterclaim” against the States, and thus, the
States contend, they can assert sovereign immunity as a defense against these
claims. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13, a counterclaim may be
compulsory or permissive; it is compulsory if it “arises out of the transaction or
occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim,” FED. R. CIV.
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No. 08-50354
P. 13(a), and permissive if it does not meet this “same transaction or occurrence”
test. See FED. R. CIV. P. 13(b).
Whether States’ sovereign immunity extends to Caremark’s alleged
“counterclaim” is controlled by this compulsory-permissive distinction. When a
state initiates a lawsuit, it waives its sovereign immunity to the extent required
for the lawsuit’s complete determination. Clark v. Barnard, 108 U.S. 436, 448
(1883); see also Meyers ex rel. Benzing v. Tex., 410 F.3d 236, 241 (5th Cir.
2005)(“Generally, the Court will find a waiver either if (1) the state voluntarily
invokes federal court jurisdiction, or (2) the state makes a ‘clear declaration’ that
it intends to submit itself to federal court jurisdiction”). The state waives its
sovereign immunity only as to compulsory counterclaims, however; that is, those
“arising out of the same transaction or occurrence which is the subject matter of
the government’s suit.” Frederick v. United States, 386 F.2d 481, 488 (5th Cir.
1967). Sovereign immunity is not waived as to permissive counter-claims,
“which do not meet the ‘same transaction or occurrence test’ nor to [counter-
]claims of a different form or nature than that sought by it as plaintiff nor to
[counter-]claims exceeding in amount that sought by it as plaintiff.” Id.1
Though Caremark maintains that its Seventh Affirmative Defense
challenges an essential component of the States’ claims and is thus an
affirmative defense rather than a counterclaim, Caremark argues in the
alternative that, even if the Seventh Affirmative Defense is considered a
counterclaim, it is compulsory. Caremark contends that its reimbursements to
the States for Medicaid payments failed to subtract the amounts due to the
States from the federal government and from the private pharmaceutical
1
Though the rule in Frederick was applied to waiver of immunity by the United States,
it is equally applicable here, as there is no reason to distinguish between waiver asserted by
the United States and that asserted on the basis of state sovereign immunity. See, e.g.,
Regents of Univ. of New Mexico v. Knight, 321 F.3d 1111, 1126 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
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No. 08-50354
companies. Thus, Caremark argues, its “counterclaim” is inextricably
intertwined with the claims asserted by the States in the underlying suit.
Resolution of the question requires factual examination of the transactions
that form the basis of the underlying complaint and the transactions that are at
the heart of Caremark’s “counterclaims.” If, as Caremark argues, its
“counterclaims” are for “recoupment,” they may be considered compulsory
(bringing them within the scope of the States’ waiver of sovereign immunity); if,
on the other hand, they are for “set-off”, they may be considered permissive. See,
e.g., Matter of Gober, 100 F.3d 1195, 1207-08 (5th Cir. 1996)(“Recoupment is a
demand asserted to diminish or extinguish the plaintiff’s demand that arises out
of the same transaction forming the basis of the plaintiff's claim; setoff, on the
other hand, arises out of a transaction extrinsic to the plaintiff’s claim.”).
Determination of whether the “counterclaims” are for recoupment or for set-off
is a factual question that must be decided with reference to the relevant
Medicaid statutes and regulations. As such, it should be first addressed by the
district court.
The district court improperly denied the States’ motion to dismiss without
considering the merits.2 As we noted before, the sovereign immunity issue must
be resolved before further litigation (including discovery and motions for
summary judgment) proceeds, so that the States are not subjected to litigation
to which they have not consented. Our judgment is reserved until the record is
developed below. See, e.g.,Helton v. Clements, 787 F.2d 1016, 1017 (5th Cir.
1986)(holding that the court of appeals had jurisdiction over a district court’s
refusal to rule on motions to dismiss based on governmental immunity, but
remanding the case for consideration of those motions.)
2
As a prudential matter, the district court’s decision to delay ruling on the sovereign
immunity issue was understandable in light of how the proceedings unfolded below.
Nonetheless, our case law requires that sovereign immunity be resolved as an initial matter.
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No. 08-50354
We therefore VACATE the district court’s order denying the States’
motions to dismiss on the basis of sovereign immunity as premature, and
REMAND to the district court to consider and decide those motions on the
merits.
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