United States v. Alcala , 341 F. App'x 985 ( 2009 )

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
August 24, 2009
No. 08-41131
Summary Calendar Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee
v.
JOSE MENDOZA ALCALA,
Defendant-Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 7:08-CR-963-1
Before KING, STEWART, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Jose Mendoza Alcala appeals his sentence following his guilty plea
conviction for concealing, harboring, and shielding from detection an unlawful
alien for commercial advantage and private financial gain. Alcala was sentenced
within his advisory guidelines range to 46 months of imprisonment and two
years of supervised release. Alcala contends that the district court erred by
finding that he brandished a firearm for purposes of the enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B). Because Alcala preserved this argument in the
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
No. 08-41131
district court, the district court’s finding that Alcala brandished a firearm is
reviewed for clear error. See United States v. Cisneros-Gutierrez, 517 F.3d 751,
764 (5th Cir. 2008). This court may affirm the district court’s application of the
enhancement under § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B) on any ground supported by the record. See
United States v. Jackson, 453 F.3d 302, 308 n.11 (5th Cir. 2006).
When determining the applicable offense level, a defendant is accountable
for all acts and omissions in which the defendant is directly involved, as well as
“all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of [a]
jointly undertaken criminal activity.” See § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). It was reasonable
to infer that the unlawful aliens being harbored by Alcala could not leave at will
from the residence where they were housed, and several of these aliens reported
seeing Alcala holding a handgun inside the residence. In addition, the sworn
statement of one of the aliens, Marcelo Goncalves De Oliveira, indicated that he
was transported to a mobile home where two masked men pointed a rifle at him
and demanded from him $3,000 for his release. The district court determined
that the incident at the mobile home was foreseeable and part of the conspiracy
involving Alcala. Alcala does not contend that this finding was erroneous, and
the finding was plausible in light of the record as a whole.
Alcala contends that De Oliveira’s statement was unreliable as a matter
of law because De Oliveira was a potential criminal defendant based on De
Oliveira’s illegal entry into the United States. Alcala contends that it is well
established that a co-defendant’s post-arrest statements to law enforcement are
presumptively unreliable as to those passages detailing the defendant’s conduct
or culpability because such passages may be the product of the co-defendant’s
desire to lessen the consequences of his own actions. Plain error review applies
to this contention because Alcala did not contend in the district court that De
Oliveira was a potential criminal defendant or that his statements were
presumptively unreliable. See United States v. Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d
357, 361 (5th Cir. 2009), petition for cert. filed (June 24, 2009) (No. 08-11099).
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To show plain error, the appellant must show a forfeited error that is clear
or obvious and that affects his substantial rights. Puckett v. United States, 129
S. Ct. 1423, 1429 (2009). If the appellant makes such a showing, this court has
the discretion to correct the error but only if it seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. Alcala has not shown
that the district court committed a clear or obvious error under existing law by
relying on De Oliveira’s statements. See United States v. Salinas, 480 F.3d 750,
756 (5th Cir. 2007); United States v. Vital, 68 F.3d 114, 119 (5th Cir.1995).
Because the rifle was pointed at De Oliveira, the district court did not err in
applying the enhancement under § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B). See United States v. Dunigan,
555 F.3d 501, 505-06 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2450 (2009); see also
§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B).
Alcala also contends that the district court committed significant
procedural error by treating the Guidelines as mandatory and by failing to
adequately explain its chosen sentence and its denial of his request for a
sentence below the guidelines range based on overrepresentation of his criminal
history. Citing Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 587 (2007), Alcala contends
that these issues should be reviewed for abuse of discretion. Because Alcala
failed to alert the district court of these contentions, they are reviewed under the
plain error standard. See Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d at 361.
Alcala contends that the district court treated the Guidelines as
mandatory because the district court initially pronounced a sentence of 41
months of imprisonment but imposed a 46-month sentence upon realizing that
it had miscalculated the guidelines range. This argument is unavailing. The
district court recognized at Alcala’s rearraignment that the Guidelines were
advisory only, and one of the factors for consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
is the guidelines range itself. Alcala has not shown that, rather than merely
concluding that a sentence within the guidelines range was appropriate under
§ 3553(a), the district court treated the guidelines as mandatory. In addition,
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No. 08-41131
Alcala has not shown that his substantial rights would have been affected by any
error by the district court in explaining his sentence, as Alcala has not shown
that any further explanation by the district court would have changed his
sentence. See Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d at 365.
AFFIRMED.
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