United States v. Lang ( 2007 )

United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
June 14, 2007
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_____________________ Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 06-30124
_____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
LOVELLE LANG; JAYSON LEE,
Defendants - Appellants.
_________________________________________________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:04-CR-11-2
_________________________________________________________________
Before JONES, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:1
In this appeal, Lovelle Lang and Jayson Lee contest their
convictions for conspiracy to commit carjacking and firearms
offenses and for substantive offenses of carjacking and firearm
crimes. We affirm their convictions in all respects.
I.
These defendants and others went on a crime spree in the New
Orleans area in the fall of 2003. As far as the record reflects,
the rampage began on October 30, 2003, when Lang and an accomplice2
1
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
2
The evidence indicated that the accomplice was not Jayson
Lee.
came upon Thumala Mansour and her mother, Nihaya Mansour, in the
4200 block of Cleveland Avenue in New Orleans. At gunpoint, Lang
and the accomplice demanded money, stole the Mansours’ purses and
took Thumala’s 2000 Pontiac Grand Am. When the car was later
discovered abandoned not far from the site of the carjacking,
police found a Nextel two-way radio in the car. They later
determined that the radio had been issued to Lang by his employer,
TCI Trucking Company.
The next incident happened just after midnight on November 11,
when Lee and several others3 invaded a house at 526 Chapelle Street
in New Orleans. Joshua Katz, his fiancée Kay Mary, and her 13-
year-old son Madison lived at that address. They were accosted as
they got home from a movie. Kay and Madison were able to get
inside the house and lock the door, but Lee and his accomplices
grabbed Katz and held him at gunpoint. The criminals demanded that
Kay open the door or they would shoot Katz. She complied and the
jury found that Lee and an accomplice entered the home, ransacked
it in search of valuables and eventually departed with a Sony
PlayStation and the victims’ Lincoln Continental. The car was
later abandoned on the front lawn.
Approximately an hour later, at about 1:30 a.m., airline pilot
West Warren arrived at home at 323 East William David Parkway in
Metairie, Louisiana, in his 1999 Honda Accord. At gunpoint, Lee
3
Lang was acquitted of involvement in this crime.
2
demanded Warren’s keys and asked who was inside his house. After
being told that Warren’s wife and children were asleep there, Lee
forced Warren to open the door. He and another accomplice4 entered
the house, took Warren’s wife’s purse and eventually left in the
Accord.
Some 20 hours later, between 10:00 and 11:00 p.m. on the night
of November 11, Lucius Thompson was carjacked at gunpoint in the
Lakeside neighborhood of New Orleans. Two gunmen he identified at
trial as Lang and Lee forced him into the backseat of his car, a
1996 Nissan Maxima. They eventually picked up two more accomplices
and at some point the carjackers forced Thompson to get into the
trunk.
The carjackers continued driving and, at approximately 11:30
p.m., accosted Christy Ruffin and Emile Jones, who were parked in
a Mercury Mountaineer. After being forced to remove his pants,
Jones fled from the carjackers and was successful in getting a Ford
Mustang driven by Brandi Clavo to stop at a nearby intersection.
To Clavo’s surprise, Jones opened the back door, jumped into the
car and asked Clavo to take him to get help. Meanwhile the
carjackers in Thompson’s Maxima pursued Jones and rammed the
recently-stolen Maxima into Clavo’s Mustang. A man identified by
Clavo as Lee jumped out of the Maxima and began firing a semi-
automatic pistol at Clavo, striking the car several times. Clavo
4
Lang was also acquitted of involvement in this crime.
3
was lightly injured by glass and was grazed by one bullet.
Notwithstanding their fear and the damaged state of the vehicle,
Clavo and her passengers were soon able to escape to a nearby
police station.
A short time later the Maxima was driven to the vicinity of a
house located at 3666 Metropolitan Street in New Orleans East.
Thompson remained stuck in the trunk. Lucille Dace, driving her
car in this area en route to visit her niece Keva Page, was blocked
at the corner of Metropolitan and Elder Streets by the Maxima.
Dace testified that she believed that those in the Maxima were
attempting to carjack her, but she managed to escape, and
telephoned her sister, Page’s mother, from her cell phone. Page’s
mother called to warn Page, who then called the police.
Police officers responded very quickly and drove through the
area but apparently stopped at an incorrect house. Page, who lived
directly across the street from 3666 Metropolitan Street, testified
that she was outside when the police came through and that she saw
someone sitting on the porch of the house at that address.
Believing the person to be a juvenile neighbor she knew as Travis,
she said hello as she walked back to her house across the street.5
Page then saw the Maxima pull up in front of the house at 3666
Metropolitan. She testified that Lee was the only one in the car
5
They had a brief conversation during which Page established
that the man was not Travis. Page later identified the man on the
porch as Lang.
4
as it arrived. He got out and was joined on the porch by four
other young black men, all of whom subsequently entered the house.
The New Orleans police returned soon thereafter. They first
noticed that someone inside the Maxima’s trunk was trying to reach
into the backseat in an attempt to free himself. Officers Desmond
Julian and Devin Joseph helped Lucius Thompson from the car.
Having received an update from their dispatcher that the
perpetrators of the attempted Dace carjacking had entered 3666
Metropolitan, Officers Julian and Joseph then approached the house
at that address.
Officer Julian testified that an older man and woman were
outside and he asked them who was inside the house. The woman
stated that her 16-year-old son was inside. She called to him to
come out, which he did, and Officer Joseph took custody of the
juvenile and patted him down for weapons. At that time, Officer
Julian heard a noise from the side of the house and went to a side
door. He spotted another juvenile male at that door, called to him
to come outside, and then passed him to Officer Joseph’s custody.
Officer Julian testified that from his vantage point at the side
door he then saw another black male apparently asleep on a sofa.
Calling to the man from the doorway, Officer Julian began to enter.
The man on the sofa did not move or respond. As Officer Julian
crossed the threshold, a red laser sight was pointed at his eyes by
a second man, crouched down to his right near the doorway. Officer
Julian testified that the suspect said that he was going to kill
5
him. Julian stated that the suspect, whom he identified at trial
as Lang, tussled with him for the gun with the red laser sight. At
this point the man on the sofa got up and shot Officer Julian, who
let go of Lang and attempted a tactical retreat through the side
door. Lang headed for the back of the house, stopping to fire at
and hit Officer Julian in the leg. Officer Julian fired his weapon
several times, striking and killing the man on the sofa, later
identified as Oscar Martin.
Officer Joseph was able to help his wounded partner to the
street. Other officers arrived as backup and they eventually found
Lee hiding under a bed in the house and took him into custody.
Lang had escaped via the back door.
On November 17, at about 8:00 in the evening, Lang carjacked
Jose Hursz’s Dodge Ram truck at gunpoint at a service station on
Chef Menteur Highway in New Orleans East. Hursz testified that the
gun had a red laser sight which was shining in his left eye when he
was first approached. Hursz instinctively attempted to turn his
head to see his attacker but at that moment was shot in the face.
He did testify that in the brief time he was able to perceive his
assailant’s face, he could discern that the gunman was a black male
with braided hair and narrow-shaped eyes. Lang fled in Hursz’s
Ram. He was captured in the truck after a high-speed chase in
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on December 2. The police found in his
possession the same 9-mm. handgun with red laser sight which had
6
been used to shoot Officer Julian and Brandi Clavo’s Mustang on
November 11.
II.
On April 29, 2004, a grand jury in New Orleans returned a
superseding indictment against Lee and Lang. The first two counts
respectively charged both men with entering into a wide-ranging
conspiracy to commit carjacking crimes and to use firearms during
crimes of violence. Lang was also charged with six particular
counts of carjacking, six associated counts of using a firearm
during a crime of violence and one count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm. Lee was charged with three particular
carjacking counts, three associated counts of using a firearm
during a crime of violence and one count of being a felon in
possession of a firearm. One additional count against Lang was
dismissed as duplicative before trial.
The defendants’ joint trial began on March 7, 2005 and lasted
six days. In a verdict returned on March 14, the jury acquitted
Lang on counts 3-4 and 7-10. It found him guilty of counts 1-2
(“the conspiracy counts”), counts 5-6 (“the Mansour carjacking”),
counts 11-12 (“the Thompson carjacking”), counts 13-14 (“the Hursz
carjacking”) and count 15 (firearm possession by a felon). Lee,
meanwhile, was convicted on all counts naming him, which included
the conspiracy counts, counts 7-8 (“the Katz/Mary carjacking”),
counts 9-10 (“the Warren carjacking”), the Thompson carjacking and
count 16 (firearm possession by a felon).
7
At a sentencing hearing on January 25, 2006, Lang was
sentenced to a term of 848 months, over 70 years. Lee was
sentenced on February 8 to 835 months in prison. Each defendant
timely appealed to this court.
III.
Lang does not contest his convictions and sentences on the
conspiracy counts, the Mansour carjacking and the firearm
possession count and instead challenges those for the Thompson
carjacking and the Hursz carjacking. We address his two points of
error in turn.
A.
Lang argues that his convictions for crimes associated with
the Thompson carjacking are infirm because the trial court allowed
Thompson to make an in-court identification of Lang as one of his
assailants. Lang argues that because Thompson was apparently
unable to identify him for 16 months between the commission of the
crimes and his appearance as a trial witness, his in-court
identification was unduly suggestive because Lang was present at
the defense table and thus it was obvious to Thompson whom he
should identify. He goes on to contend that this unduly suggestive
identification should not have been admitted because under the
particular facts of this case, there was a substantial risk of
misidentification.
1.
8
The parties first dispute what standard of review applies to
this issue. Lang argues that we should apply our normal standard
on evidentiary rulings and review for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Rogers, 126 F.3d 655, 657 (5th Cir. 1997). The
government contends that because Lang did not object to Thompson’s
testimony at trial, we should review only for plain error. Lang
appears to argue both that Lee’s counsel contemporaneously objected
to Thompson’s testimony and that he himself had previously
challenged several in-court identifications. In the alternative,
Lang argues that even if he did not object, it should not matter
because an objection would have been futile since the district
court had already overruled Lang’s objections to various pre-trial
identifications and to previous eyewitnesses’ identifications of
the defendants during trial testimony.
From our review of the record, we are persuaded that when
Thompson was asked at trial if he could point out his attackers to
the jury, neither Lang nor Lee objected to the admissibility of his
identifications.6 It appears from the prosecutor’s use of singular
6
At a bench conference called at that moment, Lee’s counsel
first objected on the ground that he had not been previously aware
that Thompson was able to identify anyone. Lang’s counsel said
nothing. The relevant exchange was as follows:
PROSECUTOR: Did [the police] ask you to identify anybody [outside
3666 Metropolitan Avenue]?
THOMPSON: Yes.
PROSECUTOR: Were you able to identify anybody?
THOMPSON: Yes.
PROSECUTOR: And do you see that person in the courtroom today?
THOMPSON: Yes.
9
nouns and pronouns that the government may have been referring only
to Lee when it asked the objected-to question. Lang’s counsel may
also have assumed as much. Yet, when Thompson finally answered the
question, he specifically identified both Lee and Lang. There is
no reason why Lang’s counsel could not have objected when Thompson
identified Lang and stated whatever reasons he had for such an
objection. In addition, it is apparent that there would have been
nothing futile about objecting at that time. Although the district
PROSECUTOR: Could you point him out?
LEE’S COUNSEL: Object, Your Honor. May we approach?
THE COURT: Yes.
(Conference at the bench.)
LEE’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, I wanted you to be aware of the
information I had that he couldn’t identify anyone.
PROSECUTOR: He may identify him right now.
LEE’S COUNSEL: He said he wasn’t able to identify someone.
PROSECUTOR: I will rephrase the question.
THE COURT: I didn’t find the question itself objectionable.
LEE’S COUNSEL: I was concerned if he identified someone and I
didn’t have it, but he didn’t. Well I just want to make sure.
THE COURT: Okay.
(Open court.)
THE COURT: Go ahead with the question.
PROSECUTOR: Mr. Thompson, do you see any of the people that
carjacked you that night in the courtroom today?
THOMPSON: Yes.
PROSECUTOR: Could you point him out, please, and describe what he’s
wearing?
THOMPSON: The one with the white shirt on right here and the one
with the white shirt over there.
PROSECUTOR: You say, “white shirt?”
THOMPSON: Right there.
PROSECUTOR: Do they have ties on?
THOMPSON: Pardon me?
PROSECUTOR: Do they have ties or no ties?
THOMPSON: No ties.
PROSECUTOR: Your honor, may the record reflect he’s identified Mr.
Lee and Mr. Lang.
THE COURT: He has.
10
court had allowed other witnesses to identify the defendants over
other objections, Thompson was not mentioned in Lang’s pre-trial
suppression motion. Furthermore, there was absolutely no
“intimation by the judge that no objection would be heard,” as
required by our case law to establish a futile objection.7 Taita
Chemical Co., Ltd. v. Westlake Styrene, LP, 351 F.3d 663, 668 (5th
Cir. 2003). Thus we agree with the government that our review in
this case is for plain error.
Our review for plain error proceeds in four steps. United
States v. Avants, 278 F.3d 510, 521 (5th Cir. 2002) (citing United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 730-36 (1993)).
First, we determine whether the district
court’s conclusion was erroneous. Second, if
the court erred, we determine if the error was
clear and obvious under the law as it exists
at the time of the appeal. Third, we
determine if the error affects substantial
rights. Finally, if all of these conditions
are satisfied, we have discretion to reverse
the trial court’s judgment on a forfeited
error if we conclude that the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.
Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). We thus proceed now
to consider whether it was error for the district court to allow
Thompson to identify Lang.
2.
7
On the contrary, the district court consistently and
politely allowed the defendants’ counsel to re-urge objections to
prior rulings for the record.
11
An argument that identification evidence is allegedly suspect
and should have been suppressed requires us to answer two
questions: whether the identification procedure was impermissibly
suggestive and, if so, “whether the procedure posed a ‘very
substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.’” Rogers,
126 F.3d at 658 (quoting United States v. Sanchez, 988 F.2d 1384,
1389 (5th Cir. 1993)). If we determine that such a likelihood
existed, the admission of identification evidence constitutes
error. Id.Under our precedent, “it is obviously suggestive to ask a
witness to identify a perpetrator in the courtroom when it is clear
who is the defendant.” Rogers, 126 F.3d at 658. The test for
whether an identification posed a very substantial likelihood of
misidentification is governed by the Supreme Court’s decision in
Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199 (1972). There the Court
outlined five factors for our consideration: (1) the opportunity of
the witness to observe the criminal at the time of the crime; (2)
the witness’s degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the
witness’s prior description; (4) the witness’s level of certainty;
and (5) the time between the crime and the identification. Rogers,
126 F.3d at 658.
Lang argues that four of these factors support his view that
Thompson’s identification should have been suppressed. On the
first, he contends that Thompson had a severely limited opportunity
to observe the person he identified as Lang because it was dark, he
12
was accosted by two men at gunpoint (and the guns naturally drew
his attention), he was told to keep his head down while in the back
seat of the car and he spent the bulk of the time with the
perpetrators locked in the Maxima’s trunk. It is true that it was
night and Thompson did not have more than a few seconds to look at
the gunmen’s faces. Still, this factor does not weigh in Lang’s
favor because a few seconds would be ample for Thompson to form a
mental image of Lang.
On the second factor, Lang argues that Thompson’s attention
was diverted. Lang points out that Thompson was frightened for his
life and that he had to get out of the driver’s seat and into the
back. As in Rogers, we agree that while “entirely reasonable under
the circumstances,” profound fear may make a misidentification more
likely. 126 F.3d at 659. Again, however, there is nothing
inconsistent between these facts and Thompson having trained his
attention on, and formed a mental image of, Lang during the first
few seconds of their encounter.
With regard to the third Biggers factor, consistency, Lang
points to inconsistencies in Thompson’s trial testimony because
there is nothing in the record concerning Thompson’s pre-trial
descriptions of Lang.8 Although he gave police some description of
8
Even if we did agree with Lang that Thompson was not
entirely consistent on the witness stand in his descriptions of
Lang’s hair, skin color and height, the evaluation of this type of
inconsistency is the province of the jury and is not relevant to
the prior consistency factor discussed in Biggers.
13
the carjackers, Thompson apparently said he probably could not
identify them and thus was never asked to review a photographic
lineup. (He was present at a show-up identification of Lee at 3666
Metropolitan Street but did not tell police that he was certain
that this was one of his assailants). This factor is therefore
inapplicable in this case. See Rogers, 126 F.3d at 659.
On the fourth Biggers factor, Lang concedes Thompson’s
certainty and instead argues that certainty is not particularly
revealing, citing our conclusion in Rogers that certainty did not
outweigh the other factors since “[e]ven the best intentioned among
us cannot be sure that our recollection is not influenced by the
fact that we are looking at a person we know the Government has
charged with a crime.” 126 F.3d at 659. Whatever this factor is
worth, it is apparent that Thompson was certain of Lang’s identity
during his trial testimony.
Lang contends that the fifth factor also indicates that the
identification was unreliable since there were 16 months between
the carjacking and Thompson’s appearance at trial. This length of
time does not mean the identification is per se unreliable, but it
does raise a significant concern. See Rogers, 126 F.3d at 659 (10
months between the crime and the trial identification).
With the exception of the time between the crime and
Thompson’s identification of Lang, none of these factors weigh
clearly in Lang’s favor. Three have no weight or are in equipoise
and another (certainty) is conceded. Considering these factors and
14
our precedent, although it is apparent that Thompson’s
identification may have been impermissibly suggestive, it did not
pose a very substantial risk of misidentification.
Furthermore, Lang was able to cross-examine Thompson in some
detail about his in-court identification, which gave the jury ample
opportunity to evaluate his credibility and thus weigh whether the
identity of Lang as one of the carjackers was proved beyond a
reasonable doubt. That the jury acquitted him of other crimes
indicates that it was fully capable of applying this standard. In
sum, given our deference to the jury’s verdict and the requirement
that we view facts in the light most favorable to that verdict,
United States v. Hicks, 389 F.3d 514, 533 (5th Cir. 2004), we do
not see any reason to find an error in this in-court
identification.
Without needing to consider the remainder of the plain error
analysis, we thus conclude that there was no plain error in the
district court’s admission of this identification evidence and
affirm Lang’s convictions for the Thompson carjacking.
B.
Lang’s challenge to his convictions for the Hursz carjacking
is that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction on
those counts. More specifically, he argues that his possession of
Hursz’s car and a gun with a red laser sight are not enough to
sustain the convictions because he might have obtained them from a
15
third party sometime after the assault on Hursz. He also claims
that he was not adequately identified by Hursz.
Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence require us to
ask “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Guidry, 456 F.3d 493, 506 (5th Cir. 2006)
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in
original)).
Lang’s argument, at bottom, is that he was not conclusively
identified by Hursz and that the remaining circumstantial evidence
(his capture in possession of the stolen car and matched gun) is
insufficient to convict beyond a reasonable doubt. The government
responds that despite the fact the identification is not perfect,9
it was very much consistent with Lang and there was ample
circumstantial evidence to support the verdict beyond a reasonable
doubt. See United States v. Ferguson, 211 F.3d 878, 884 (5th Cir.
2000).
After a thorough review of all the evidence and testimony and
keeping in mind our duty to view the evidence in favor of the
verdict, we agree with the government that Hursz’s partial
identification, coupled with the facts that Lang was captured
9
Hursz testified that in a quick glance he was able to
perceive that his assailant was a black male with braids and narrow
shaped eyes. He also knew that the assailant was tall enough to
reach through the high window of his Dodge truck.
16
driving Hursz’s truck and in possession of a gun with a laser sight
that matched Hursz’s description and which Lang used to shoot
Officer Julian, is more than enough to sustain the verdict. Lang’s
convictions on counts 13 and 14 are therefore affirmed.
IV.
Jayson Lee was found guilty on all counts that related to him,
namely the conspiracy counts, the Katz/Mary, Warren and Thompson
carjackings and possession of a firearm by a felon. He challenges
all convictions based on the following arguments: (1) that the
conspiracy counts were duplicitous and thus Lee was entitled to a
pre-trial severance; (2) that there was a fatal variance between
the indictment and the evidence introduced at trial on the
conspiracy counts; (3) that the district court erroneously admitted
evidence of suggestive identifications; and (4) that the district
court erred in not granting Lee a mistrial based on allegedly-
inflammatory comments by the prosecutor during closing argument.10
We consider these arguments in turn.
A.
10
We reject Lee’s argument that his due process rights were
somehow violated because his probation officer spoke to the
Assistant U.S. Attorneys and later testified at trial, because he
does not cite any authority that would prohibit the probation
officer from doing either. From our review of the record,
moreover, it is apparent that Lee was not denied an impartial
tribunal on this or any other basis.
We also reject Lee’s contention that the cumulative weight of
all of the errors he asserts requires reversal of his convictions
because, as explained below, we do not find any prejudicial errors.
17
Lee first argues that the conspiracy counts are duplicitous
because they lump together three separate conspiracies into one
conspiracy: one to commit crimes prior to November 11, 2003;
another for those committed on that date; and a third for those
committed thereafter, when Lee was incarcerated. This argument is
supported, Lee says, by the fact that the only overt acts and
charges brought against him were committed on November 11. Thus,
Lee contends, his trial was improperly joined to that of Lang and
he should have been granted a severance and tried independently.
Duplicity within an allegation in an indictment is a matter of
law that we review de novo, United States v. Caldwell, 302 F.3d
399, 407 (5th Cir. 2002), as long as it was raised prior to trial.
Lee did raise duplicity in a pre-trial motion.
An indictment is duplicitous if it joins in a single count two
or more distinct offenses. United States v. Sharpe, 193 F.3d 852,
870 (5th Cir. 1999). Several acts may be included within the same
charge as long as those acts comprise a single scheme and the
indictment “(1) notifies the defendant adequately of the charges
against him; (2) does not subject the defendant to double jeopardy;
(3) does not permit prejudicial evidentiary rulings at trial; and
(4) does not allow the defendant to be convicted by a non-unanimous
verdict.” Id. “The allegation in a single count of a conspiracy
to commit multiple crimes is not duplicitous, for the conspiracy is
the crime, and that is one, however diverse its objects.” United
18
States v. Cooper, 966 F.2d 936, 939 (5th Cir. 1992) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
Again, Lee is challenging the way the government organized the
conspiracy counts because he contends that he was only allegedly
involved in crimes committed on November 11. The government argues
that the jury’s verdict indicates that it found a single scheme
running from October through December 2003. It also reminds that
the district court carefully instructed the jury that “proof of
several conspiracies is not proof of the single, overall conspiracy
charged in the superseding indictment.”
We begin by noting that Lee’s division of the crimes and overt
acts by their calendar dates is rather misleading. Lee was alleged
to be involved in (and found guilty of) crimes committed in the
early hours of November 11 (the Katz/Mary and Warren carjackings)
and crimes perpetrated nearly a full 24 hours later (the Thompson
carjacking). More precisely, the indictment charges five separate
outbursts of violent activity and Lee was alleged to have been
involved in two of those. What is more, it is apparent that there
were different co-conspirators involved in the two episodes Lee
attempts to group on November 11: the group present for the
Katz/Mary and Warren carjackings included government witness Royal
McField, who was not present for the Thompson carjacking.11
11
The jury also found that Lang was not guilty of the
Katz/Mary and Warren carjackings.
19
More crucial to this appeal, the conspiracy charges here meet
the test laid out in Sharpe. See 193 F.3d at 870. First, the
indictment listed in great detail the overt acts that made up the
conspiracy charges. Second, the two offenses in the conspiracy
charges do not subject Lee to double jeopardy because at least one
distinct element is necessary to prove each crime. See United
States v. Delgado, 256 F.3d 264, 272 (5th Cir. 2001). Third, there
were no prejudicial evidentiary rulings because the government had
every right to attempt to prove a single conspiracy and had to put
on evidence about his co-conspirators’ acts to do so. Finally, the
district court instructed the jury on the importance of unanimity,
which itself would cure any error even if the charges were
duplicitous. See United States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070,
1081-82 (5th Cir. 1993).
We are thus persuaded that the conspiracy counts were not
duplicitous. Because Lee’s arguments for improper joinder and
severance rest on this rejected foundation, we reject them as well.
B.
Lee’s next argument is closely related to the one just
discussed. He contends that there was a fatal variance between the
conspiracy charges in the indictment and what the evidence showed
at trial. He bases this argument on his assertion that he was only
involved in acts that were committed on one calendar day in the
life-span of the conspiracy.
20
A variance (also called a constructive amendment of the
indictment) occurs “when the jury is permitted to convict the
defendant upon a factual basis that effectively modifies an
essential element of the crime charged.” United States v. Robles-
Vertiz, 155 F.3d 725, 728 (5th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). We
only find a variance fatal and reverse the district court where
“the trial evidence actually proved multiple conspiracies and ...
the variance affected a substantial right of the appellant.”
Sharpe, 193 F.3d at 866. This demanding standard is all the more
stringent in this case because Lee did not renew his motion for a
judgment of acquittal under FED. R. CRIM. P. 29 at the close of his
own case. Thus we review only for plain error. See United States
v. Burton, 324 F.3d 768, 770 (5th Cir. 2003). Furthermore, we will
uphold a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence unless “the
evidence and all reasonable inferences, examined in a light most
favorable to the government, would preclude reasonable jurors from
finding a single conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Morrow, 177 F.3d 272, 291 (5th Cir. 1999).
We have noted Lee’s involvement in two separate episodes of
carjacking and violence with different participants, which is
sufficient to establish that he was involved in the larger
conspiracy and not merely present for one isolated incident. Even
if we were more sympathetic to his argument, moreover, “we have
long held that when the indictment alleges the conspiracy count as
a single conspiracy, but the government proves multiple
21
conspiracies and defendant’s involvement in at least one of them,
then clearly there is no variance affecting that defendant’s
substantial rights.” United States v. Faulkner, 17 F.3d 745, 762
(5th Cir. 1994) (citations and quotation marks omitted). In sum,
from our review of all of the evidence introduced at trial, it is
apparent that Lee has not suffered from any error, much less one
that affected his substantial rights. We therefore reject his
fatal variance argument.
C.
Lee’s next argument is that impermissibly suggestive
identification evidence was admitted in violation of his due
process rights. He bases this argument not on the in-court
identification by Lucius Thompson and instead he challenges: (1)
lineup procedures that used a photo of him that had been
prominently displayed in the local media and which presented him as
the only suspect with a tattoo on his face12 and (2) the “show-up”
identifications various witnesses made of Lee immediately after he
was arrested at 3666 Metropolitan Street.
As we have noted, whether an identification violates due
process presents two questions: whether the identification
procedure was impermissibly suggestive and, if so, “whether the
procedure posed a very substantial likelihood of irreparable
misidentification.” Rogers, 126 F.3d at 658 (citation and
12
Lee’s tattoo is on his cheek.
22
quotation marks omitted). Lee timely objected to the admission of
all of the admitted identification evidence and thus we review the
district court’s decision using an abuse of discretion standard.
Rogers, 126 F.3d at 657.
Lee’s first argument is that the victims of the Katz/Mary
carjacking saw his photo in the local media before seeing the same
photo in a police lineup and that that lineup photo was the only
one of six that featured a man with a tattoo on his face. He
contends that these facts make their identifications of him in the
lineup and at trial unduly suggestive. He argues that a
substantial likelihood of misidentification arises from the fact
that government witness McField testified that it was a now-
deceased co-conspirator, Stephone Washington (who had a tattoo on
his forehead between his eyes), and not Lee who actually
perpetrated the Katz/Mary carjacking and home invasion.
Our precedent on this issue is firmly on the side of the
government. In Sharpe, we upheld an identification where the
witness was shown a newspaper photo of a suspect by his mother.
193 F.3d at 868. The photo prompted the witness to call police and
report that the photo depicted the suspect he had seen on the night
the crime was committed. Id. We held that because the witness’s
encounter with the defendant’s photo was “unplanned and
unexpected,” it was not impermissibly suggestive. Id.Here the facts are almost a perfect fit. Joshua Katz saw
Jayson’s Lee photo on television and suggested to Kay and Madison
23
Mary that they have a look as well. They then contacted police to
report that this was their assailant. Everything about these
victims’ encounter with Lee’s photo in the media was “unplanned and
unexpected” and it is therefore not impermissibly suggestive.13
Lee’s argument that the fact that the police lineup from which
numerous witnesses selected Lee contained no other photographs of
a man with a tattoo on his face makes it impermissibly suggestive
is similarly unavailing. The government is not required to fill
a lineup with other photos of men of roughly Lee’s age, hair, and
skin tone, all of whom have tattoos on their faces. As we have
noted, “[p]olice stations are not theatrical casting offices; a
reasonable effort to harmonize the lineup is normally all that is
required.” Swicegood v. Alabama, 577 F.2d 1322, 1327 (5th Cir.
1978) (quoting United States v. Lewis, 547 F.2d 1030, 1035 (8th
Cir. 1976)). Disparity in physical appearance among the lineup
photos is not enough to render an identification suggestive. Id.Lee’s next argument is that the “show-up” identifications
conducted after his arrest at the house at 3666 Metropolitan Street
are impermissibly suggestive. Police brought Brandi Clavo and at
least two others to the scene and asked them individually if they
recognized Lee, who was being held in handcuffs.
13
Indeed, Lee’s argument that somehow the police render such
an encounter “planned” and thereby commit a due process violation
by deliberately publishing a photograph of a criminal suspect is
hard to fathom.
24
Although we have not held “show-up” identifications of this
type to be per se suggestive, there is certainly room for concern.
The Supreme Court has noted that the “practice of showing suspects
singly to persons for the purpose of identification, and not as
part of a lineup, has been widely condemned.” Stovall v. Denno,
388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967). Even assuming arguendo, however, that
the “show-up” identifications here were suggestive, Lee cannot show
that there was a significant risk of misidentification under the
five Biggers factors. Taking the most important witness as an
example, Clavo had ample opportunity to view the person who exited
the Maxima and fired repeatedly at her car from a very short
distance away. She testified that her attention was trained on his
face for several seconds before she ducked down. Although there is
no record of what Clavo said about Lee’s appearance before the
“show-up,” it is clear that she was both very certain of his
identity and that it was a very short time indeed between her first
encounter with Lee and the identification she made on Metropolitan
Street. Thus we find no reason to believe that there was any
significant risk of misidentification.
We therefore reject Lee’s arguments that the district court
abused its discretion by admitting the challenged identification
evidence.
D.
Finally, Lee challenges the district court’s denial of his
motion for a mistrial based on the prosecutor’s statements during
25
closing argument, alleging that these statements improperly
appealed to the jury as the conscience of the community and also
appealed to racial bias. We review this argument for an abuse of
discretion and harmless error when a contemporary objection is
made. United States v. Williams, 343 F.3d 423, 434 (5th Cir.
2003). Appeals to the jury to act as the conscience of the
community are permissible, as long as they are not intended to
inflame. United States v. Duffaut, 314 F.3d 203, 211 (5th Cir.
2002). In determining if a prosecutor’s remarks constitute
reversible error, we keep in mind three factors: “(1) the
magnitude of the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s remarks;
(2) the efficacy of any cautionary instruction by the judge; and
(3) the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.”
United States v. Wyly, 193 F.3d 289, 299 (5th Cir. 1999).
The comments Lee cites fall far short of reversible error
under this standard.14 We discern no intention to inflame in the
government’s appeal to the jury to make the city safer, especially
given that Lee’s counsel had previously described New Orleans as a
“high-crime city.” Read in context, the prosecutor’s mention of
14
Regarding the prosecutor’s appeal to the conscience of the
community, Lee cites this statement: “New Orleans is a dangerous
city. It is dangerous because of people like this. This is your
chance to make the city a little bit safer.”
An alleged appeal to racial bias cited by Lee was: “This guy,
Jayson Lee, says, not ‘just get in the trunk,’ but ‘get your white
cracker ass in the trunk.’ The same kind of racial remarks that
you heard before.”
26
the defendants’ racially-tinged language was part of an attempt to
show a common modus operandi among the perpetrators of the various
carjackings and not as an appeal to bias. In short, we are
confident that the district court did not err in refusing to grant
a mistrial on this basis.
We therefore affirm Lee’s convictions on all counts.
V.
For the foregoing reasons, the convictions of Lovelle Lang and
Jayson Lee on all counts relevant to this appeal are
AFFIRMED.
27