Falgout Brothers Inc v. Houston Casualty Co ( 2003 )

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 02-30635
FALGOUT BROTHERS, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HOUSTON CASUALTY COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Louisiana
(USDC No. 99-CV-3527-S)
_______________________________________________________
March 14, 2003
Before REAVLEY, JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Falgout Brothers, Inc. (“Falgout Brothers”) sued Houston Casualty Company
(“Houston Casualty”), its hull and machinery insurer, for damage to its barge, the
CHERAMIE-104. The district court determined that a preponderance of the
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion
should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances
set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
evidence demonstrated that the damage resulted from the barge’s wasted and
deteriorated condition, and not from running aground. As the insurance contract did
not provide coverage for damages caused by deterioration, the district court found in
favor of Houston Casualty, and this appeal followed.
Falgout Brothers claims that the district court erred by not finding that
Houston Casualty waived its defense of noncoverage, and that the district court’s
factual findings regarding the cause of the damage were clearly erroneous. We
affirm.
Background
On January 6, 1993, the CHERAMIE-104 left Mobile, Alabama bound for
San Juan, Puerto Rico. The barge was being lease-purchased by Falgout Brothers
and had been chartered by Falgout Brothers’ subsidiary, Caribe U.S.A., Inc., to
carry lumber, paper, and steel products. The barge was in tow of the tug
NEPTUNE, owned by Dann Ocean Towing.
On January 10, 1993, the crew of the NEPTUNE noted that the barge had
developed a port stern list and took it to Key West for survey and repair. On
January 12, 1993, the Caribe port captain, Henry Bailey, Jr., the maintenance
manager for R&B Falgout Marine, examined the barge and found that it had a crack
on the port stern skeg, but was unable to ascertain the cause of the crack. Resolve
2
Towing & Salvage, Inc. assisted in the repair of the barge, and in a January 20,
1993 letter to Falgout Brothers, the president of Resolve Towing referred to the
cracks as “stress cracks.”
Bailey testified that his inspection of the barge’s port bow rake compartment
on January 12 revealed no holes, no fractured or bent internal frame members, no
water, and no gravel or rocks in the compartment. On January 19, 1993, the
CHERAMIE-104 arrived in San Juan without any list, water in the barge, flooding,
or other problems. The barge unloaded its deckhouse cargo and departed San Juan
January 21, 1993 in the tow of the NEPTUNE. Neither Henry Bailey, Jr., nor any
other representative of Falgout Brothers, was aboard the NEPTUNE for this portion
of the voyage.
On January 29, 1993 the NEPTUNE’s log notes that the draft on the port
bow of the CHERAMIE-104 had increased from two to five feet. The barge was far
from any shore at that time. The logs do not contain any notation that either the tug
or the barge had run aground. On January 31, 1993, the CHERAMIE-104 arrived at
Ocean Marine Contractors in Morgan City, Louisiana, where extensive repairs were
performed. Some of the repairs were necessary to prepare the barge for upcoming
inspections by the American Bureau of Shipping (“ABS”).
In Morgan City, the barge was surveyed by Bailey, Gran Burton (a marine
3
surveyor retained by Carbide), and Norman DuFour (a marine surveyor retained by
Dann Ocean Towing). Five feet of water was found in the port bow rake
compartment. After pumping the water, the surveyors found a fracture in the bottom
of the barge measuring two inches wide by twelve inches long. The bottom plating
in the center bow compartment was indented three inches over and area measuring
six feet by eight feet, and the bottom plating in the #1 port compartment was
damaged its full length and width. After the port bow rake compartment was
pumped dry, the surveyors agreed that the compartment contained gravel and rocks,
which had not been presented when Bailey inspected the compartment in Key West
three weeks earlier.
Falgout Brothers sent a Report of Loss of Hull to its broker on February 4,
1993, and the notice was received by Houston Casualty on February 9, 1993. The
Report of Loss of Hull informed Houston Casualty that a casualty occurred at an
unknown location while the barge was in tow of the NEPTUNE. The Report stated
that Falgout Brothers did not expect to file a claim but would seek full recovery
from Dann Ocean Towing. Although the policy required Falgout Brothers to give
Houston Casualty notice of the February 4, 1993 joint survey “where practicable,”
Falgout Brothers did not notify their broker of the joint survey until it had been
completed.
4
Houston Casualty took no action in response to the Report of Loss of Hull
until May 27, 1994, when it engaged marine surveyor Jules Schubert to review
documents, including various surveys by Burton and Dufour, invoices from various
repair facilities, ABS surveys, the logs of the NEPTUNE, and an on-charter report
prepared by Anthony Brown in 1991. On May 15, 1995, Schubert issued a report
stating that the documents he reviewed were not sufficient to present a clear picture
of what happened to cause the damage, but at least some portions of the barge were
in poor condition.
Houston Casualty then turned the claim over the consultants Richards, Hogg,
Lindley, who retained H. Bennison of Richards Consulting Engineers. Richard
Wood, president of Richards, Hogg, Lindley, testified that Houston Casualty
provided his company with the reports of Burton, DuFour, ABS, and Brown.
Bennison generated a report on February 19, 1997. The report noted allegations of
wastage but opined that the damage was caused by a single event, which was
probably either a grounding, contact with a submerged object, or heavy weather
encountered during the voyage, all perils covered under the insurance contract at
issue. The record does not reveal what documents Bennison considered, as he did
not testify at trial.
On May 28, 1998, Houston Casualty approved the claim filed by Falgout
5
Brothers in the amount of $48,611.88, which was repair cost approved in the report
of Richard, Hogg, Lindley. After applying the deductible of $25,000, Houston
Casualty paid Falgout Brothers $23,611.88. Falgout accepted this as partial
payment of its claim, and reserved the right to seek the unpaid balance of
$188,638.12 from Houston Casualty. Houston Casualty made no reservation of its
rights, including the right to contest coverage.
After negotiations between Falgout Brothers and Houston Casualty failed to
resolve whether $48,611.88 was the reasonable cost of repairs, Falgout Brothers
filed suit for breach of the insurance contract seeking the unpaid balance of the
claim in Louisiana state court. Houston Casualty removed the case to federal court
and filed an answer, which pleaded “all policy defenses, terms and conditions and
exclusions as if pleaded herein in extenso,” but did not otherwise mention the
defense of noncoverage. It was not until a Pre-Trial Order filed August 3, 2000 that
Houston Casualty specifically raised the coverage issue.
A two-day bench trial was held before the Honorable Henry A. Mentz, Jr. in
August, 2000. The parties submitted post-trial briefs and the case was taken under
submission. On April 23, 2001, the case was allotted to Judge Mary Ann Vial
Lemmon. The parties agreed to submit the matter on the transcript and post-trial
briefs. On June 7, 2002, Judge Lemmon entered judgment in favor of Houston
6
Casualty and dismissed Falgout Brothers’ claim. On June 20, 2002, Falgout filed
timely notice of this appeal.
Waiver
“Waiver” is generally understood as the intentional relinquishment of a
known existing legal right. Tate v. Charles Aguillard Ins. & Real Estate, Inc., 508
So. 2d 1371, 1373 (La. 1987) (citations omitted). The requirements of waiver under
Louisiana law are an existing right, knowledge of its existence, and either actual
intention to relinquish it or conduct so inconsistent with the intent to enforce it as to
induce a reasonable belief that the right has been relinquished. Id. at 1374. The
burden of proving an insurer’s waiver of a right, power, or privilege to avoid
liability is on the party asserting it. Id. at 1375.
Falgout Brothers relies on Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. v. Sears,
Roebuck & Co. for the proposition that “[a]n insurer’s settlement with a claimant, if
entered voluntarily and with knowledge of facts indicating noncoverage, waives the
insurer’s defense of noncoverage of the insured . . . unless the insurer otherwise
protects its defenses.” 621 F.2d 746, 747 (5th Cir. 1980) (citing 16A J. APPLEMAN,
INSURANCE LAW AND PRACTICE § 9366, at 826 (1968)). In Employers Mutual, we
held that an insurance company’s settlement of a products liability claim against a
vendor (insured through an endorsement of the manufacturer’s policy) operated as a
7
waiver where the insurer entered into the settlement with knowledge of possible
negligence on the part of the vendor but failed to reserve its right to contest
coverage. The insurer assumed the defense of the vendor, settled the claim, and
then sought contribution and indemnity. The court determined the insurer waived its
right to contest coverage by failing to protect its rights though reservation, a
nonwaiver agreement, or a declaratory judgment action.
The Employers Mutual court noted that the doctrine of waiver through
settlement with a claimant is based upon “the apparent conflict of interest that might
arise when the insurer represents the insured in a lawsuit against the insured and
simultaneously formulates its defense against the insured for noncoverage.” Id. at
747 (quoting Pacific Indem. Co. v. Acel Delivery Serv., Inc., 485 F.2d 1169, 1173
(5th Cir. 1973)). In Louisiana, “[w]aiver principles are applied stringently to uphold
the prohibition against conflicts of interest between the insurer and the insured
which could potentially affect legal representation in order to reinforce the role of
the lawyer as the loyal advocate of the client’s interest.” Steptore v. Masco Constr.
Co., 643 So.2d 1213, 1216 (La. 1994).
These principles are inapplicable in the instant case. Houston Casualty did
not assume the defense of Falgout Brothers without a timely reservation of rights
and then later seek to deny coverage, as in Steptore and Peavy Co. v. M/V ANPA,
8
971 F.2d 1168, 1175-76 (5th Cir. 1992). Nor did it settle with a third-party
claimant and then seek contribution and indemnity from its insured, as in Employers
Mutual. In those cases, the interests of the insured and its insurer were aligned
against a third party before the insurer sought to deny coverage, creating a conflict
of interest. In the present case, no such conflict exists.
Even assuming the circumstances justified application of the waiver doctrine,
an insurer’s payment of a certain amount to its insured would only waive the
insurer’s right to deny coverage in that amount. Houston Casualty does not seek a
refund of that payment, and it is free to contest excess damages on the basis that
those damages were not caused by a covered peril.
Although the district court should have considered Falgout Brothers’ waiver
argument, its failure to do so was harmless as Houston Casualty has not waived its
right to contest coverage for damages in excess of its initial payment.
The Cause of the Damage to the Barge
The district court found that Falgout Brothers failed to prove that the loss
resulted from an insured peril. We review a district court’s factual findings for clear
error and its legal conclusions de novo. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when
the reviewing court is left with a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed.” United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395
9
(1948).
Falgout Brothers contends that the presence of rocks and pebbles in the
bottom of the barge during the joint survey establishes that the barge ran aground,
and thus the district court erred by giving more weight to the opinions of surveyors
who did not participate in the joint survey and who opined the rocks were rust scale
based on their examination of photographs of the barge.
The district court’s findings that the debris in the bottom of the barge was rust
scale coated with grey-colored silt residue is not clearly erroneous. Schubert
testified that, based upon his examination of photographs, the debris appeared to be
rust scale. Dufour testified that, although he has no specific recollection of the
debris, he must have seen it during his survey of the barge and did not consider it
significant evidence of grounding. This suggests that the debris may have indeed
been rust scale, and the district court was not unreasonable in accepting this
explanation in light of the record as a whole.
Falgout Brothers contends the district court’s finding was erroneous because
Schubert admitted that someone at the joint survey, such as Burton or Bailey, would
be in a better position to determine precisely what the debris was. However, the
district court judge was entitled to view the findings of Burton and Bailey with
suspicion because Falgout Brothers failed to notify Houston Casualty of the joint
10
survey. See Delta Marine Drilling Co. v. M/V Baroid Ranger, 454 F.2d 128, 130
(5th Cir. 1972). We cannot say the district court’s decision to give less weight to
the findings of Burton than to those of Schubert or DuFour was clearly erroneous.
AFFIRMED.
11