Oaks of Mid City Resident Council v. Sebelius , 723 F.3d 581 ( 2013 )

Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
July 17, 2013
No. 12-30860
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
OAKS OF MID CITY RESIDENT COUNCIL,
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, Secretary of the United States Department of Health
and Human Services; MARILYN TAVENNER, Acting Administrator of the
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services,
Defendants - Appellants
_____________________________________________________________________
D & W HEALTH SERVICES, INCORPORATED, doing business as The Oaks of
Mid City Nursing and Rehabilitation Center
v.
KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, In Her Capacity as Secretary of the United States
Department of Health and Human Services; MARILYN TAVENNER, Acting in
Her Capacity as the Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services,
Defendants - Appellants
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Louisiana
Before KING, HIGGINBOTHAM, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
The government sought to terminate Oaks, a nursing facility, from the
Medicare program. It sent Oaks a Notice of Termination. The district court
enjoined the government from relying on that Notice. Because the government
did not rely on the Notice while the injunction was in effect, we REVERSE the
contempt order entered against it.
I.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is a federal agency
that administers the Medicare program. Medicare reimburses qualified nursing
facilities for certain services that they provide to their patients. Payments made
throughout the year are typically interim payments1—estimates of what is owed
for the year’s services based on data earlier submitted.2 Because the estimated,
interim payments may not match what Medicare actually owes at the fiscal
year’s end, Medicare makes “[a] retroactive adjustment based on actual costs . . .
at the end of a reporting period.”3
To facilitate determination of “actual costs,” providers must submit a
“[c]ost report[]” within about five months “after the last day of the [annual] cost
reporting period.”4 “Fiscal intermediaries” help to process these reports. An
intermediary has thirty days from the receipt of a report to determine whether
the report satisfies procedural filing requirements.5 After accepting a report as
procedurally adequate, intermediaries must make “an initial/tentative
retroactive adjustment . . . within 60 days of the acceptance of the provider’s cost
1
See 42 U.S.C. § 1395g(e); 42 C.F.R. § 413.350(b); id. § 413.64(h)(3), (5).
2
See 42 C.F.R. §§ 413.64(e), 413.350(b)(2).
3
Id. § 413.64(a); see also id. §§ 413.64(f), 413.60.
4
Id. § 413.24(f)(2)(i); see also id. §§ 413.20; 413.24.
5
Id. § 413.24(f)(5)(iii).
2
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 3 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
report.”6 A final adjustment is made later, following an audit,7 and may be
appealed to a Provider Reimbursement Review Board (PRRB).8 The Secretary
of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) may review a PRRB
decision.9 Providers “have the right to obtain judicial review of any final decision
of the Board or of any reversal, affirmance, or modification [of the Board’s
decision] by the Secretary.”10
Oaks is a nursing facility that provided healthcare compensable by
Medicare. CMS determined that Oaks was no longer eligible to participate in the
Medicare (and Medicaid) programs. By letter dated April 9, 2010, CMS informed
Oaks that its “Medicare and Medicaid agreements [would] terminate May 9,
2010.”
On May 5, 2010, a few days before the scheduled termination, Oaks sued
defendants (“the government”) in the United States District Court for the Middle
District of Louisiana, seeking injunctive relief and mandamus. On May 21, 2010,
the district court preliminarily enjoined the government from “acting in
accordance with the Notice of Termination . . . relative to [Oaks’s] Medicare and
Medicaid Provider Agreement.” The court’s order further provided that the
government was:
Enjoined from terminating The Oaks Medicare and Medicaid
Provider Agreements or taking any action on the basis of the Notice
of Termination dated April 9, 2010, such as revoking their billing
privileges for existing and new residents admitted after May 9,
6
CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, PUB. 100-06, MEDICARE FINANCIAL
M A N A G E M E N T M A N U A L , c h . 8 , § 1 0 . 5 , a v a i l a b l e a t
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/fin106c08.pdf
(citing 42 C.F.R. § 413.64); see also 42 C.F.R. § 413.64(f)(2).
7
42 C.F.R. § 413.64(f)(2).
8
42 U.S.C. § 1395oo.
9
Id. § 1395oo(f)(1).
10
Id.
3
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 4 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
2010, or refusing to pay for its services rendered thereunder after
May 9, 2010, and [was] enjoined from involuntarily relocating the
residents of the Oaks unless and until [the injunction expired].
The parties agree that the preliminary injunction expired on June 16, 2011. The
government agreed to a temporary restraining order, which lapsed July 8, 2011.
Two weeks later, by letter dated July 22, 2011, CMS contacted Oaks “to confirm
that [Oaks] was terminated from participation in the Medicare/Medicaid
programs effective May 9, 2010.” Between May 5, 2010—the day Oaks filed its
complaint—and August 9, 2011—a few weeks after the restraining order
lapsed—the government paid Oaks $2,047,115.14.
On December 30, 2011, Oaks nevertheless moved to initiate the contempt
proceedings that gave rise to this appeal. Its complaint appears to be based on
three grounds. First, Oaks contended that it was not paid for services described
in a 2010 cost report that it submitted in May 2011, including services provided
from January 1 to June 8, 2010. Second, the government discontinued Oaks’s
access to CMS’s electronic billing system around July 22, 2011, denying it the
ability to submit billing information for some services provided during the
effective period of the injunction. Third, the government has refused to pay for
services provided after June 8, 2010—thirty days after the originally scheduled
termination date of May 9.
The district court held the government in contempt “for failure to abide by
the terms of the preliminary injunction previously issued in this case.” Although
the court did not further explain its order, at a hearing on the motion, it stated
that the injunction “direct[ed] that the status quo be maintained.” The court was
evidently concerned that Oaks would not be paid for services provided during the
period in which the injunction was in effect. Accordingly, the contempt order
required the government to “reimburse” Oaks in the amount of $704,728.18:
“the unpaid amount owed to [Oaks] for services rendered during the effective
period of this Court’s injunction.” The court calculated the figure by crediting “a
4
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 5 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
report by Ed LeBreton, plaintiff’s expert consultant on [the] amount of damages
owed,” and subtracting expenses incurred after the injunction had expired. On
appeal, the government contends that the contempt order should be reversed.
II.
We review the district court’s contempt order for an abuse of discretion,
respecting the district court’s factual findings unless they are clearly
erroneous.11 The scope of a preliminary injunction, however, “is a question of law
to be determined by the independent judgment of this Court.”12
The government challenges the contempt order on two grounds. First, it
contends that the injunction required it only to “delay . . . effectuation of the
termination of a provider agreement,” a requirement with which the government
claims to have complied while the injunction was in effect. Second, the
government contends that if the injunction required it to do more than delay
termination—if it “purport[ed] to divest the Secretary of the authority to resolve
Medicare billing disputes”—then the district court lacked jurisdiction to enter
the injunction. Because we agree that the government complied with the
injunction by delaying effectuation of the termination notice, we will not reach
the second question.
11
Martin v. Trinity Indus., Inc., 959 F.2d 45, 46 (5th Cir. 1992).
12
Drummond Co. v. Dist. 20, United Mine Workers, 598 F.2d 381, 385 (5th Cir. 1979).
5
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 6 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
III.
The district court’s contempt order was civil and compensatory in nature.13
To obtain a civil contempt order, Oaks had to prove, by clear and convincing
evidence, that: (1) the preliminary injunction was in effect at the time of the
government’s supposedly contemptuous conduct;14 (2) the injunction, neither
vaguely nor ambiguously, required the government to perform or abstain from
certain conduct;15 and (3) the government failed to comply with the injunction’s
requirement(s).16 In the context of a contempt proceeding, evidence is clear and
convincing only if it “produces in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established”; it must
“enable the fact finder to come to a clear conviction, without hesitancy, of the
truth of the precise facts of the case.”17
As pertinent here, the injunction forbade the government from “taking any
action on the basis of the Notice of Termination . . ., such as revoking [Oaks’s]
billing privileges . . . or refusing to pay for its services rendered . . . after May 9,
2010.” Thus, to violate the requirements of that injunction, the government had
to act “on the basis of” the Notice—the Notice, in other words, must have caused
the government to act differently than it would have otherwise. Accordingly,
given the showing required for a civil contempt order, contempt was appropriate
13
See Norman Bridge Drug Co. v. Banner, 529 F.2d 822, 827 (5th Cir. 1976)
(“Compensatory civil contempt reimburses the injured party for the losses and expenses
incurred because of his adversary’s non-compliance.”); see also Karaha Bodas Co., L.L.C. v.
Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Negara, 335 F.3d 357, 375 (5th Cir. 2003);
Nat’l Mar. Union v. Aquaslide ‘N’ Dive Corp., 737 F.2d 1395, 1400 (5th Cir. 1984); CHARLES
ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2960 (2012); cf. Travelhost, Inc. v.
Blandford, 68 F.3d 958, 961–62 (5th Cir. 1995).
14
See Whitcraft v. Brown, 570 F.3d 268, 271 (5th Cir. 2009); Travelhost, 68 F.3d at 962.
15
See Whitcraft, 570 F.3d at 271; Piggly Wiggly Clarksville, Inc. v. Mrs. Baird’s
Bakeries, 177 F.3d 380, 383 (5th Cir. 1999); Matter of Baum, 606 F.2d 592, 593 (5th Cir. 1979).
16
Whitcraft, 570 F.3d at 271.
17
Travelhost, 68 F.3d at 961 (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
6
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 7 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
only if Oaks proved, by clear and convincing evidence, that the Notice affected
the government’s conduct while the injunction was in effect. Oaks has not done
so.
Oaks’s position rests on a misreading of the injunction. Oaks treats the
injunction as requiring the government to pay for services. But the injunction
instead forbids the government from “refusing to pay” based on the Notice. The
government argues that if it had not tried to terminate Oaks from the Medicare
program, Oaks would have received only “preliminary[,] partial payments” for
services provided while the injunction was in effect. Aside from its argument
about the 2010 cost report, Oaks does not dispute that it did receive the
payments due during the effective period of the injunction—namely, those
preliminary, partial payments. In short, then, the government “[maintained] the
status quo” during the effective period of the injunction: a status quo in which
Oaks would not have received full, non-preliminary payment for services
rendered. Whether the government would have later made additional payments
(but for the Notice) is beside the point; acting “on the basis of” the Notice after
the injunction lapsed is not contemptuous. The same analysis applies to Oaks’s
complaint about being cut off from Medicare’s electronic billing system. Because
the government cut off Oaks after the injunction was no longer in force, the
government did not thereby violate the injunction.
The 2010 cost report presents a closer question. Oaks complains that a
fiscal intermediary issued an initial/tentative adjustment of $0.00 for the 2010
reporting period, even though the injunction was in effect when the intermediary
received that report. In other words, Oaks contends that during a portion of 2011
in which the injunction was in effect, an intermediary refused to make an
adjusted payment that it would have dispersed but for the Notice.
The record does not support this argument. Oaks’s 2010 cost report was
postmarked May 31, 2011. The relevant fiscal intermediary received that report
on June 2, 2011. It accepted the report on June 30, 2011. A manager at the
7
Case: 12-30860 Document: 00512310456 Page: 8 Date Filed: 07/17/2013
No. 12-30860
intermediary declared—without apparent contradiction, and in line with CMS’s
Manual for intermediaries—that the intermediary had 60 days to make a
tentative adjustment. Consequently, the intermediary had until August 29 to
make an adjustment—long after the injunction and restraining order had
expired. The record does not indicate that the intermediary would have acted
more expeditiously but for the Notice. Oaks’s argument to the district court was
misleading, presumably unwittingly.
***
With the benefit of a clearer explanation than was given the able district
court, we are persuaded that the government complied with the preliminary
injunction while that injunction was in effect. We VACATE the finding of
contempt and REVERSE the judgment of the district court.18
18
In so ordering, we do not authorize a “collateral attack” on the injunction. The point
is not that the injunction was invalid, it is that regardless of whether the injunction was valid,
the injunction did not proscribe the government’s conduct.
8