United States v. John Badgett ( 2020 )

Case: 19-10146 Document: 00515397331 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/28/2020
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 19-10146 April 28, 2020
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
JOHN CHRISTOPHER BADGETT,
Defendant - Appellant
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
Before OWEN, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and WILLETT, Circuit
Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
Appellant John Christopher Badgett was sentenced to 48 months’
imprisonment after he violated the terms of his supervised release. On appeal,
he challenges the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g), which mandates a
term of imprisonment for any offender who violates certain conditions of
supervised release relating to drugs and firearms. Badgett also contends that
his revocation sentence is substantively unreasonable. Finding no error, we
affirm.
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No. 19-10146
I.
In 2009, Badgett pleaded guilty in the District of Idaho to six counts of
armed bank robbery. 1 He received six concurrent 108-month terms of
imprisonment, with six concurrent five-year terms of supervised release to
follow. Badgett was released from prison in 2015, and jurisdiction over his
supervised release was transferred to the Northern District of Texas in 2016.
In July of 2018, the probation office reported that Badgett had violated
the terms of his supervised release by (1) consuming alcohol in a motor vehicle,
a state offense; (2) absconding to live in Alaska without the permission of his
probation officer; and (3) failing to report for a mandatory drug test. The
probation office calculated an advisory imprisonment range of five to eleven
months on each of Badgett’s six terms of supervised release, 2 though it noted
the district court had discretion to impose up to three years each. 3 It also noted
that incarceration for the drug-testing violation would be mandatory under
18 U.S.C. § 3583(g), which requires the district court to revoke supervised
release and impose “a term of imprisonment” on any defendant who:
(1) possesses a controlled substance . . . ;
(2) possesses a firearm, as such term is defined in section 921 of
this title, in violation of Federal law, or otherwise violates a
condition of supervised release prohibiting the defendant from
possessing a firearm;
(3) refuses to comply with drug testing imposed as a condition of
supervised release; or
1 The Idaho proceeding consolidated three separate indictments from Idaho,
California, and Wyoming, which together charged Badgett with robbing seven banks across
six states in the fall of 2007. Badgett consented to transfer the California and Wyoming cases
to Idaho, where he pleaded guilty to six charges of armed bank robbery in exchange for the
dismissal of three other counts. The District of Idaho sentenced Badgett on all six counts and
issued a single written judgment of conviction.
2 See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a).
3 See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) (providing a maximum revocation sentence of three years
“if the offense that resulted in the term of supervised release is . . . a class B felony,” a category
that includes armed bank robbery).
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(4) as a part of drug testing, tests positive for illegal controlled
substances more than 3 times over the course of 1 year. 4
Pursuant to the probation office’s report, the Government moved to
revoke Badgett’s supervised release. At a revocation hearing on January 31,
2019, the district court advised Badgett that if he pleaded true to the
violations, his supervised release would be revoked and he would be
reincarcerated. After affirming that he understood the consequences of his
plea, Badgett “admit[ted] the truthfulness of each of the allegations” against
him. The district court sentenced Badgett to eight months on each term of
supervised release—the middle of his five-to-eleven-month Guidelines range.
The sentences were to run consecutively, for a total of 48 months’
imprisonment. The court did not order any additional terms of supervision.
Badgett now appeals his revocation sentence on two grounds. First, he
contends that 18 U.S.C. § 3583(g)’s mandatory-imprisonment provision is
unconstitutional under the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v.
Haymond. 5 Second, Badgett argues that his sentence is substantively
unreasonable “because it was greater than necessary to achieve the purposes
of sentencing.”
II.
A.
Because Badgett raises his constitutional challenge for the first time on
appeal, our review is for plain error. 6 Under the four-prong framework of plain-
error review, Badgett must demonstrate (1) an error (2) that is “clear or
obvious” and that (3) “affected [his] substantial rights.” 7 If the first three
prongs are satisfied, we may exercise our discretion to correct the error only if
4 Id. § 3583(g)(1)–(4).
5 139 S. Ct. 2369 (2019).
6 United States v. Williams, 847 F.3d 251, 254 (5th Cir. 2017) (When an objection is
“admittedly unpreserved, we review for plain error.”).
7 Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 135 (2009).
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it (4) “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” 8
B.
Badgett contends that the district court committed plain error by
sentencing him under an unconstitutional statute. In his view, 18 U.S.C.
§ 3583(g)—the provision that required the district court to impose a term of
imprisonment upon finding that he failed to comply with mandatory drug
testing—violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments by “failing to afford [the
defendant] the right to a jury trial to determine the truth of the allegations
against him.” This argument relies on United States v. Haymond, a 2019
decision in which the Supreme Court struck down 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k), a
separate provision of the federal supervised-release statute that imposed a
five-year minimum sentence on convicted sex offenders who committed certain
specified sex offenses while on supervised release. 9
Five Justices agreed that § 3583(k) was unconstitutional. 10 Because only
three joined Justice Gorsuch’s plurality opinion, however, Justice Breyer’s
narrower concurrence controls. 11 Justice Breyer emphasized that revocation
“is typically understood as ‘part of the penalty for the initial offense’”—and
8 Id. (internal alterations omitted) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736
(1993)).
9 139 S. Ct. at 2373 (plurality opinion). The relevant portion of § 3583(k) provided:
If a defendant required to register under the Sex Offender Registration and
Notification Act commits any criminal offense under chapter 109A, 110, or 117,
or section 1201 or 1591, for which imprisonment for a term longer than 1 year
can be imposed, the court shall revoke the term of supervised release and
require the defendant to serve a term of imprisonment . . . not less than 5 years.
10 Although Haymond had not been decided at the time of Badgett’s revocation
proceeding, relief is not automatically barred since “newly announced rules” apply to cases
pending on direct appeal. United States v. Knowles, 29 F.3d 947, 951 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing
Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314 (1987)).
11 See Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977) (“When a fragmented Court
decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of five Justices,
the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position taken by those Members who
concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
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therefore not subject to the Sixth Amendment’s jury-trial right. 12 However,
three features of this particular provision, “considered in combination,” led him
“to think it is less like ordinary revocation and more like punishment for a new
offense, to which the jury right would typically attach” 13:
First, § 3583(k) applies only when a defendant commits a discrete
set of federal criminal offenses specified in the statute. Second,
§ 3583(k) takes away the judge’s discretion to decide whether
violation of a condition of supervised release should result in
imprisonment and for how long. Third, § 3583(k) limits the judge’s
discretion in a particular manner: by imposing a mandatory
minimum term of imprisonment of “not less than 5 years” upon a
judge’s finding that a defendant has “commit[ted] any” listed
“criminal offense.” 14
Badgett contends that § 3583(g) is unconstitutional under Haymond
because it shares two of § 3583(k)’s problematic features: It applies only when
a defendant engages in certain specified behaviors, such as failing to comply
with mandatory drug testing, and it removes the district court’s discretion to
determine whether a term of imprisonment is appropriate. Even assuming
these analogies are apt 15 and disregarding the Haymond plurality’s explicit
refusal to “express a view on . . . § 3583(g),” 16 Badgett’s argument is unavailing.
As we have repeatedly observed, “[b]ecause there currently is no caselaw from
either the Supreme Court or this court extending Haymond to § 3583(g)
12 Haymond, 139 S. Ct. at 2386 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment) (quoting
Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 700 (2000)).
13 Id.
14 Id.
15 Because we review only for plain error, we need not decide the merits of Badgett’s
argument for extending Haymond. We note, however, that unlike the offenses specified by
§ 3583(k), the four drug- and firearms-related violations that trigger § 3583(g) are not “a
discrete set of federal criminal offenses.” Id. Rather, as the Government explained, § 3583(g)
“lists behaviors that the court expects former prisoners to avoid during supervision, some of
which cover noncriminal conduct.” Besides, even under the reading most favorable to
Badgett, § 3583(g) shares only two of the three features identified by Justice Breyer as
problematic in conjunction.
16 Id. at 2382 n.7 (plurality opinion).
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revocations,” the district court could not have committed any “clear or obvious”
error in applying the statute. 17
III.
A.
Badgett next contends that his 48-month revocation sentence is
substantively unreasonable. Because Badgett preserved this objection by
raising it in the district court, we review “for an abuse of discretion, examining
the totality of the circumstances.” 18 A revocation “sentence is substantively
unreasonable if it (1) does not account for a factor that should have received
significant weight, (2) gives significant weight to an irrelevant or improper
factor, or (3) represents a clear error of judgment in balancing the sentencing
factors.” 19 A revocation sentence “within the bounds of the [defendant’s]
Guideline range . . . is presumptively reasonable.” 20
B.
Badgett fails to identify any objective error in the district court’s within-
Guidelines revocation sentence. He argues only that the court should have
17 United States v. Rendon, No. 19-10653, 2020 WL 1230310, at *1 (5th Cir. Mar. 12,
2020) (unpublished) (per curiam); see United States v. Woods, 793 F. App’x 340, 340–41(5th
Cir. 2020) (unpublished) (per curiam); United States v. Carvajal, 792 F. App’x 351, 352 (5th
Cir. 2020) (unpublished) (per curiam); United States v. Chandler, 789 F. App’x 492, 493 (5th
Cir. 2020) (unpublished) (per curiam). We further note that because Badgett pleaded true to
the supervised-release violations, he could not satisfy the third prong of plain-error review—
which requires a showing that the alleged error “affected the outcome of the district court
proceedings”—much less the fourth, even if there were a clear error. United States v. Mares,
402 F.3d 511, 521 (5th Cir. 2005) (quoting Olano, 507 U.S. at 734).
18 United States v. Warren, 720 F.3d 321, 332 (5th Cir. 2013).
19 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Peltier, 505 F.3d
389, 392 (5th Cir. 2007)).
20 United States v. Lopez-Velasquez, 526 F.3d 804, 809 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)). Badgett claims that his 48-month aggregate sentence
is “more than four times the top of the advisory guideline range of 5–11 months.” Not so.
Where the district court exercises its discretion to impose consecutive revocation sentences
and each “sentence falls within the advisory range and is consistent with the Guidelines’
policy regarding consecutive sentences,” the aggregate sentence “is entitled to a presumption
of reasonableness.” United States v. Martinez, 676 F. App’x 354, 355 (5th Cir. 2017)
(unpublished) (per curiam); see United States v. Candia, 454 F.3d 468, 471 (5th Cir. 2006).
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weighed the sentencing factors more favorably because his violation
“essentially involved . . . living in the wilderness of Alaska, where he worked
hard building cabins and structures and . . . did not commit any new offenses.”
A defendant’s mere disagreement with the district court’s presumptively
reasonable sentence “is not a sufficient ground for reversal.” 21 Moreover, the
record reflects that the district court carefully considered Badgett’s arguments
for leniency, even putting aside its original intention “to sentence him to . . . a
total of 72 months” after hearing of his efforts in Alaska.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, the revocation of Badgett’s terms of
supervised release and the revocation sentences imposed by the district court
are affirmed.
21United States v. Malone, 828 F.3d 331, 342 (5th Cir. 2016); see also United States v.
Hernandez, 876 F.3d 161, 167 (5th Cir. 2017) (explaining that this Court will not “reweigh
the sentencing factors and substitute our judgment for that of the district court”).
7