United States v. Jose Gutierrez ( 2020 )

Case: 20-40206 Document: 00515628186 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/05/2020
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
November 5, 2020
No. 20-40206
Summary Calendar Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
United States of America,
Plaintiff—Appellee,
versus
Jose Gutierrez,
Defendant—Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 5:19-CR-1545-1
Before Clement, Higginson, and Engelhardt, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Jose Gutierrez appeals the 51-month sentence imposed by the district
court following his jury conviction for conspiracy to transport an
undocumented alien within the United States and transporting and
attempting to transport an undocumented alien within the United States for
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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No. 20-40206
financial gain. According to Gutierrez, the district court erred in imposing
an enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(6) based on its finding that the
offense involved intentionally or recklessly creating a substantial risk of death
or serious bodily injury to the undocumented alien.
We review the district court’s interpretation and application of the
Guidelines de novo and the district court’s factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Barfield, 941 F.3d 757, 761 (5th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140
S. Ct. 1282 (2020). The factual findings a district court makes in support of
its decision to apply the § 2L1.1(b)(6) enhancement are reviewed for clear
error. United States v. Rodriguez, 630 F.3d 377, 380 (5th Cir. 2011) (per
curiam). The clear-error standard is deferential and “only requires a factual
finding to be plausible in light of the record as a whole.” Id.
In determining whether a § 2L1.1(b)(6) adjustment is warranted, we
do not apply bright-line rules but “must engage in a fact-specific inquiry.”
United States v. Maldonado-Ochoa, 844 F.3d 534, 537 (5th Cir. 2016) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). In United States v. Zuniga-Amezquita,
468 F.3d 886, 889 (5th Cir. 2006), we provided a nonexhaustive list of five
factors to consider when applying the adjustment: “the availability of oxygen,
exposure to temperature extremes, the aliens’ ability to communicate with
the driver of the vehicle, their ability to exit the vehicle quickly, and the
danger to them if an accident occurs.”
The district court did not clearly err in overruling Gutierrez’s
objection to the enhancement based on the factual findings contained in the
presentence report. The alien was instructed to get into a toolbox in the back
of Gutierrez’s pickup truck. The toolbox had two locks, one on each end; to
open it from the inside, the alien would have had to open one end with his
hands and the other end with his feet. In addition, the space inside the
toolbox was limited, and the district court found there was no room for
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No. 20-40206
movement inside the toolbox. Transporting a person in a manner that
significantly hinders his ability to exit the vehicle quickly creates a substantial
risk of death or serious injury. See id.; see also United States v. Rodriguez-Mesa,
443 F.3d 397, 403 (5th Cir. 2006). Further, transporting the alien in the
toolbox in the bed of the pickup truck created a danger to the alien in the
event of an accident, even though no accident actually occurred. See United
States v. Ruiz-Hernandez, 890 F.3d 202, 212 (5th Cir. 2018); see also
Maldonado-Ochoa, 844 F.3d at 537 (affirming the application of § 2L1.1(b)(6)
where the defendant “started to drive with unrestrained persons lying in the
bed of his truck,” even though he was pulled over as soon as his vehicle began
to move and no one was injured). The district court’s finding that
Gutierrez’s actions created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury
to the alien is plausible in view of the record as a whole and, therefore, is not
clearly erroneous. See Rodriguez, 630 F.3d at 380.
AFFIRMED.
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