Coastal Bridge Company, L.L.C. v. Heatec, Incorpor ( 2020 )

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REVISED
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
November 6, 2020
No. 19-31030 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Coastal Bridge Company, L.L.C.,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Heatec, Incorporated,
Defendant—Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Louisiana
USDC No. 6:18-CV-422
Before Graves, Costa, and Engelhardt, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:*
Coastal Bridge Company, L.L.C. (“Coastal Bridge”) appeals the
dismissal of its negligence action brought against Heatec, Inc. (“Heatec”).
Concluding that the district court improperly granted sanctions for spoliation
of evidence against Coastal Bridge and overlooked genuine disputes of
*
Pursuant to 5th Circuit Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this
opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited
circumstances set forth in 5th Circuit Rule 47.5.4.
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material fact in entering summary judgment for Heatec, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings.
I.
A fire involving an industrial Heatec heater occurred at Coastal
Bridge’s asphalt plant. The morning of the fire, a power surge knocked the
heater offline. Coastal Bridge reset the breaker and replaced two blown fuses.
While attempting to restart the heater, Coastal Bridge received a low media
differential pressure reading on the control panel indicating that thermal oil
was not flowing properly.
In response to the alarm, Coastal Bridge’s foreman and heater
operator, Nathan Brossett (“Brossett”), called Heatec’s customer service
department for help troubleshooting the problem. The fire started while
Brossett was on the phone with Larry Weldon (“Weldon”), a Heatec service
technician. During the course of the telephone conversation, Weldon made
certain inquiries concerning the nature of the problems that Coastal Bridge
was having with the heater. Brossett related to Weldon what had occurred
that morning, including the power surge. Weldon instructed Brossett to
operate one of the heater’s purge valves, and while Brossett was on the phone
with Weldon and operating the valve as instructed, a fire started that engulfed
the heater and surrounding area. Brossett and three co-workers saw the fire
originate, but were unharmed.
After the fire, Coastal Bridge conducted a preliminary inspection of
the area where the fire occurred to obtain background information for
insurance adjustment purposes. That same day, Coastal Bridge’s risk
manager and safety director recorded audio statements from the four
employees present at the scene where the fire occurred.
Two days after the fire, Coastal Bridge’s expert witness, engineer
Andrew Lynch (“Lynch”), arrived at the plant to investigate the fire,
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examine the scene, and interview the employees. The fire shut down the
entire plant, and in an effort to mitigate damages, Coastal Bridge ordered a
temporary heater. Lynch recommended that the entire heater skid be
removed from the plant’s piping system and set aside for a subsequent joint
inspection with Heatec. The damaged heater was moved until the joint
inspection with Heatec.
Heatec had immediate notice of the fire while on the phone with
Coastal Bridge, and was given formal notice of the fire one month later. After
receiving the formal notice, Heatec’s counsel called to discuss the fire and
make arrangements for the joint inspection to occur three weeks later.
Counsel for Heatec, Heatec’s cause-of-origin expert, and other
representatives attended the joint inspection at the plant. They tested,
photographed, and inspected the heater.
Coastal Bridge filed a negligence case against Heatec seeking recovery
of damages related to the fire in March 2018, alleging that the Heatec service
technician’s troubleshooting advice caused the fire. After completion of
discovery, Heatec filed a Daubert motion to exclude Lynch (Coastal Bridge’s
expert), a motion for summary judgment, and a motion for sanctions for
spoliation of evidence.
The district court held a hearing on the motions and issued an oral
ruling deciding all three motions from the bench. The court dismissed all of
Coastal Bridge’s claims with prejudice. In doing so, it granted Heatec’s
summary-judgment motion and its motion for sanctions for spoliation of
evidence, and it granted in part Heatec’s motion to exclude Coastal Bridge’s
expert. 1 The next day, the court entered a two-page final judgment giving
limited insight into its findings. Coastal Bridge timely filed an appeal, arguing
1
Coastal Bridge does not challenge the Daubert motion on appeal.
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that the district court erred by ignoring genuine disputes of material fact in
Heatec’s motion for summary judgment and erred in granting Heatec’s
motion for sanctions for spoliation of evidence.
II.
In its motion for summary judgment, Heatec argues it is entitled to
summary judgment for two main reasons: First, that Coastal Bridge was the
improper party to bring suit, and that the “real party in interest” is the
insurance company. And second, that Coastal Bridge cannot establish the
essential elements of its negligence claim. The district court granted
summary judgment because it found: (1) Coastal Bridge spoliated evidence
by delaying notification of Heatec of the fire, which deprived Heatec of an
opportunity to inspect the scene and the heater and, thus, of an opportunity
to present a defense; (2) Coastal Bridge failed to carry its burden of showing
causation because it didn’t eliminate other potential causes; and (3) the
Heatec service tech acted within the scope of his duty — i.e., he had a duty
of reasonable care and satisfied that duty because causing a fire was not
reasonably foreseeable to him.
On appeal, Coastal Bridge argues that the district court ignored
evidence in the record that directly contradicts its basis for granting the
motion for summary judgment. Specifically, the district court ignored
genuine disputes of material facts involving: (1) whether the pipes moved
during the phone call with the technician and where the fire escaped; (2)
whether Coastal Bridge spoliated evidence; (3) whether Coastal Bridge could
prove fire causation; and (4) whether Heatec breached its duty of reasonable
care in troubleshooting the heater.
In response, Heatec argues the district court’s decision should be
affirmed. Heatec notes that Coastal Bridge leaves the Daubert decision
untouched. Heatec acknowledges that the Daubert ruling eliminated Lynch
as an expert on “servicing of heaters,” but fails to acknowledge that the court
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upheld him as an expert “regarding fire cause and origin within the heater
system itself.” This distinction is significant. Further, Heatec argues that
because the heater’s pumps were replaced prior to the inspection, it was
prejudiced and “deprived of the opportunity to even examine the very parts
of the heater Coastal Bridge claims played a role in the fire.”
We review the motion for summary judgment de novo, and we apply
the same standard as the district court, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant. First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Continental Cas. Co.,
709 F.3d 1170, 1173 (5th Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is appropriate where
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). Courts do not disfavor
summary judgment, but, rather, look upon it as an important process through
which parties can obtain a “just, speedy and inexpensive determination of
every action.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327 (1986). A party
asserting that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact must support
its assertion by citing to particular parts of materials in the record. FED. R.
CIV. P. 56(c)(1)(A).
A.
Heatec argues that Coastal Bridge cannot establish the essential
elements of its negligence claim. 2 Pursuant to Louisiana Civil Code article
2
Heatec also asserted in its summary judgment motion that because Coastal Bridge
has been compensated by its insurance company, its negligence claim should be dismissed
as an improper party to the suit. This issue was not addressed by the district court, nor has
it been raised on appeal. Coastal Bridge presented evidence that it had not been fully
compensated in the form of a sworn statement in proof of loss. An insurer who pays a part
of the loss is only partially subrogated to the rights of the insured. See United States v. Aetna
Casualty & Surety Co., 338 U.S. 366, 381 (1949). When an insurer has paid part of the loss
and is only partly subrogated to the rights of the insured, the respective rights of the parties
parallel those when there has been a partial assignment. Greenhill Petroleum Corp. v. Mike
Hicks Tools & Serv., Inc., No. CIV. A. 92-3938, 1994 WL 495797, at *2 (E.D. La. Sept. 6,
1994). Either the insured or the insurer may sue. Id. An insurance company, as a partial
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2315, “[e]very act whatever of man that causes damage to another obliges
him by whose fault it happened to repair it.” To prove negligence under
Louisiana law, a plaintiff must show: (1) the defendant had a duty to conform
his conduct to a specific standard; (2) the defendant’s conduct failed to
conform to the appropriate standard; (3) the defendant’s substandard
conduct was a cause in fact of the plaintiff’s injuries; (4) the defendant’s
substandard conduct was a legal cause of the plaintiff’s injuries; and (5)
actual damages. Lemann v. Essen Lange Daiquiris, Inc., 2005–1095 (La.
3/10/06); 923 So. 2d 627.
Literally interpreted, a tortfeasor may be held liable under Article 2315
for any damage remotely caused by his or her fault. Severn Place Assocs. v. Am.
Bldg. Servs., Inc., 05-859 (La. App. 5 Cir. 4/11/06); 930 So. 2d 125, 127.
However, “[a]s a matter of policy, the courts, under the scope of duty
element of the duty-risk analysis, have established limitations on the extent
of damages for which a tortfeasor is liable.” Id. (citations omitted).
Under Louisiana law, determining the scope of a duty is “ultimately a
question of policy as to whether the particular risk falls within the scope of
the duty.” Roberts v. Benoit, 605 So. 2d 1032, 1044 (La. 1991). There “must
be an ‘ease of association’ between the rule of conduct, the risk of injury, and
the loss sought to be recovered.” Severn, 930 So. 2d at 127 (citation omitted).
That inquiry typically requires consideration of the facts of each case;
therefore, “[a]lthough duty is a question of law, Louisiana courts do not grant
summary judgment on the issue of duty where factual disputes exist or where
subrogee, need not be joined in an action by the insured, even if the alleged tortfeasor
requests joinder. Dudley v. Smith, 504 F.2d 979, 983 (5th Cir. 1974). Moreover, Coastal
Bridge expressly consented to and authorized XL Specialty to sue in its name pursuant to
a Subrogation Receipt. As a result, though not argued on appeal, we find this argument is
without merit.
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credibility determinations are required.” Bass v. Superior Energy Servs., Inc.,
No. 13-5175, 2015 WL 460378, at *10 (E.D. La. Feb. 3, 2015) (citing Parish v.
L.M. Daigle Oil Co., Inc., 98-1716 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/23/99); 742 So. 2d 18,
10–11 (Summary judgment is proper only where no duty exists as a matter of
law and no factual or credibility disputes exist); Coates v. Nettles, 563 So. 2d
1257, 1259 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1990) (Where there is no factual dispute which
exists and no credibility determination required, the question of the existence
of a duty is a legal question within the province of the trial judge).
It is not the court’s function on a motion for summary judgment to
resolve any genuine dispute of material fact or make determinations as to the
credibility of witnesses, but instead the court must consider the facts
presented and resolve all doubts in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party. See Williams v. Shell Oil Company, 677 F.2d 506, 509 (5th Cir. 1982).
The court has no duty to try or decide factual issues; its only duty is to
determine whether or not there is an issue of fact to be tried. Chappell v.
Goltsman, 186 F.2d 215 (5th Cir. 1950). In passing on such a motion, the court
should not assess the probative value of any of the evidence. Gross v. Southern
Railroad Co., 414 F.2d 292, (5th Cir. 1968). If there is a genuine dispute of
material fact which would cause a dispute to reasonably be resolved in favor
of the party resisting the summary judgment, the summary judgment cannot
stand. National Hygienics, Inc. v. Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance
Company, 707 F.2d 183, 186 (5th Cir. 1983). Because this case presents
multiple genuine disputes of material fact, summary judgment was
improvidently granted.
B.
Coastal Bridge’s claim for negligence against Heatec stems from the
phone call between Brossett and Weldon, when Coastal Bridge called
Heatec’s customer service department for help troubleshooting a
problematic heater after the power went out and the two fuses in the control
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panel blew. During the course of that telephone conversation, Weldon made
certain inquiries concerning the nature of the problems that Coastal Bridge
was having with the heater. Coastal Bridge alleges that the fire occurred
because the issue was misdiagnosed by Weldon, after he negligently failed to
inquire further about electrical issues after the power outage. Heatec asserts
that Coastal Bridge cannot show that Weldon breached any duty, nor can it
show that the alleged breach caused the fire.
Under a Louisiana law negligence cause of action, the breach and
causation elements require factual determinations. Cornelius v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 2000-121 (La. App. 3 Cir. 10/25/00), 772 So. 2d 816, 819
(Whether negligence defendant has breached a duty is a question of fact);
Montgomery v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2012-320 (La. App. 3 Cir.
11/14/12), 103 So. 3d 1222, 1227 (Causation is a question of fact).
The first element has been satisfied. It is undisputed that Heatec’s
service technician owed Coastal Bridge a duty to exercise reasonable care in
instructing Brossett over the phone. Coastal Bridge argues Weldon owed a
heightened duty of care because of the risk of serious injury to Coastal Bridge
employees and property from improper instructions concerning the
industrial heater. Although expert testimony may be helpful in determining
whether special circumstances justify imposing a heightened duty of care on
Weldon, the court ultimately bears responsibility for deciding whether such
a duty exists. We do not find a heightened duty of care owed here.
Next, we examine whether Weldon’s conduct failed to conform to the
appropriate standard imposed, breaching his duty of reasonable care owed to
Coastal Bridge. What constitutes reasonable care depends on the degree of
the likelihood and seriousness of injury compared to the cost of prevention.
Brooks v. Henson Fashion Floors, Inc., 26,378 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/7/94), 647
So. 2d 440, 443. Heatec asserts that Weldon exercised reasonable care in his
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instructions to Brossett. 3 Coastal Bridge argues that Heatec breached its duty
of care by not properly assessing the status of the heater’s electrical safety
systems and burner prior to giving instructions to change the heater’s valve
configuration, despite being told that there was a power surge at the plant
earlier that morning.
On March 28, 2017, nearly two years after the fire, Brossett and
Weldon testified to the circumstances leading up to the fire. When Brossett
called Weldon, he relayed what had happened that morning involving the
power surge, that the heater showed no differential pressure, and that the
heater was, at that point, in purge mode. According to Weldon, the phone
call lasted five to ten minutes. After the alarm message indicated low media
differential pressure, the testimony materially differs as to what instructions
were given by Weldon to Brossett.
Brossett testified that he was told to “open the valve…and flood the
pump with oil.” Weldon testified he asked Brossett the standard questions
and gave him instructions to “throttle down” on the return valve going back
to the expansion tank. Heatec’s corporate representative also testified,
stating that “[Heatec’s] had issues with power surges…and they’ll mess up
the electrical.” Heatec was aware that power surges at asphalt plants could
damage a heater’s electrical components, including pressure switches.
Further, Weldon testified that had he diagnosed the problem as electrical,
“he would have asked a bunch of questions.” But according to Coastal
3
Heatec asserts that Coastal Bridge personnel did not fault Heatec for the fire, and
in support of this assertion, Heatec cites various deposition excerpts, only one of which can
substantiate this claim. Brossett stated he didn’t “know what happened,” after being asked
if he could pinpoint anything that Heatec did to cause the fire. Daniel Leger testified that
he didn’t know of anyone blaming Heatec for the fire. Jeremy Lacombe stated “I do not
know” when asked if he knew any facts or information that would suggest that Heatec was
responsible for the fire.
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Bridge, Weldon disregarded any potential electrical issues with the heater
that may have resulted from the earlier power surge, and instead focused
exclusively on the low media differential pressure reading.
The evidence here includes conflicting testimony, resolution of which
requires the evaluation of credibility. In evaluating credibility when
confronted with conflicting testimony, the trier of fact is free to accept or
reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. We find this
conflicting testimony adequate to raise genuine disputes of material fact
regarding whether Weldon had breached the duty of reasonable care and the
possible negligence in his instructions during the call.
Turning to the issue of causation, in the context of fire cases, origin
and cause may be proven by direct and circumstantial evidence. Westridge v.
Poydras Properties, 598 So. 2d 586, 590 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1992). Plaintiffs need
not negate all other possible causes. Id. Proof that excludes other reasonable
hypothesis of cause with a fair amount of certainty so that it is more probable
than not that the fire was caused in a particular manner or scenario is enough
to establish liability. Id.
In its motion, Heatec argues that Coastal Bridge cannot show how
Weldon’s instructions caused the fire and the only explanation for the fire
comes from Coastal Bridge’s expert, Lynch. Heatec cites the deposition of
Todd Schexnayder – Coastal Bridge’s Health, Safety, and Environmental
Director – to support the assertion that Lynch was unable to determine the
fire’s cause. This assertion is not supported by the cited deposition excerpts,
nor is it supported by the record. Lynch did make a finding as to the fire’s
origins. In his report, Lynch prepared an analysis for the origins of the fire
and determined the electrical system was not functioning properly and that
the fire originated near the coil inlet valve No. 4 on the Heatec heater.
Further, the district court held in its Daubert ruling that Lynch was “qualified
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to offer opinions regarding fire cause and origin within the heater system
itself.”
The next issue still in dispute is the relevance of the heating pumps.
According to Heatec, “[the pumps] are critical because prior incidents
involving heaters have indicated that poor pump maintenance can be a cause
of a heater fire.” Coastal Bridge argues that because Heatec had not asked to
see the pumps at the joint inspection, no search was conducted to locate
them. Coastal Bridge further asserts that Heatec has not articulated any
reason for the pumps’ relevance, nor did Heatec demonstrate a nexus
between the electric pump and the fire’s origins (on opposite ends of the
piece of equipment). This topic was revisited during oral argument, and
Heatec’s counsel conceded that while Heatec representatives reviewed the
evidence available at the joint inspection, they did not specifically ask to
inspect the pumps, and it is unclear whether or not the pumps were present
at the joint inspection.
A factual dispute also remains to the disassembly or disposal of
equipment. During oral argument, Heatec argued that the heater had been
taken apart before the inspection and parts had been discarded. Coastal
Bridge’s response, citing the testimony of its expert witness, was that Lynch
opened an end cap to photograph the interior of the heater, reinstalled the
end cap, and performed a visual inspection of the burner.
Next, the parties disagree as to the origin of the fire or whether the
inlet pipe moved. Heatec argues that Coastal Bridge could not demonstrate
its version of the events. Four eyewitness reports from Coastal Bridge
employees state that the fire started at coil inlet valve No. 4 and chamber inlet
piping, and Lynch corroborated the eyewitness accounts with burn patterns
in that area. Heatec asserts that “there’s no evidence that the inlet pipe
moved at all” and that the heater's inlet pipe is bolted in place from the inside
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of the farm tank. But Coastal Bridge cites to the directly contrary eyewitness
testimony of Brossett, who Coastal Bridge asserts saw the inlet pipe moving
in and out of the burner chamber at the time that he was following the
instructions of Heatec to operate the No. 2 purge valve.
Lastly, during oral argument, Heatec stated that it had no
communication about the fire with representatives from Coastal Bridge until
it received the formal notice, apart from a request for a replacement heater.
Coastal Bridge disagreed, and challenged this assertion during its oral
argument rebuttal with information that more communication had occurred.
Specifically, Coastal Bridge’s insurance adjuster was in communication with
the insurance adjuster for Heatec to discuss a joint inspection and circulate
protocol for such an inspection. Further, Weldon testified that he called
Brossett back after the fire, had Brossett text him a photo of the fire, and that
Heatec would have a salesman sent out to the plant.
Clearly, genuine disputes of material fact exist as to: (1) the
significance of the heating pumps; (2) what equipment was disassembled and
disposed of; (3) the origin of the subject fire and whether the inlet pipe
moved; and (4) the extent of communication 4 that occurred between the
parties before the formal notice of the fire. These factual disputes cannot be
resolved without weighing the evidence and making credibility
determinations, which are matters for the factfinder. The error here is
structural, in that the jury, not the court, should have determined the issue
of liability, contingent as it is upon resolution of the conflicting testimony and
credibility determinations. In view of these unresolved disputes of material
fact, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Heatec.
4
The issue of communication after the fire is relevant to the court’s consideration
of spoliation, a plank upon which the district court rested its grant of summary judgment.
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III.
The next issue before the court is spoliation of evidence. The district
court found spoliation as a factor in granting the motion for summary
judgment, and granted the defense motion for sanctions based on spoliation.
We review the spoliation as the basis for granting the motion for summary
judgment de novo, but a trial court’s decision on a motion for sanctions for
spoliation is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Guzman v. Jones, 804 F.3d
707 (5th Cir. 2015). This court permits an adverse inference against the
spoliator or sanctions against the spoliator only upon a showing of “bad
faith” or “bad conduct.” Condrey v. SunTrust Bank of Georgia, 431 F.3d 191,
203 (5th Cir. 2005).
A.
Although Heatec separately filed a motion for sanctions for spoliation
of evidence, the district court addressed the issue of spoliation within the
context of its reasons for granting summary judgment. Coastal Bridge argues
that the law and evidence do not support an award of sanctions because the
district court erred in finding bad faith on the part of Coastal Bridge, and that
Heatec did not establish that the allegedly spoliated evidence is relevant to
its defenses nor that it has been prejudiced. Coastal Bridge disputes that the
missing pumps were material, citing that Heatec allegedly didn’t complain
about the absence when it performed its inspection. Coastal Bridge argues
Heatec failed to follow the suggested due diligence of its own expert “to
investigate the cause and origin of the fire and did not request the opportunity
to conduct additional testing.”
Further, Coastal Bridge argues that “Heatec fails to cite any legal
authority to support its argument that Coastal Bridge was obligated to leave
the fire scene untouched and incur business interruption losses instead of
mitigating its damages pending the joint inspection of the damaged Heater.”
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Heatec’s argument is contrary to the duty imposed upon a damaged property
owner to mitigate its damages or otherwise risk recovery from its
underwriters or against a liable party. Affirmation of the district court’s final
judgment, Coastal Bridge argues, would have far-reaching consequences
relative to how a damaged property owner responds to causalities and how
initial recovery and mitigation efforts are treated by the district courts.
In response, Heatec argues the district court did not abuse its
discretion by granting sanctions for spoliation of evidence against Coastal
Bridge because the surrounding circumstances manifest bad faith, and
Heatec has been prejudiced by the destruction of evidence. It asserts that the
delay in getting the formal notice of the fire and being able to inspect the
scene prejudiced its defenses.
B.
The spoliation of evidence doctrine governs the intentional
destruction of evidence. Menges v. Cliffs Drilling Co., No. CIV. A. 99-2159,
2000 WL 765082, at *1 (E.D. La. June 12, 2000) (citing Vodusek v. Bayliner
Marine Corp., 71 F.3d 148, 156 (4th Cir. 1995); Schmid v. Milwaukee Elec. Tool
Corp., 13 F.3d 76, 78 (3d Cir. 1994)). If a party intentionally destroys evidence,
the trial court may exercise its discretion to impose sanctions on the
responsible party. Id. (emphasis added). The seriousness of the sanctions that
a court may impose depends on the consideration of:
(1) the degree of fault of the party who altered or destroyed the
evidence; (2) the degree of prejudice suffered by the opposing
party; and (3) whether there is a lesser sanction that will avoid
substantial unfairness to the opposing party and, where the
offending party is seriously at fault, will serve to deter such
conduct by others in the future. Id. (quoting Schmid, 13 F.3d 76,
78 (3d Cir. 1994)).
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Here, finding spoliation of evidence, the district court noted that the
defendant was not formally notified of the fire or given an opportunity to
inspect the heater until a month after the fire. Coastal Bridge argues Heatec
was made immediately aware of the fire, as its technician was on the phone
with the Coastal Bridge employee when the fire occurred at the plant. This
was further supported by Weldon’s testimony that he called Brossett back
after the fire, had Brossett text him a photo of the fire, and indicated that
Heatec would have a salesman sent out to the plant.
Allegations of spoliation, including the destruction of evidence in
pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation, are addressed in federal courts
through the inherent power to regulate the litigation process, if the conduct
occurs before a case is filed or if, for another reason, there is no statute or rule
that adequately addresses the conduct. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501
U.S. 32, 43–46 (1991). When evaluating allegations regarding spoliation of
evidence, federal courts sitting in diversity are to apply federal evidentiary
rules rather than state spoliation laws. Condrey, 431 F.3d at 203. A plaintiff
alleging spoliation must establish that the defendant intentionally destroyed
the evidence for the purpose of depriving opposing parties of its use. Catoire
v. Caprock Telecommunications Corp., No. 01–3577, 2002 WL 31729484, at *1
(E.D. La. Dec. 2, 2002) (emphasis added). It is insufficient to show that a
party acted negligently, rather than intentionally, in spoliating the evidence.
Id; see also Garnett v. Pugh, No. CIV. A. 14-479, 2015 WL 1245672, at *4 (E.D.
La. Mar. 18, 2015).
A spoliation claim has three elements: (1) the spoliating party must
have controlled the evidence and been under an obligation to preserve it at
the time of destruction; (2) the evidence must have been intentionally
destroyed; and (3) the moving party must show that the spoliating party acted
in bad faith. Port of S. La. v. Tri-Parish Indus., 927 F. Supp. 2d 332, 346 (E.D.
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La. 2013); see also Herster v. Bd. of Supervisors of Louisiana State Univ., 887
F.3d 177, 190 (5th Cir. 2018).
A party seeking the sanction of an adverse-inference instruction based
on spoliation of evidence must establish that: (1) the party with control over
the evidence had an obligation to preserve it at the time it was destroyed; (2)
the evidence was destroyed with a culpable state of mind; and (3) the
destroyed evidence was ‘relevant’ to the party’s claim or defense such that a
reasonable trier of fact could find that it would support that claim or defense.
Rimkus Consulting Group, Inc. v. Cammarata, 688 F. Supp. 2d 598 (5th Cir.
2010).
During the hearing, the court noted that the defendant was not given
an opportunity to inspect the fire scene immediately, and discussed the
heater being moved. The heater remained outdoors after it was moved. The
court stated it believed “the circumstances in this case indicated bad faith . .
. there was a greater obligation of Coastal Bridge . . . when they are going to
assert a claim for damages.” During oral argument, Heatec emphasized that
Coastal Bridge chose “the course of destruction and disposal.” We disagree.
The first factor is whether Coastal Bridge had an obligation to
preserve the damaged equipment in anticipation of litigation. Identifying the
trigger for when a party should have reasonably anticipated litigation is
challenging, as it varies based on the facts and circumstances. In re Enron
Corp. Sec., Derivative & Erisa Litig., 762 F. Supp. 2d 942 (S.D. Tex. 2010).
Because Coastal Bridge reasonably should have anticipated litigation over the
fire damage, it had a duty to preserve the equipment. Accordingly, the
spoliation inquiry proceeds to the remaining two factors.
The second factor is whether Coastal Bridge acted with a culpable
state of mind. The potential levels of culpability range from no culpability to
bad faith, with intervening levels including negligence, gross negligence, and
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willfulness. Negligence is not enough to support the imposition of sanctions
for spoliation, “for it does not sustain an inference of consciousness of a weak
case.” Vick v. Texas Employment Comm’n, 514 F.2d 734, 737 (5th Cir. 1975);
Turner v. Pub. Serv. Co. of Colo., 563 F.3d 1136, 1149 (10th Cir. 2009) (“Mere
negligence in losing or destroying records is not enough because it does not
support an inference of consciousness of a weak case.”); Greyhound Lines,
Inc. v. Wade, 485 F.3d 1032, 1035 (8th Cir. 2007) (Granting a spoliation-of-
evidence sanction requires a finding of intentional destruction indicating a
desire to suppress the truth). Accordingly, a party seeking sanctions is not
entitled to an adverse inference instruction unless that party can show that
its adversary intentionally and in bad faith disposed of the evidence.
The highest level of culpability, bad faith, is inapplicable here. Bad
faith requires destruction for the purpose of depriving the adversary of the
evidence. See Condrey, 431 F.3d at 203. The record indicates no such
culpability, and the district court gives no explanation to substantiate this
determination against Coastal Bridge. Adherence to normal operating
procedures may counter a contention of bad faith. Here, an outdoor piece of
industrial equipment was stored outdoors. The record does not support the
finding that Coastal Bridge acted with a culpable state of mind.
The third and final factor in the spoliation analysis is the relevance of
the spoliated evidence. It is undeniable that the damaged heater is relevant
evidence for the claims in this case, but a question remains as to the relevance
of the heater’s missing pumps. A party suffers prejudice where it cannot
present “evidence essential to its underlying claim.” Victor Stanley, Inc. v.
Creative Pipe, Inc., 269 F.R.D. 497, 532 (D. Md. 2010) (internal citation
omitted). Heatec did not specifically request to examine the pumps at the
joint inspection. As such, the pumps are of questionable relevance for the
purposes of its underlying claim that poor pump maintenance can be a cause
of a heater fire.
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Dismissal of this case and sanctions overcorrect for the damage caused
by the spoliation of evidence in this matter. Dismissal is justified “only in
circumstances of bad faith or other like action.” Silvestri v. Gen. Motors Corp.,
271 F.3d 583, 593 (4th Cir. 2001). The record does not support a finding of
bad faith. For these reasons, we find that the trial court abused its discretion
by granting sanctions for spoliation.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is REVERSED and
REMANDED for further proceedings.
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