Mondeck v. LineQuest ( 2023 )

Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
____________ FILED
June 14, 2023
No. 22-50185 Lyle W. Cayce
____________ Clerk
Shawn Mondeck, Individually, and for Others Similarly Situated;
Garrett Nichols,
Plaintiffs—Appellants,
versus
LineQuest, L.L.C.,
Defendant—Appellee.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 7:19-CV-221
______________________________
Before Stewart, Dennis, and Southwick, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam: *
Two employees sued their employer under the Fair Labor Standards
Act for failure to pay overtime. The district court granted summary
judgment in favor of the employer. We find genuine issues of material fact
with respect to whether the roles of the two employees fulfill the
“administrative exemption” to the Act. REVERSED and REMANDED.
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Garrett Nichols and Shawn Mondeck were employees of LineQuest,
L.L.C., a “damage prevention” company. LineQuest specializes in
providing “line locating, mapping, and hydro-excavation” services to its
customers, which typically are oil and gas companies. Companies with
buried utilities in oilfields contract with LineQuest to ensure their sunken
assets are not hit when there is digging in the oilfields.
Plaintiff Garrett Nichols worked as a “Line Locator” for LineQuest
from November 2018 to September 2019 in west Texas and New Mexico.
For most of his tenure, Nichols was assigned to perform line locating services
for EnLink Midstream, a LineQuest customer. As a Line Locator, Nichols
was responsible for locating buried utilities using an RD7100 tool and
marking the buried assets with flags and paint. When Nichols located a line
that planned digging might affect, he coordinated a time with the digging
company to be present when the excavation occurred. Although Nichols
observed the excavation and reported to EnLink whether the digging crew
had followed protocol, he did not have authority to require the digging crew
to follow proper procedures.
Plaintiff Shawn Mondeck worked for LineQuest from May until
September 2019. He initially trained as a Line Locator before undergoing a
three-day training to become a Right of Way Technician. Right of Way
Technicians observe the final phase of a pipeline construction project to
ensure it is completed according to requisite standards. Mondeck was
assigned to work with Medallion Midstream, a LineQuest customer.
Mondeck observed the backfilling projects and filled out a report for
Medallion detailing whether proper procedures were followed. Like Nichols,
he did not have the authority to require the crew to follow proper procedures.
2
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
In September 2019, Mondeck, for himself and others similarly
situated, sued LineQuest. He alleged violations of the Fair Labor Standards
Act (“FLSA”) for failure to pay overtime. 29 U.S.C. §§ 201, et seq. Nichols
joined the lawsuit in December 2019; no other employees became plaintiffs.
LineQuest moved for summary judgment, arguing plaintiffs were
administrative employees exempt from overtime under the FLSA.
On August 3, 2021, the magistrate judge entered his Report and
Recommendation, finding there were genuine issues of material fact
regarding the application of the administrative exemption to both plaintiffs
that precluded summary judgment. The district court disagreed and granted
summary judgment for LineQuest against both Nichols and Mondeck. The
court held that the administrative exemption test had been met as a matter of
law with respect to both plaintiffs because: (1) the FLSA salary basis test was
satisfied; (2) Nichols’s and Mondeck’s primary duties each involved non-
manual work directly related to management or general business operations
of the employer or employer’s customers; and (3) those primary duties
involved the exercise of discretion and independent judgment in matters of
significance. Plaintiffs timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
“We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
legal standards as the district court.” Adams v. All Coast, L.L.C., 15 F.4th
365, 368 (5th Cir. 2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Summary
judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). “In a dispute about an FLSA
exemption, the employer has the burden of establishing that the exemption
applies by a preponderance of the evidence.” Adams, 15 F.4th at 368.
“When summary judgment is sought on an affirmative defense . . . the
3
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
movant must establish beyond peradventure all of the essential elements of
the claim or defense to warrant judgment in his favor.” Dewan v. M-I, L.L.C.,
858 F.3d 331, 334 (5th Cir. 2017) (emphasis in original) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). “Because of the Act’s remedial nature, we narrowly
construe its exemptions in favor of the employee.” Id.Under the FLSA, an employee who works more than 40 hours in one
workweek must be paid overtime compensation. Olibas v. Barclay, 838 F.3d
442, 448 (5th Cir. 2016); 29 U.S.C. § 207. This requirement does not apply
to “any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or
professional capacity.” 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). The administrative
exemption applies to an employee: (1) who is “[c]ompensated on a salary or
fee basis at a rate of not less than [$455] per week;” (2) “[w]hose primary
duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the
management or general business operations of the employer or the
employer's customers;” and (3) “[w]hose primary duty includes the exercise
of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of
significance.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.200 (through December 31, 2019). 1
The two plaintiffs were paid a weekly salary above the minimum of
$455 per week, but they argue LineQuest engaged in impermissible
“deductions” that rendered their pay structure ineligible to satisfy the
“salary basis” test of the administrative exemption. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.200;
§ 541.602(a). The argument is based on LineQuest’s policy of not paying
employees for sick days if they used up their vacation days or Paid Time Off
(“PTO”). Such a pay structure is permissible under the exemption if “made
in accordance with a bona fide plan, policy or practice of providing
_____________________
1
As of January 1, 2020, the salary basis test was revised to require that an employee
earn a minimum of $684 per week to qualify for the administrative exemption.
4
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
compensation for loss of salary occasioned by such sickness or disability.” 29
C.F.R. § 541.602(b)(2). Under LineQuest’s policy, employees could use
PTO for sick days or sick leave. If PTO was exhausted, employees were not
paid during sick leave. We agree with the district court that the plaintiffs’
arguments here fail, and this first requirement of the administrative
exemption was satisfied. 2
The administrative exemption also requires that the employee’s
primary duty be (2) “the performance of office or non-manual work directly
related to the management or general business operations of the employer or
the employer’s customers” and (3) “includes the exercise of discretion and
independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” 29 C.F.R. §
541.200(a). To analyze those requirements, we obviously need to determine
the employee’s primary duty. “The term ‘primary duty’ means the
principal, main, major or most important duty that the employee performs.”
29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a). “Determination of an employee’s primary duty must
be based on all the facts in a particular case, with the major emphasis on the
character of the employee’s job as a whole.” Id. 3
As to primary duty, we first examine plaintiff Nichols’s duties. He
was a Line Locator. The district court held that Nichols’s primary duty was
_____________________
2
The plaintiffs also argue that LineQuest improperly docked their salaries if they
could not work outside their normal schedule on Saturdays, which precludes their salaries
from satisfying the salary basis test. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.602. This argument was not
presented to the district court and is therefore forfeited. See Rollins v. Home Depot USA, 8
F.4th 393, 397 (5th Cir. 2021).
3
Among the factors to consider in defining the primary duty of an employee are (1)
“the relative importance of the exempt duties as compared with other types of duties”; (2)
“the amount of time spent performing exempt work”; “(3) the employee’s relative
freedom from direct supervision”; and (4) “the relationship between the employee’s salary
and the wages paid to other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the
employee.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a).
5
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
“non-manual and directly related to the management or general business
operations of LineQuest’s customer, EnLink.” Nichols contends the record
demonstrates a fact dispute about his primary duty, which, according to him,
was manually locating lines. Nichols highlights that, under LineQuest policy,
Line Locators in a municipal market do not qualify for the administrative
exemption, whereas Line Locators for construction and backfilling
operations do qualify. In making the “primary duty” determination, we are
to consider “the relationship between the employee’s salary and the wages
paid to other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the
employee.” Id. According to Nichols, as a construction and backfilling Line
Locator, he is “earning less than [the] non-exempt” municipal Line Locators
“for the same kind of work.”
The district court acknowledged that Line Locators in the municipal
market are non-exempt. As a result, it concluded that “the question
presented is whether Nichols, as a Line Locator for construction and
backfilling operations in the oil and gas industry, performs his job duties in a
distinctly different manner with a unique primary duty than that of a
municipal Line Locator.” In other words, the court needed to determine
“whether Nichols’s primary duty was something other than the general line
location and flagging services provided by municipal Line Locators.” The
court found that Nichols’s “primary duty” was not in physically locating
lines; rather, he was a “site representative for surveillance,” which is “non-
manual and directly related to the management or general business
operations of LineQuest’s customer.” In sum, the district court determined
Nichols’s role fell within the administrative exemption.
We agree with Nichols that there is sufficiently conflicting evidence
in the record that a reasonable jury could consider the Section 541.700(a)
factors and find that Nichols’s primary duty was physically locating lines.
Under Section 541.700(b), the “amount of time spent performing exempt
6
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 7 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
work can be a useful guide,” yet the record is unclear as to the amount of time
Nichols spent line locating versus “surveilling”; Nichols’s testimony that he
spent “80 percent” of his time inside his truck driving to job sites is not
dispositive either way. We also agree with Nichols that the “relative
importance” of his various duties is not clear from the record. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.700(a). Although the LineQuest Chief Executive Officer stated
Nichols’s assignments were “site surveillance,” Nichols’s declaration
described his primary duty as “locat[ing] and mark[ing] buried utilities,”
while his deposition discussed both line locating and site surveillance duties.4
For Nichols, then, there is a dispute of material fact regarding his primary
duty that precludes summary judgment.
We now review the evidence of Mondeck’s primary duty. His job title
was “Right of Way Technician.” Both parties highlight that Mondeck stated
his responsibilities were to “observe the finalization of the construction of
covering a pipeline” or to “observe the completion phase of Medallion
pipeline construction projects (backfilling).” Mondeck states he was
responsible for ensuring Medallion’s “rules and specifications” were
followed, although, like Nichols, he did not himself have the authority to
actually enforce the standards. At the end of each day, Mondeck filled out a
_____________________
4
The district court also cited contracts, supposedly between EnLink and
LineQuest, that defined “Site Surveillance” as “watch[ing] over and protect[ing]
Company’s Facilities during unusual or extensive excavation projects (i.e., road widening
projects, sewer projects, etc.) and providing such continuous on-site Locate Services.”
We agree with Nichols that this does not necessarily demonstrate that the primary purpose
of the contract was “to provide site supervision services,” nor does it necessarily show that
Nichols’s “primary duty was observing contractors for compliance with regulations.” The
contract also defines “Locate Service” as “the process of determining the presence or
absence of Company’s Facilities, their conflict with proposed excavations, and the Marking
of the places and routes,” which Nichols contends was his primary duty. It is not clear
from the contract how common these “unusual or extensive excavations projects” were
that required “Site Surveillance.”
7
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 8 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
report for Medallion regarding the backfilling work he observed that day.
Though LineQuest characterizes Mondeck’s duty as to “oversee and
supervise”— while the plaintiffs argue it was merely to “observe” — the
rough contours of his duties are more or less clear, i.e., some combination of
supervision and observation. 5
The third administrative exemption factor requires that an
employee’s primary duty “include the exercise of discretion and
independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.” 29 C.F.R. §
541.200(a)(3). This “discretion and independent judgment must be more
than the use of skill in applying well-established techniques, procedures or
specific standards described in manuals or other sources.” § 541.202(e).
Relevant non-exclusive factors include whether the employee has authority
to “formulate, affect, interpret, or implement management policies or
operating practices,” “waive or deviate from established policies and
procedures without prior approval,” and “negotiate and bind the company
on significant matters.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(b). The degree of an
employee’s discretion is considered “in the light of all the facts involved in
the particular employment situation in which the question arises.” Id.The district court found that both plaintiffs exercised discretion and
independent judgment, then granted summary judgment for the defendant.
The district court noted in particular that both Nichols and Mondeck (1) had
“Stop Work Authority,” and (2) were each the only representative of
LineQuest’s customer on the job site, where they performed duties without
_____________________
5
The parties do dispute, however, that Mondeck’s primary duty was “directly
related” to “management or general business operations,” i.e., element (2) of the
administrative exemption. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(2). Because we disagree with the
district court’s holding that the plaintiffs’ primary duties satisfy the third element, we do
not analyze whether Mondeck’s primary duty satisfied the second element.
8
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 9 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
immediate direction from a supervisor. The plaintiffs contend that the
district court mischaracterized the level of discretion that accompanies
“Stop Work Authority.” The plaintiffs also argue that under the relevant
Section 541.202(b) factors it is not dispositive that they were often the only
LineQuest representative on the job site. This is because, according to the
plaintiffs, they did not have any actual authority to implement policies or
conduct operations of the business, nor did they possess any of the other
responsibilities contemplated in Section 541.202(b).
We agree with the plaintiffs that, on this summary judgment record, a
reasonable jury could determine that they did not exercise discretion and
independent judgment on matters of significance. See 29 C.F.R. §
541.202(a). The record indicates that LineQuest not only grants Stop Work
Authority to every employee, but also that all employees have the “Authority
and Responsibility to stop work for safety violations that could be a potential
hazard” (emphasis added). “Section 541.202 clarifies that an employee does
not exercise discretion or judgment in the relevant sense if his decisions are
essentially ‘the use of skill in applying well-established techniques,
procedures or specific standards described in manuals or other sources.’”
Hobbs v. EVO Inc., 7 F.4th 241, 250 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting 29 C.F.R. §
541.202(e)). The fact that all employees had the responsibility to stop unsafe
work — which the plaintiffs each exercised only once or twice during their
monthslong tenure at LineQuest — is not sufficiently dispositive to grant
summary judgment.
Moreover, we agree with the plaintiffs that there is insufficient
evidence in the record that they possessed or exercised authority over
matters of significance, regardless of whether they were the only LineQuest
representative on the jobsite. The plaintiffs rely on the fact that neither had
the “authority to require anyone [on the job site] to do anything,” that
Mondeck underwent only “three days of field training” to become a Right of
9
Case: 22-50185 Document: 00516786449 Page: 10 Date Filed: 06/14/2023
No. 22-50185
Way Technician, and that neither had the authority to negotiate contracts or
create or develop standards regarding the backfilling operations. See § 29
C.F.R. 541.202(b). There is not enough in the record to conclude that
Mondeck and Nichols possessed the level of authority necessary for a grant
of summary judgment to LineQuest.
There are questions of material fact regarding Nichols’s primary duty
and whether Mondeck’s and Nichols’s primary duties satisfy element (3) of
the administrative exemption. We REVERSE and REMAND for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
10