United States v. Cenon Garcia-Rodriguez ( 2017 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0669n.06
No. 16-2754
FILED
Dec 01, 2017
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
CENON GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ, ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
)
BEFORE: BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Cenon Garcia-Rodriguez appeals his sentence for conspiracy to
possess and distribute cocaine and heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a),
(b)(1)(A)(ii), and (b)(1)(C). He argues that the district court improperly calculated his criminal
history category as II by assessing two criminal history points for “committ[ing] the instant
offense” while on probation, see USSG § 4A1.1(d), and one criminal history point for a “prior
sentence,” see USSG §§ 4A1.1(c) and 4A1.2(e)(2). The district court properly assessed all three
criminal history points, and we affirm Garcia-Rodriguez’s sentence.
I.
Garcia-Rodriguez has a history of engaging in drug-distribution schemes. In 2009, he
pleaded guilty in Michigan state court to marijuana distribution. The state court sentenced him
No. 16-2754, United States v. Garcia-Rodriguez
to five years of probation, which ran through March 5, 2014. In 2012, while on probation,
Garcia-Rodriguez initiated the instant conspiracy to sell cocaine and heroin.
As they had with his scheme to distribute marijuana, the police eventually caught him.
He pleaded guilty by plea agreement to one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine and heroin
from January 2012 to February 2016. The plea agreement stipulated to a number of facts,
including that he had been involved in a marijuana distribution scheme prior to the instant
conspiracy and that during 2012 many of the players involved in the marijuana scheme had also
sold cocaine and heroin with him.
At sentencing, the district court assessed Garcia-Rodriguez three criminal history
points—two points for committing the instant offense while on probation for the 2009 conviction
for marijuana distribution and one point for the prior sentence itself—placing him in criminal
history category II. Garcia-Rodriguez objected, arguing that the court should not assess any
criminal history points. The district court overruled his objection and sentenced Garcia-
Rodriguez to 151 months in prison, the top of the applicable Guidelines range.1
On appeal, Garcia-Rodriguez asserts that the district court imposed a procedurally
unreasonable sentence by assessing three criminal history points and thus applying an improper
Guidelines range based on his being in criminal history category II. The district court did not
err, and we affirm Garcia-Rodriguez’s sentence.
II.
A court abuses its discretion and imposes a procedurally unreasonable sentence if it fails
to calculate the Guidelines range properly. See United States v. Coppenger, 775 F.3d 799, 803
(6th Cir. 2015). We review a district court’s legal conclusions regarding the application of the
1
Based on a criminal history category II and a total offense level of 35, the court found Garcia-Rodriguez’s
Guidelines range to be 188 to 235 months. The court applied a four-level reduction under USSG § 5K1.1, reducing
Garcia-Rodriguez’s range to 121 to 151 months.
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No. 16-2754, United States v. Garcia-Rodriguez
Guidelines de novo, United States v. Wheeler, 330 F.3d 407, 411 (6th Cir. 2003), and a district
court’s application of the Guidelines to the facts of a case for clear error, United States v. Webb,
335 F.3d 534, 537 (6th Cir. 2003).
The Guidelines direct how district courts must calculate a defendant’s criminal history.
District courts add two criminal history points to a defendant’s criminal history calculation “if
the defendant committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence, including
probation.” USSG § 4A1.1(d). District courts also assess one criminal history point for each
eligible “prior sentence.” USSG § 4A1.1(c). A defendant with one or no criminal history points
is assigned a criminal history category of I, while a defendant with two or three criminal history
points is assigned a criminal history category of II. USSG Ch. 5 Pt. A. (sentencing table).
Garcia-Rodriguez argues that the district court erred when it assessed him three criminal
history points, making his criminal history category II instead of I. He asserts that the marijuana
distribution for which he was convicted in 2009 and the instant conspiracy to sell cocaine and
heroin were parts of one unified and ongoing conspiracy to sell drugs. He argues that the district
court should have considered the prior conviction as “relevant conduct” to the instant offense,
which would not have resulted in the addition of any criminal history points to his criminal
history calculation. See USSG § 4A1.2, cmt. n.1; USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1). Therefore, he asserts
that the district court erred by assessing him criminal history points for “committ[ing] the instant
offense while under a[] criminal justice sentence” and for having a “prior sentence.”
These arguments fail. Garcia-Rodriguez’s argument that the district court erred by
considering his prior marijuana distribution conviction a “prior sentence” instead of relevant
conduct to the instant offense is meritless, because the Guidelines define a “prior sentence” as
“any sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, . . . for conduct not part of the
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No. 16-2754, United States v. Garcia-Rodriguez
instant offense.” USSG § 4A1.2(a)(1). The Guidelines do not define “conduct not part of the
instant offense,” but we have explained that the “‘appropriate inquiry’ [examines] whether the
‘prior sentence’ and the present offense involve conduct that is severable into two distinct
offenses.” United States v. Beddow, 957 F.2d 1330, 1338 (6th Cir. 1992).2
The district court did not err, let alone commit clear error, by determining that Garcia-
Rodriguez’s 2009 conviction for marijuana distribution was a distinct and separate offense from
the conspiracy to distribute cocaine and heroin. The Application Notes for USSG § 1B1.3 make
this clear when considering a hypothetical that is nearly identical to the present case:
The defendant was convicted for the sale of cocaine and sentenced to state prison.
Immediately upon release from prison, he again sold cocaine to the same person,
using the same accomplices and modus operandi. The instant federal offense (the
offense of conviction) charges this latter sale. In this example, the offense
conduct relevant to the state prison sentence is considered as prior criminal
history, not as part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as
the offense of conviction. The prior state prison sentence is counted under
Chapter Four (Criminal History and Criminal Livelihood).
USSG § 1B1.3, cmt. 5(C). Here, Garcia-Rodriguez was convicted in state court for the delivery
of marijuana, was sentence for his crime (five years of probation), and then at some later point
became involved in the instant offense. Though the prior marijuana sales and the instant
conspiracy involved some overlap in the individuals involved, that consideration is irrelevant
given that the activity in question occurred several years after his 2009 conviction. We find no
error in the district court’s conclusion.
Garcia-Rodriguez’s assertion that his probation sentence should not trigger the two
criminal history point addition is equally meritless. Application note 4 to USSG § 4A1.1(d)
2
The government failed to brief the appropriate inquiry, relying on United States v. Irons, 196 F.3d 634
(6th Cir. 1999), which is inapposite to this case. The inquiry in Irons was whether the defendant’s prior sentences
were “related” within the meaning of § 4A1.2(a)(2). That inquiry, which examines the relationship between two
prior sentences, “is a different inquiry from whether a prior sentence was imposed ‘for conduct not part of the
instant offense’ within the meaning of section 4A1.2(a)(1).” United States v. Yerena-Magana, 478 F.3d 683, 687
(6th Cir. 2007).
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No. 16-2754, United States v. Garcia-Rodriguez
instructs a district court to add two criminal history points “if the defendant committed any part
of the instant offense (i.e., any relevant conduct) while under any criminal justice sentence,
including probation.” Since Garcia-Rodriguez concedes that he was on probation when he
engaged in the instant conspiracy, the two point increase unquestionably applies. See, e.g.,
United States v. Jones, 551 F. App’x 268, 270-71 (6th Cir. 2014) (affirming two point increase
where a defendant conceded that he entered into a conspiracy while under post-release control).
The district court did not err.
III.
We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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