United States v. Hyler , 308 F. App'x 962 ( 2009 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0078n.06
Filed: January 30, 2009
No. 07-5416
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
v. ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
)
JERMAINE H. HYLER, ) OPINION
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: COLE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; BELL, District Judge.*
COLE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Jermaine H. Hyler appeals his sentence
following his plea of guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). Hyler challenges the district court’s application of a four-point offense level
enhancement for possession of a firearm in connection with another felony offense under Section
2K2.1(b)(6) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“USSG” or “Sentencing Guidelines”).
Hyler also claims that the district court miscalculated his sentence in violation of Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
*
The Honorable Robert Holmes Bell, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
United States of America v. Hyler
Case No. 07-5416
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The parties have agreed to the following stipulated facts. On January 5, 2005, at
approximately 6:00 p.m., Metro Nashville Police Department (“MNPD”) police cruisers observed
Hyler fire a weapon while in the parking lot of Scott’s Market, a Nashville, Tennessee gas station
and convenience store. Hyler fired several shots with a handgun pointed out the driver’s-side
window of a black Buick in the direction of a brown Buick that was exiting the lot. At the time
Hyler fired these shots, Scott’s Market was open for business and bystanders were present.
MNPD cruisers immediately converged on Hyler’s vehicle, and Hyler attempted to flee the
scene. As the MNPD cruisers blocked Hyler’s exit, he tossed a weapon from his car. Hyler was then
taken into custody, and the officers recovered a Smith & Wesson model 49, .38 caliber revolver from
the parking lot and discovered four spent shells and one live round in its cylinder. The officers read
Hyler his Miranda rights, and Hyler told them that he had shot at the driver of the brown Buick in
self-defense because the driver had approached him in a threatening manner while Hyler was sitting
in his car.
When the MNPD police vehicles pursued the brown Buick, the car crashed, and the officers
apprehended the driver when he tried to escape on foot. Upon questioning, the driver said that he
did not know Hyler and explained that he had fled because he had an outstanding warrant for a
probation violation. The officers then inspected the driver’s vehicle and observed two bullet holes
in its rear window.
Following Hyler’s arrest, the officers transported him to an MNPD facility for booking.
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Through a fingerprint comparison, the officers discovered that Hyler had a significant criminal
history, which included several felony convictions in Davidson County Criminal Court, including:
(1) possession of less than .5 grams of cocaine for resale; (2) felonious possession of a weapon; (3)
theft over $10,000; and (4) evading arrest. Hyler’s felony status at the time of his arrest was
confirmed by a special agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who had obtained
certified copies of the judgment forms for Hyler’s past convictions.
B. Procedural Background
On December 14, 2005, a federal grand jury in the Middle District of Tennessee returned a
one-count indictment charging Hyler with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in violation
of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924. On December 15, 2005, a warrant was issued for Hyler’s arrest,
and he was arrested on February 14, 2006. Hyler’s conduct also resulted in the following charges
in Davidson County Criminal Court, both of which constitute felonies under Tennessee state law:
(1) aggravated assault with a deadly weapon in violation of Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(b);
and (2) reckless endangerment with a deadly weapon in violation of Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
193(b). However, both charges were subsequently dismissed.
On November 27, 2006, Hyler entered a guilty plea to the indictment. The Department of
Probation and Pretrial Services officers prepared a Pre-Sentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), and
the parties filed position papers regarding the sentencing factors. The PSR stated that under the
Sentencing Guidelines, Hyler qualified for a range of imprisonment of 100 to 125 months, based on
a Total Offense Level of 25 and a Criminal History Category of V. The Criminal History Category
included a Section 2K2.1(b)(6) four-level enhancement because Hyler had “fir[ed] shots at a vehicle
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using the firearm involved in the instant offense, . . . at a market which was open for business and
where people were present.” (Joint Appendix (“JA”) 131); see U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Manual § 2K2.1(b)(6) (2006).1 The Criminal History Category of V was based on Hyler’s previous
felony convictions.
Hyler objected to the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) four-level enhancement, arguing that he had fired
the shots in fear of his life and that the Government had failed to rebut his self-defense argument
beyond a reasonable doubt. The district court rejected Hyler’s arguments as to the
Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement but ultimately reduced Hyler’s Total Offense Level by one level
for Hyler’s post-rehabilitation efforts, bringing the Total Offense Level to 24, resulting in a
sentencing range of 92 to 115 months.
Hyler was sentenced on April 2, 2007. The district court applied the Section 2K2.1(b)(6)
enhancement and sentenced Hyler to 96 months of imprisonment, to be followed by a three-year
period of supervised release, and a special assessment of $100. Hyler filed this timely appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Generally, this Court reviews a district court’s factual findings underlying a sentencing
decision for clear error and gives due deference to the district court's application of the Sentencing
Guidelines to a particular factual situation. United States v. Ennenga, 263 F.3d 499, 502 (6th Cir.
2001) (citing Buford v. United States, 532 U.S. 59, 66 (2001)). We conduct a de novo review where
1
Prior to the 2006 amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines, Section 2K2.1(b)(6) was
numbered as Section 2K2.1(b)(5).
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a matter presents strictly a question of law concerning the application of the Sentencing Guidelines.
See United States v. Canestraro, 282 F.3d 427, 431 (6th Cir. 2002). The more fact-bound the
application inquiry, the more deferential the standard of review. See United States v. Jackson-
Randolph, 282 F.3d 369, 389 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Humphrey, 279 F.3d 372, 379 n.4 (6th
Cir. 2002). Therefore, in this case, we review the factual findings underlying the district court’s
application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement for clear error, and we review de novo its
interpretation and application of the Sentencing Guidelines. See United States v. Bullock, 526 F.3d
312, 315-16 (6th Cir. 2008).
B. The district court properly applied the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement
Hyler has three separate bases for his argument that the district court erred by adding four
points to his base offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6). First, he asserts that Application Note
14(C) to Section 2K2.1(b)(6) “excludes application of the enhancement to an underlying offense of
possession of a firearm.” (Final Brief of Appellant (“App. Br.”) 10.) Second, he contends that the
district court’s application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement to a possession offense was
improper where there was no separate and distinct underlying offense. Third, he posits that the
district court erred by relying on the facts set forth in the plea agreement to support the application
of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement because those facts “do not demonstrate beyond a
reasonable doubt that [he] committed the acts he was charged with in state court (which were later
dismissed); nor do they disprove the theory that [he] was in fear of his life.” (App. Br. 15.)
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1. The Section 2K2.1(b)(6) four-level enhancement applies where a defendant both
illegally possesses and uses a firearm
Hyler’s argument that Application Note 14(C) to Section 2K2.1(b)(6)’s enhancement
“excludes application of the enhancement to an underlying offense of possession of a firearm,”
(App. Br. 10), misinterprets the provision, which provides:
“Another felony offense,” for purposes of subsection (b)(6), means any federal, state,
or local offense, other than the . . . firearms possession . . . offense punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a criminal charge
was brought, or a conviction obtained.
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(b)(6), app. 14(C) (2006). Application Note 14(C)
expressly allows a court applying the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement to consider a defendant’s
possession of a weapon in addition to that defendant’s commission of a second specifically
identifiable felony offense. See Bullock, 526 F.3d at 317 (finding that the district court properly
applied the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement to increase defendant’s base offense level for his
conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) because the defendant used the firearm in connection with a
second specifically identifiable federal offense).
2. Hyler’s acts constitute separate and distinct acts of conduct
The record shows that in addition to illegally possessing the revolver, Hyler committed the
separate felony of reckless endangerment with a deadly weapon by “recklessly engag[ing] in conduct
that places or may place another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury,” where
recklessness is defined as conscious disregard of a “substantial and unjustifiable risk.” See United
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States v. Maxon, 250 F. App’x 129, 132 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-103, and
§ 39-11-302(c)). Though the state charges against Hyler were eventually dismissed, it is undisputed
that Hyler shot at the brown Buick in a crowded parking lot while the driver of that vehicle fled, and
the district court reasonably found that Hyler’s actions were an imminent danger to both the driver
of the brown Buick and the other individuals in the vicinity of Scott’s Market. Cf. id. at 130 (finding
that defendant’s act of “testing” his rifle by firing it into the air in the general direction of police
officers placed the officers in imminent danger in violation of Tennessee law); State v. Fox, 947
S.W.2d 865, 865-66 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (finding insufficient evidence to sustain defendant’s
conviction for reckless endangerment where there was “no testimony that anyone was either in the
tree being fired upon or outside the apartment building in the immediate vicinity of the [defendant]”).
We also reject Hyler’s argument that the district court’s application of the
Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement was improper because there was no “separation of time” between
the offense of conviction—in this case, “possession”—and the firing of the weapon. (App. Br. 14).
Hyler relies on United States v. Sanders, 162 F.3d 396, 400 (6th Cir. 1998), in which we reversed
a defendant’s sentence applying a Section 2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement because “the mere fact that
Defendant Sanders could also have been prosecuted for a state offense for his conduct at the time
he committed the offense charged in the federal indictment does not support a finding that he
committed another felony offense warranting a Guideline[s] enhancement.” However, in United
States v. King, 341 F.3d 503, 504 (6th Cir. 2003), in which police officers witnessed the defendant,
an individual with a prior felony conviction, point a loaded pump-action shotgun at another
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individual in a threatening manner, we specifically rejected defendant’s argument on appeal that
Sanders negated the applicability of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement, explaining:
the conduct giving rise to the enhancement here was not inevitable upon completion
of the underlying offense. After [defendant] retrieved the firearm, he could have
refrained from using the weapon to commit assault . . . [but] he chose to point the
weapon at [the victim]. Conversely, the defendant in Sanders inevitably possessed
the firearms upon completion of the burglary because the firearms were among the
items taken during the burglary.
King, 341 F.3d at 507. Similarly, Hyler’s firing of the gun at the brown Buick was not inevitable
upon his possession of the weapon. Consequently, the district court’s application of the Section
2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement was not in error. See id.
3. The uncontroverted facts contained in the PSR provide an adequate basis for the
application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement
The district court relied on the uncontroverted facts set forth in the PSR to support its
application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement. Hyler claims that those facts do not
demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed the acts with which he was charged in
state court or that his self-defense claim is unsupported by the evidence.
As a threshold matter, this Court has specifically held that the applicable standard for
permissible judicial factfinding in the context of making advisory Sentencing Guidelines calculations
is a “preponderance of the evidence” standard. See United States v. Sexton, 512 F.3d 326, 329-30
(6th Cir. 2008) (finding that the district court did not violate defendants’ rights by making factual
findings by a preponderance of the evidence in determining defendants’ sentencing ranges); see also
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United States v. Cook, 453 F.3d 775, 777 (6th Cir. 2006) (where a district court understands the
advisory nature of the Sentencing Guidelines, judicial factfinding done by a preponderance of the
evidence is permissible); United States v. Mickens, 453 F.3d 668, 673 (6th Cir. 2006) (collecting
cases) (“By now it is well established that the preponderance standard does not violate Booker, so
long as the trial court appreciates that the guidelines are advisory, not binding.”). The district court
properly concluded that the undisputed facts set forth in the PSR establish the occurrence of a second
felony (aggravated assault and/or reckless endangerment) by a preponderance of the evidence.
In United States v. Cook, we found that “a [court] may rely on extra-verdict facts or on those
other than which the defendant has specifically admitted when it calculates his sentence” under the
Sentencing Guidelines. 453 F.3d at 777. At sentencing, Hyler argued that the Section 2K2.1(b)(6)
enhancement did not apply because he had shot at the other car in self-defense. However, the district
court noted that the only factual circumstances indicating a reasonable perception of danger were the
two bullet holes in the other car such that the application of the enhancement was proper. Further,
Tennessee law on reckless endangerment does not alter the district court’s conclusion where the facts
set forth in the PSR establish that Hyler shot at the Buick as it fled the parking lot. See State v.
Hatchett, No. W2004-01073-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 1707976, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 21,
2005) (evidence of shots fired at a fleeing victim is sufficient to negate a claim of self-defense); State
v. Davidson, No. M2002-00178-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 151202, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 22,
2003) (same). Because Hyler agreed to the facts set forth in the PSR and produced no evidence to
contradict those facts, the district court properly relied on the PSR in applying the Section
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2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement. See Cook, 453 F.3d at 777.
C. The district court did not violate Hyler’s rights under Apprendi
In a pro se Supplemental Brief, Hyler claims that the district court imposed his sentence in
violation of Apprendi v. New Jersey when it based its application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6)
enhancement “on [an] unrelated offense dating back to the year ‘2000.’” (Appellant’s Supplemental
Brief, In Pro Se (“App. Supp. Br.”) 2); see 530 U.S. at 490. Under Apprendi, “other than the fact
of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory
maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490.
Hyler’s arguments are without merit for two reasons. First, there is no evidence that the
district court based its application of the Section 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement on anything other than
the fact that Hyler shot at another person with a firearm that he admitted to possessing illegally. The
district court only referred to Hyler’s previous convictions in explaining the overall sentence
imposed, stating:
This Court has set this sentence in consideration of the serious offenses that you
committed over the period of your life: The reckless endangerment in 2000, where
a vehicle was let go in a busy neighborhood; the possession of a firearm in
connection with possession of drugs; refusal to stop in a high speed pursuit in an area
involving small children; aggravated robbery where the victim suffered serious
bodily injury.
(Sentencing Hr’g Tr., JA 100.) Second, “Apprendi does not apply to [Sentencing] Guidelines
determinations, only statutory maximums. . . .” See United States v. DeJohn, 368 F.3d 533, 546 (6th
Cir. 2004). Apprendi cannot be violated where a defendant convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is
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sentenced to a term of imprisonment less than the 120-month statutory maximum. Holmes v. United
States, 281 F. App’x 475, 481 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing United States v. Lawrence, 308 F.3d 623, 634
(6th Cir. 2002) (Apprendi applies only where a district court’s factfinding increases the penalty for
a crime “beyond the prescribed statutory maximum”) (quoting Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490)). In short,
where the district court’s factfinding was not in error and where Hyler was sentenced to a term below
the 120-month statutory maximum, Apprendi is not implicated.
III. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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