Michael Powell v. Heidi Washington ( 2017 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0691n.06
No. 17-1262
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
MICHAEL LEON POWELL, ) Dec 18, 2017
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
HEIDI WASHINGTON, Director, Michigan ) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
Department of Corrections, et al., ) MICHIGAN
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
)
OPINION
BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; MERRITT and BOGGS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Michael Leon Powell, a pro se Michigan prisoner, appeals the district
court’s judgment dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil-rights complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A(b) for failure to state a claim for relief. This case has been referred to
a panel of the court that, upon examination, unanimously agrees that oral argument is not needed.
See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a).
On August 13, 2016, while incarcerated at Chippewa Correctional Facility (Chippewa),
Powell was issued a Class I misconduct citation for fighting with another inmate and possessing
a weapon. Powell had a misconduct hearing before Hearing Officer Theut on August 22, 2016.
Theut issued a written report that found Powell guilty of both charges. Theut sanctioned Powell
with 20 days of detention and 60 days of loss of privileges, and ordered him to pay $2,374.87 in
restitution to reimburse the state for the cost of the other inmate’s injuries.
No. 17-1262, Powell v. Washington
On August 23, 2016, Chippewa’s Security Classification Committee (SCC) assigned
Powell to administrative segregation without consulting his psychologist, despite being advised
by Powell that he was a mental-health patient. Powell advised his mental-health case manager
on three different occasions in September 2016 that he was having suicidal thoughts, losing
weight, and having trouble sleeping. Powell’s case manager did not advise the SCC that his
mental health needs could not be met in administrative segregation.
Powell had another review by the SCC on September 21, 2016, and he again complained
that the committee was not taking into consideration his mental-health status in confining him in
administrative segregation. The committee informed Powell that he would be kept in
administrative segregation pending a transfer to another security level 2 facility. On September
26, 2016, Powell filed a grievance alleging that the SCC violated the applicable policy by
ignoring his psychiatric needs by confining him in administrative segregation. His grievance
was denied the next day. On October 4, 2016, Powell was transferred into administrative
segregation at Oaks Correctional Facility (Oaks).
While at Oaks, Powell continued to complain that he was having suicidal thoughts and
trouble sleeping and was losing weight. The medical staff failed to advise the SCC that
administrative segregation was adversely affecting his mental health. Additionally, the water to
Powell’s cell block was shut off every night between 12:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. Powell was
unable to drink water or flush the toilet during this time. Powell had reviews of his status with
the SCC on October 13 and October 27, 2016 and was advised that he was in administrative
segregation because he was involved in a fight and possessed a weapon.
Powell was transferred back to Chippewa on November 1, 2016. Powell filed a new
grievance concerning the alleged unauthorized removal of funds from his trust account.
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Defendant LaLounde, the officer who investigated Powell’s grievance, allegedly said to Powell
that he “hasn’t learned [his] lesson about filing grievances” and that was why he was going to be
transferred back to Oaks. On November 15, 2016, Powell was transferred back to Oaks and
remained in administrative segregation. Powell had no working light in his cell from November
15, 2016 to December 20, 2016. Because of the lack of light and the prison staff’s failure to give
him cleaning supplies, Powell was unable to properly clean his cell. Powell continued to
complain without result about the adverse effect that administrative segregation was having on
his mental health. The prison staff refused to give Powell more than ten sheets of writing paper
per month. Powell had SCC reviews on November 29, 2016 and January 17, 2017 and was
informed that he was not going to be returned to the prison’s general population because he
stabbed another inmate.
In January 2017, Powell filed a § 1983 complaint against Heidi Washington, the Director
of the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC), and numerous other MDOC officials,
wardens, corrections officers, and employees, asserting claims for an assortment of alleged
constitutional violations. First, Powell claimed that all of the defendants subjected him to
atypical and significant hardship in administrative segregation and therefore violated his right to
due process. Second, Powell claimed that Hearing Officer Theut violated his right to due
process by failing to give him 24-hour notice of the disciplinary charges against him. Third,
Powell claimed that defendants Woods, Isard, Miller, LaLounde, and Dunton retaliated against
him for filing grievances by transferring him to long-term administrative segregation. Fourth,
Powell claimed that defendants Mackie, Sharp, Ball, Majerczyk, Kenison, Mucha, Thomas,
Weaver, Singleton, Bush, Rademaker, and Shelton were deliberately indifferent to his need for
life’s minimal necessities. And fifth, Powell claimed that defendants Washington, Osier,
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McKee, Woods, Mackie, Isard, Miller, Dunton, LaLounde, Thomas, Chapman, Majerczyk,
Kenison, Mucha, Weaver, Ball, and Sharp were deliberately indifferent to his serious psychiatric
needs. Powell sought compensatory and punitive damages, injunctive relief, and an award of
costs.
The district court granted Powell’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis, screened
Powell’s complaint pursuant to §§ 1915 and 1915A, and concluded that Powell failed to state
any claims for relief. The district court concluded that Theut was entitled to absolute judicial
immunity for damages on Powell’s due process claim and that § 1983 precluded Powell’s claim
for injunctive relief against Theut. The district court determined that the complaint failed to
make any factual allegations against defendants Washington, McKee, and Osier and held that
they could not be held liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory. The district court
found that the complaint failed to allege facts showing that defendants Woods and Mackie
engaged in any unconstitutional behavior. The district court held that Powell failed to state a
claim for a due-process violation because his detention in administrative segregation did not
impose an atypical and significant hardship, he received sufficient procedural protections during
his disciplinary hearing, and he received sufficient periodic reviews of his confinement in
administrative segregation. The district court concluded that Powell’s retaliation claim failed
because a transfer from administrative segregation in one institution to administrative
segregation in another institution is not an adverse action. The district court held that Powell’s
claim concerning the conditions of his confinement failed because he experienced only
temporary deprivations that did not result in any physical injuries. Finally, the district court
concluded that Powell’s claim that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious
psychiatric needs failed because the complaint shows that he had regular contact with mental-
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health professionals and that the claim amounted to no more than a complaint that the defendants
refused to release him from administrative segregation.
The district court therefore dismissed Powell’s complaint. Powell’s timely appeal
followed.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a prisoner’s complaint pursuant to
§§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A. See Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470 (6th Cir. 2010). These two
statutes require the court to review a prisoner’s complaint and dismiss any portion that is
frivolous, fails to state a claim for relief, or seeks money damages from a defendant who is
immune from such relief. See id; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2), 1915A(b). To survive dismissal
under §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A, the complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to state a plausible claim for relief. See Hill, 630 F.3d at 471.
Prison disciplinary hearing officers in Michigan function as judicial officers and therefore
are entitled to absolute judicial immunity from suit under § 1983. See Shelly v. Johnson,
849 F.2d 228, 229-30 (6th Cir. 1988). The district court therefore correctly concluded that
Hearing Officer Theut was entitled to immunity from damages on Powell’s due process claim.
The district court also correctly determined that § 1983 bars Powell’s claim for injunctive relief
against Theut. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (prohibiting injunctive relief “against a judicial officer for
an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity”).
The district court correctly concluded that the complaint failed to allege any facts
demonstrating the personal involvement of defendants Washington, McKee, and Osier (all
officers of the MDOC) in any of the alleged constitutional violations and that they cannot be held
liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory of liability. See Peatross v. City of Memphis,
818 F.3d 233, 241 (6th Cir. 2016). The district court also correctly concluded that the complaint
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failed to allege any facts demonstrating that defendant wardens Woods and Mackie engaged in
unconstitutional behavior. See Bickerstaff v. Lucarelli, 830 F.3d 388, 396 (6th Cir. 2016) (“[W]e
need not accept as true any conclusory legal allegations that do not include specific facts
necessary to establish the cause of action.”).
Confinement in administrative segregation implicates an inmate’s liberty interest in state-
imposed discipline, protected by due process, if the confinement imposes an atypical and
significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. See
Harden-Bey v. Rutter, 524 F.3d 789, 792 (6th Cir. 2008). The court should consider the nature
of the confinement and its duration in determining whether it imposes an atypical and significant
hardship. See id. at 793. If it does impose such a hardship, the inmate is entitled to periodic
reviews of his status to ensure that the decision to continue his confinement in administrative
segregation is supported by “some evidence.” See Harris v. Caruso, 465 F. App’x 481, 484 (6th
Cir. 2012) (quoting Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 454 (1985)).
Powell had been confined in administrative segregation for about six months at the time
he filed his complaint, and he had five SCC reviews during that time. The SCC justified
Powell’s continued detention in administrative segregation by citing his physical confrontation
with an inmate and possession of a weapon. Powell’s six-month confinement in administrative
segregation is insufficient to constitute an atypical and significant hardship and therefore does
not implicate his due process rights. Cf. Williams v. Lindamood, 526 F. App’x 559, 562-64 (6th
Cir. 2013) (sixteen months in administrative segregation with monthly reviews insufficient);
McMann v. Gundy, 39 F. App’x 208, 209-10 (6th Cir. 2002) (five months in administrative
segregation insufficient). In any event, Powell received periodic reviews of his status, and
despite his conclusory claim that his reviews were perfunctory, the hearing officer’s
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determination that Powell fought with another inmate and possessed a weapon provided some
evidence to support his continued detention in administrative segregation. Thus, even if a
protected liberty interest were implicated, Powell received all of the process to which he was
entitled. Cf. Jones v. Raye, No. 12-6568, 2014 WL 10319865, at *2 (6th Cir. June 3, 2014)
(prisoner’s assault of two corrections officers provided some evidence to support his two-and-a-
half-year detention in administrative segregation); McMann, 39 F. App’x at 210 (prisoner’s
assault of corrections officer and attempted escape justified five-month placement in
administrative segregation).
Powell also claims that his due-process rights were violated because he did not receive
24-hour notice of the charges against him before his disciplinary hearing. Due process requires
that the prisoner receive written notice of the charges against him at least 24 hours before the
hearing, an opportunity to call witnesses and present documentary evidence in his defense, and a
written statement by the factfinder of the evidence relied on and the reasons for the disciplinary
action. See Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 563-67 (1974). The documents that Powell filed
with his complaint show that he was cited for misconduct on August 13, 2016, that his
disciplinary hearing was originally scheduled for August 15, 2016, and that the hearing actually
took place on August 22, 2016. Thus, Powell’s claim that he did not receive sufficient notice
before the hearing is refuted by his own documentation. To the extent that Powell’s due-process
claim is based on the hearing officer’s imposition of a restitution obligation, MDOC regulations
authorize restitution for Class I misconduct. See Mich. Dep’t of Corr. Policy Directive No.
03.03.105, Attachment D (Disciplinary Sanctions). MDOC regulations also permitted the
deduction of funds from Powell’s account without further notice because the hearing officer
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imposed a restitution order as a sanction for his misconduct. See Mich. Dep’t of Corr. Policy
Directive No. 04.02.105(T).
Powell failed to state a First Amendment retaliation claim because his transfer from
administrative segregation in one institution to administrative segregation in another institution
was not an adverse action sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness. See Friedmann v.
Corr. Corp. of Am., 11 F. App’x 467, 470-71 (6th Cir. 2001) (collecting cases). To the extent
that LaLounde’s statement to Powell that Powell was being transferred to Oaks because he filed
a grievance was a threat, as opposed to a statement of fact, it was not an adverse action because
the complaint does not reflect that there were foreseeable aggravating circumstances associated
with the transfer. See Hix v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 196 F. App’x 350, 358 (6th Cir. 2006).
Although Powell’s complaint indicates that the conditions specific to his cell at Oaks were worse
than those at Chippewa, the applicable regulations show that Michigan has a uniform set of
conditions that govern administrative segregation in all of its institutions. See Mich. Dep’t of
Corr. Policy Directive No. 04.05.120. Powell’s transfer from Chippewa to Oaks therefore was
not an adverse action.
In order to state a claim that prison conditions violate the Eighth Amendment, the
prisoner must plead facts showing that he has been subjected to deprivations so serious that he
was deprived of the “minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities” and that prison officials
acted wantonly, with deliberate indifference to his serious needs. Richmond v. Settles, 450 F.
App’x 448, 454-55 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981)).
The prisoner must allege “extreme deprivations” to state an Eighth Amendment conditions-of-
confinement claim. See Harden-Bey, 524 F.3d at 795. Allegations of temporary inconveniences
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are insufficient to state a claim. See Dellis v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 257 F.3d 508, 511 (6th Cir.
2001).
Powell’s complaint shows that most of the deprivations he experienced were not extreme
and were no more than temporary inconveniences. Depriving an inmate of drinking water for an
extended period of time can constitute an Eighth Amendment violation. See id. at 512 (inmate
was deprived of drinking water for three straight days). At worst, however, Powell did not have
drinking water for about six overnight hours when inmates typically would be asleep, and
therefore he did not suffer an extreme deprivation of water. Cf. Richmond, 450 F. App’x at 455
(denial of running water for six days did not violate the Eighth Amendment). While it was
offensive to Powell that he was unable to flush the toilet until the water supply was restored
every morning, “[n]ot every unpleasant experience a prisoner might endure while incarcerated
constitutes cruel and unusual punishment within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment.” Ivey v.
Wilson, 832 F.2d 950, 954 (6th Cir. 1987); see also Lamb v. Howe, 677 F. App’x 204, 209-10
(6th Cir. 2017) (inmate’s four-hour exposure to human waste due to flooded toilet water
insufficient to state Eighth Amendment violation); Dellis, 257 F.3d at 511 (flooded cell and
inoperable toilet were temporary inconveniences that did not violate Eighth Amendment).
Although Powell claims that he was not given appropriate cleaning supplies, his
complaint fails to demonstrate that he was forced to live in inhumane conditions. Cf. Taylor v.
Larson, 505 F. App’x 475, 477 (6th Cir. 2012) (prisoner who alleged that he was placed in a cell
covered in fecal matter and forced to remain there for three days sufficiently stated a claim under
the Eighth Amendment). In addition, writing paper is not a basic necessity of life; therefore,
limiting Powell to ten sheets of paper per month was not an Eighth Amendment violation. See
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Walker v. Mintzes, 771 F.2d 920, 926 (6th Cir. 1985) (stating that the basic needs of life are
adequate food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety).
On the other hand, the alleged deprivation of adequate lighting in Powell’s cell for thirty-
five days is sufficiently extreme to state an Eighth Amendment claim. In Carney v. Craven, we
held that the constitutional requirement of adequate shelter for a prisoner includes the provision
of adequate lighting. 40 F. App’x 48, 51 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing Hoptowit v. Spellman, 753 F.2d
779, 783 (9th Cir. 1985)). In reaching this holding, we cited the Ninth Circuit’s decision in
Hoptowit, which held that the Eighth Amendment was violated where, as here, substandard
lighting caused eye strain when reading and hindered the prisoner’s efforts to clean his cell. 753
F.2d at 783; see also Antonelli v. Sheahan, 81 F.3d 1422, 1433 (7th Cir. 1996) (noting that
deficient lighting in cell making it difficult to read and hurting prisoner’s eyes may violate the
Eighth Amendment).
Assuming the truth of the allegations, as we must, Powell has shown that the defendants
were deliberately indifferent to his repeated requests to fix the faulty lighting in his cell.
In response to his initial request, Singleton informed Powell that the maintenance staff would fix
the light “after they had their lunch break,” but they never returned. (Compl., R. 1, PageID #14,
¶ 34.) Although Powell renewed his request one week later, the maintenance staff did not even
attempt to fix the light during three later visits to his cell block. No reason was provided for the
nearly three-week delay after his initial request before his light was finally fixed. Cf. Carney,
40 F. App’x at 51 (finding that prison officials were not deliberately indifferent to a request to fix
a faulty light where the prisoner was informed that a new light bulb was not immediately
available and he was moved to a new cell eleven days after reporting the problem). Accordingly,
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the district court improperly dismissed Powell’s deliberate-indifference claim based on the
inadequate lighting in his cell.
Finally, Powell claims that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his psychiatric
or psychological needs by continuing to confine him in administrative segregation despite his
complaints that it was causing his mental health to deteriorate. Powell has not alleged that he
sustained a physical injury that resulted from his confinement in administrative segregation;
therefore, he cannot recover damages for any psychological injury he allegedly suffered from his
detention. See Harden-Bey, 524 F.3d at 795-96 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) (“No Federal civil
action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for
mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical
injury.”)). Moreover, Powell’s complaint shows that he received visits from mental health
counselors while he was in administrative segregation and that he was prescribed medication to
treat his mental disorders. The complaint indicates no more than Powell’s disagreement with the
conclusion of his institution’s mental-health staff that his needs could be adequately addressed in
administrative segregation, and it therefore fails to state a deliberate-indifference claim. See
Mitchell v. Hininger, 553 F. App’x 602, 605 (6th Cir. 2014) (stating that “a desire for additional
or different treatment does not suffice by itself to support an Eighth Amendment claim”).
Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part the district court’s judgment,
and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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