Harrison Tudtud v. Jefferson B. Sessions, III ( 2018 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0007n.06
No. 14-3926
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
Jan 04, 2018
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
HARRISON SALINAS TUDTUD; CAROL )
SIBI TUDTUD, )
)
Petitioners, ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
) FROM THE UNITED STATES
v. ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
) APPEALS
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney )
General; DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND )
SECURITY, )
)
Respondents. )
BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, GRIFFIN, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Harrison Salinas Tudtud and Carol Sibi Tudtud, husband and wife,
petition this court for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying
their motion to reopen their removal proceedings based on ineffective assistance of counsel.
As set forth below, we deny the petition for review.
The Tudtuds, natives and citizens of the Philippines, last entered the United States in
2001 with B-2 tourist visas. In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) served the
Tudtuds with a notice to appear in removal proceedings, charging them with removability as
nonimmigrants who remained in the United States for a time longer than permitted. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(B). Appearing before an immigration judge (IJ), the Tudtuds conceded
removability as charged and stated their intent to seek cancellation of removal on the basis that
their removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to their United States
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citizen son. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). When the IJ did not receive the Tudtuds’
cancellation applications by the stated deadline, the IJ deemed their applications abandoned and
set a deadline to inform the immigration court if they wished to seek voluntary departure. Upon
receiving no response, the IJ found that the Tudtuds had elected not to apply for voluntary
departure and ordered that they be removed to the Philippines.
The Tudtuds filed a motion to reconsider the IJ’s removal order and attached a motion to
reopen their removal proceedings and accept their cancellation applications, asserting that they
had mistakenly sent their applications to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services rather
than the immigration court. The IJ denied the motion to reconsider, and the Tudtuds appealed.
The BIA sustained their appeal, concluding that reopening was warranted, and remanded the
matter to provide the Tudtuds an opportunity to have their cancellation applications adjudicated
in a merits hearing.
Upon remand, the IJ conducted a merits hearing on the Tudtuds’ cancellation
applications. The Tudtuds presented the testimony of a psychologist who had evaluated their son
as well as their own testimony. Near the end of the hearing, the DHS attorney made an offer to
agree to pre-hearing voluntary departure and allow the Tudtuds to remain in the United States
through the end of the school year. Following up on that offer, the IJ pointed out that the
Tudtuds were not eligible for post-hearing voluntary departure because their passports had
expired. The IJ went on to state that the Tudtuds had not demonstrated exceptional and
extremely unusual hardship to their son, that the IJ was going to deny their cancellation
applications, that they would have the opportunity to appeal the denial to the BIA and then to this
court, and that “you’d probably be just exactly where you are today, end up getting deported
back to the Philippines.” The IJ then addressed pre-hearing voluntary departure, which was
unavailable after their hearing absent the DHS’s agreement. The IJ advised the Tudtuds that, to
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obtain pre-hearing voluntary departure, they were required to (1) concede removability as
charged, which they had already done; (2) withdraw their cancellation applications, which they
were “going to lose anyway”; and (3) waive their right to appeal. After consulting with counsel,
the Tudtuds accepted the DHS’s offer and withdrew their cancellation applications. The IJ
subsequently granted the Tudtuds voluntary departure, allowing them to remain in the United
States through the end of the school year.
During the discussion of voluntary departure at the hearing, the IJ and the DHS attorney
indicated that, if the Tudtuds accepted voluntary departure, they could apply for a waiver of their
unlawful presence in the United States. An alien who has been unlawfully present in the United
States for more than a year is barred from seeking admission within ten years of the alien’s
departure or removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II). The Attorney General may waive
inadmissibility for an alien “who is the spouse or son or daughter of a United States citizen” if
“the refusal of admission to such immigrant alien would result in extreme hardship to the citizen
. . . spouse or parent of such alien.” Id. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v).
Three weeks after the hearing, the Tudtuds filed a motion to reopen their removal
proceedings, asserting that they had agreed to withdraw their cancellation applications in reliance
on the availability of a waiver of their unlawful presence in the United States and had since
learned that no waiver was available because their son is not a qualifying relative under section
1182(a)(9)(B)(v). Denying the motion to reopen, the IJ stated: “Despite [the Tudtuds’] claim to
the contrary, no promises or statements were made that would suggest when, or if ever, they
could return to the United States. In fact, the Court stated that ‘nothing in life is guaranteed’ and
that ‘immigration law frequently changes.’” On appeal, the BIA determined that the record did
not support the Tudtuds’ assertion that they withdrew their cancellation applications in reliance
on the IJ’s and DHS attorney’s statements about a waiver of their unlawful presence, noting that
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the IJ stated that the Tudtuds could apply for a waiver but stressed that the outcome was not
guaranteed. Accordingly, the BIA dismissed the Tudtuds’ appeal.
Through new counsel, the Tudtuds filed a motion to reopen their removal proceedings
before the BIA based on ineffective assistance of counsel. The Tudtuds asserted that their prior
counsel erroneously advised them that they would be eligible for a waiver of their unlawful
presence and recommended that they withdraw their cancellation applications, denying them the
right to a full adjudication of their applications and the right to appeal a denial of those
applications. The BIA denied the motion to reopen on the basis that the Tudtuds failed to
establish that adjudication of their claims would have led to a different outcome. If the Tudtuds
had not withdrawn their cancellation applications, the BIA pointed out, the IJ would have denied
relief. According to the BIA, nothing indicated that an appeal could have succeeded, given that
the hardships to the Tudtuds’ son “(including economic detriment, anxiety, and adverse country
conditions) are real but common hardships” and that the Tudtuds had not shown “exceptional
and extremely unusual hardship.” The BIA concluded that the Tudtuds failed to establish that
they would have been entitled to remain in the United States but for the ineffective assistance of
counsel.
This timely petition for review followed. We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to
reopen for abuse of discretion. Sako v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 857, 863 (6th Cir. 2006). Where, as
here, “there is a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we review this question of law de
novo.” Allabani v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 676 (6th Cir. 2005).
This court has held that Fifth Amendment guarantees of due process extend to aliens in
removal proceedings and that ineffective assistance of counsel may violate an alien’s due-
process rights. Hamid v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 465, 468 (6th Cir. 2003). “The alien carries the
burden of establishing that ineffective assistance of counsel prejudiced him or denied him
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No. 14-3926, Tudtud v. Sessions
fundamental fairness in order to prove that he has suffered a denial of due process.” Allabani,
402 F.3d at 676. This court has explained:
The two components of this formulation, prejudice and fundamental fairness, are
analogous in this specific analytical context. “Prejudice” inquires, ex post,
whether due process was violated by evaluating whether the alien’s claims could
have supported a different outcome. “Fundamental fairness” examines the
process afforded ex ante, considering whether the denial of effective counsel
makes such a proceeding fundamentally unfair.
Sako, 434 F.3d at 863-64.
With respect to prejudice, the Tudtuds argue that the BIA abused its discretion by relying
on the “hyperbolic statement” of the IJ that they “haven’t come close” to demonstrating
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to their son. Although the BIA noted the IJ’s
statement in summarizing the background of the case, the BIA’s decision reflects its review of
the record in reaching the conclusion that the Tudtuds failed to establish that adjudication of their
cancellation applications would have led to a different outcome. The BIA independently
determined that the “hardships to the qualifying relative put forward by the [Tudtuds] (including
economic detriment, anxiety, and adverse country conditions) are real but common hardships in
removal cases” and that the Tudtuds had not shown “exceptional and extremely unusual
hardship.” See In re Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 56, 65 (B.I.A. 2001) (requiring
“hardship that is substantially different from, or beyond, that which would normally be expected
from the deportation of an alien with close family members here”). The BIA’s decision does not
support the Tudtuds’ assertion that the BIA relied on the IJ’s “sales speech.”
The Tudtuds also contend that the BIA applied Sako too narrowly by only inquiring into
whether there was “ex post” prejudice and failing to make the companion inquiry of whether
there was “ex ante” prejudice in the form of a fundamentally unfair hearing. In support of this
argument, the Tudtuds shift their focus from counsel to the IJ, asserting that the IJ’s statements
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about the availability of a waiver of their unlawful presence in the United States resulted in a
fundamentally unfair hearing. The IJ’s statements were the subject of the Tudtuds’ prior motion
to reopen. In upholding the denial of that motion, the BIA pointed out that the IJ stated that the
Tudtuds could apply for a waiver but stressed that the outcome was not guaranteed. Before this
court, the Tudtuds rely on the IJ’s statement that “there’s no doubt” that they could meet the
“extreme hardship” standard for a waiver of their unlawful presence. But the IJ made this
statement only after the Tudtuds consulted with counsel and announced their decision to accept
voluntary departure. So the statement could not have affected their decision to accept voluntary
departure. Moreover, the IJ followed up this statement with “nothing in life is guaranteed” and
“immigration law changes frequently.” The Tudtuds have failed to demonstrate that they were
denied a fundamentally fair hearing.
The BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying the Tudtuds’ motion to reopen given their
failure to establish that counsel’s ineffectiveness prejudiced them or denied them fundamental
fairness. To the extent that the Tudtuds ask the government to mediate their case and agree to
administrative closure for three years until their son is old enough to sponsor their adjustment of
status, such a request should be directed to the DHS. See Hussaini v. Lynch, 644 F. App’x 403,
409 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 85 (2016).
For these reasons, we DENY the petition for review.
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