Al Roumy v. Mukasey , 290 F. App'x 856 ( 2008 )


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  •                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
    File Name: 08a0525n.06
    Filed: August 27, 2008
    No. 07-3328
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
    SAID AL ROUMY,
    Petitioner-Appellant,
    v.                                                   ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN
    O RD ER O F T HE B O AR D O F
    MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, Attorney General of              IMMIGRATION APPEALS
    the United States,
    Respondent-Appellee.
    /
    BEFORE:        COLE and CLAY, Circuit Judges; and RUSSELL, District Judge.*
    CLAY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Said Al Roumy seeks review of the Board of Immigration
    Appeals’ (“BIA”) February 20, 2007 decision denying Al Roumy’s motion to reopen immigration
    proceedings regarding Al Roumy’s application for withholding of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §
    1231(b)(3) and relief under the Convention Against Torture. Al Roumy claims that the BIA erred
    in denying his motion to reopen because changed country conditions justified his untimely filing and
    that the ineffective assistance of counsel prevented Al Roumy from presenting his case to the
    immigration judge. For the reasons that follow, we DENY Al Roumy’s petition for review.
    *
    The Honorable Thomas B. Russell, United States District Judge for the Western District of
    Kentucky, sitting by designation.
    No. 07-3328
    BACKGROUND
    Petitioner Said Al Roumy is a native and citizen of Lebanon. In his application for
    withholding of removal and his testimony before the immigration judge, Al Roumy explained his
    background and entry into the United States as follows: Al Roumy was born in a village in the south
    of Lebanon but lived in Beirut until he came to the United States. In Lebanon, both Al Roumy and
    his family faced persecution from Hezbollah. Al Roumy’s brother worked for a foreign car company
    until he was killed in 1983 by a car bomb. Al Roumy believes that the bomb was planted by
    Hezbollah to retaliate against his brother for his brother’s links with foreigners. In 1989 or 1990,
    Al Roumy was detained by Hezbollah for three days because the group wanted Al Roumy to work
    with them and to stop associating with members of the South Lebanon Army (“SLA”), a rival to
    Hezbollah. Al Roumy was only released after he promised to help Hezbollah.
    After Al Roumy’s release, Hezbollah continued to harass and threaten Al Roumy whenever
    he visited his village in the south of Lebanon. In 1995 or 1999, Hezbollah burned his house in the
    village, and Al Roumy stopped traveling to southern Lebanon. Hezbollah consolidated its power
    in the south in 2000 when Israeli military forces pulled out of southern Lebanon and the SLA
    disbanded. As a result, Al Roumy feared for his life and decided to leave Lebanon for the United
    States. Because there were no American embassies in Lebanon, Al Roumy traveled to Cyprus to
    apply for a visa. After securing the visa, Al Roumy returned to Beirut, and in October 2000 he left
    for the United States where he remained even after his visa expired in October 2001. Al Roumy’s
    case came to the attention of immigration authorities after he registered in compliance with post-
    September 11th special registration requirements.
    2
    No. 07-3328
    Removal proceedings were initiated against Al Roumy on December 19, 2002 with the
    issuance of a notice to appear alleging that Al Roumy had overstayed his visa. On February 4, 2005,
    Al Roumy submitted an application for relief under the Convention Against Torture and withholding
    of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). A hearing was held before an immigration judge on
    September 23, 2005 at which Al Roumy testified regarding his fear of persecution and torture in
    Lebanon based upon his political opinion. At the hearing, Al Roumy was represented by a non-
    lawyer who was accredited by the BIA to practice before the immigration court.
    In addition to his testimony, Al Roumy supported his claims with the death certificate of his
    brother and an unsworn letter from his sister claiming that Al Roumy’s brother had been killed by
    Hezbollah and that Hezbollah was pursuing Al Roumy. The immigration judge questioned the
    authenticity of the death certificate because no original had been produced and because the blanks
    for the cause of death and name of spouse were not filled out. Without explaining the basis for his
    knowledge, Al Roumy claimed that the failure to list this information on death certificates is
    common in Lebanon. The immigration judge also challenged the absence of additional corroboration
    of Al Roumy’s claims. He asked why Al Roumy’s sister, who was a long-time resident of the United
    States, did not testify at the hearing. The immigration judge also noted that there were no statements
    from Al Roumy’s wife or his mother who supposedly had heard Hezbollah members asking about
    Al Roumy’s whereabouts. In response, Al Roumy claimed that he did not realize that such
    corroboration was needed despite the fact that his representative had sent him a letter suggesting that
    he obtain corroborating evidence.
    3
    No. 07-3328
    The immigration judge denied Al Roumy’s application for withholding of removal in an oral
    decision announced on the day of the hearing. Citing inconsistencies between Al Roumy’s testimony
    and his application for withholding of removal, the immigration judge found Al Roumy incredible.
    The immigration judge specifically noted Al Roumy’s failure to mention in his application or during
    direct examination the fact that Hezbollah members burnt his house down. The negative credibility
    finding was also based on Al Roumy’s inability to recollect the year of his detention by Hezbollah,
    Hezbollah’s failure to force Al Roumy to work with them for the ten years following Al Roumy’s
    alleged detention, Al Roumy’s inconsistent and vague testimony regarding his residence and work
    history in Lebanon, and Al Roumy’s inconsistent testimony regarding the adoption of his deceased
    brother’s daughter.
    In addition to inconsistencies in Al Roumy’s testimony, the immigration judge found that Al
    Roumy had failed to present corroborating evidence for vital aspects of his claim and that the scant
    corroboration provided was unhelpful. Discounting Al Roumy’s testimony, the immigration judge
    found that Al Roumy had not proven that he had any problems with Hezbollah. The immigration
    judge also noted that country reports indicated that Hezbollah had not retaliated against former SLA
    members or individuals who collaborated with Israel. The immigration judge came to the ultimate
    conclusion that due to the incredibility of Al Roumy’s testimony and corroborating documents, Al
    Roumy had failed to prove that it was more likely than not that he would be subject to persecution
    or torture if removed to Lebanon. As a result, the immigration judge ordered Al Roumy removed
    to Lebanon.
    4
    No. 07-3328
    Al Roumy appealed the immigration judge’s order to the BIA at which time attorney George
    P. Mann began representing Al Roumy. Initially, the BIA dismissed his appeal as untimely because
    Al Roumy’s notice of appeal was received on October 31, 2005, after the thirty-day appeals period
    had expired. Al Roumy filed a motion to reconsider in which he explained that the delay in the
    delivery of his notice of appeal was caused by a mistake on the part of UPS. On August 28, 2006,
    the BIA granted Al Roumy’s motion to reconsider but denied his appeal on the merits, rejecting Al
    Roumy’s claims that the immigration judge erred by failing to grant him a continuance and by
    finding him incredible. The BIA found that Al Roumy had not requested a continuance to procure
    additional corroborating evidence and that the immigration judge did not clearly err in concluding
    that Al Roumy was incredible. The BIA concluded that the immigration judge’s credibility finding
    was supported by Al Roumy’s “failure to provide consistent and detailed testimony regarding his fear
    of return to Lebanon.” (J.A. 238.)
    On December 14, 2006, Al Roumy filed a motion to reopen the BIA’s August 28, 2006
    decision. The BIA denied this motion because it was filed more than 90 days after the previous
    decision and was thus untimely. Despite Al Roumy’s evidence of the growing power of Hezbollah
    in Lebanon, the BIA determined that the evidence submitted did not prove the existence of materially
    changed circumstances such that the 90-day filing deadline was inapplicable. The BIA also found
    unpersuasive Al Roumy’s claim that he was prejudiced by ineffective assistance of counsel.
    Following the denial of his motion to reopen, Al Roumy filed a timely petition for review.
    DISCUSSION
    I.
    5
    No. 07-3328
    This Court reviews the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Denko
    v. INS, 
    351 F.3d 717
    , 723 (6th Cir. 2003). Because the BIA has broad discretion in deciding whether
    to reopen proceedings, the party seeking reopening “bears a heavy burden.” Barry v. Mukasey, 
    524 F.3d 721
    , 724 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Alizoti v. Gonzales, 
    477 F.3d 448
    , 451 (6th Cir. 2007)). The
    BIA abuses its discretion when it “offers no ‘rational explanation, inexplicably depart[s] from
    established policies, or rest[s] on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination against a
    particular race or group.’” 
    Id. (alterations in
    original) (quoting Balani v. INS, 
    669 F.2d 1157
    , 1161
    (6th Cir. 1982)). Despite this deferential standard of review, we may not affirm the BIA on a basis
    it has not articulated in its decision. Mirza v. Gonzales, 148 F. App’x. 467, 469 (6th Cir. 2005).
    Al Roumy claims that in his motion to reopen he demonstrated that country conditions in
    Lebanon had changed materially and that as a result the BIA abused its discretion by denying his
    motion to reopen as untimely. Generally, a motion to reopen must be filed “no later than 90 days
    after the date on which the final administrative decision was rendered in the proceeding sought to
    be reopened.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). An exception to this time limit is made if the motion to
    reopen is “based on changed circumstances arising in the country of nationality or in the country to
    which deportation has been ordered, if such evidence is material and was not available and could not
    have been discovered or presented at the previous hearing.” 8.C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). In order
    to justify the reopening of proceedings based on changed country conditions, the movant “cannot rely
    on speculative conclusions or mere assertions of fear of possible persecution, but instead must offer
    reasonably specific information showing a real threat of individual persecution.” Harchenko v.
    6
    No. 07-3328
    I.N.S., 
    379 F.3d 405
    , 410 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Dokic v. INS, No. 92-3592, 
    1993 WL 265166
    , at
    *5 (6th Cir. July 15, 1993)).
    The BIA found that Al Roumy’s motion to reopen was filed more than 90 days after the
    BIA’s decision affirming the immigration judge’s denial of withholding of removal. In support of
    his motion, Al Roumy presented additional evidence in an attempt to demonstrate materially changed
    circumstances in Lebanon. Al Roumy included an affidavit from himself reiterating his claim of
    persecution and a letter from his mother stating that in October 2006 Hezbollah members asked
    when Al Roumy would be returning to Lebanon. Al Roumy also included voluminous amounts of
    news reports and commentary regarding Israel’s invasion of Lebanon and the resulting rise in
    Hezbollah’s power in southern Lebanon. The BIA found the evidence lacking because “[t]he
    respondent has not contended that the nature of any persecution he reportedly fears has changed in
    character, but only that it has varied in scope and degree.” (J.A. 2.) As a result, the BIA found that
    the changed country conditions exception to the 90-day filing requirement did not apply to Al
    Roumy’s motion to reopen. Al Roumy challenges this conclusion on numerous grounds, claiming
    that the BIA failed to follow its own procedures in evaluating his claim and that the reasoning of the
    BIA’s opinion is faulty.
    Al Roumy claims that the BIA abused its discretion because the BIA failed to follow its own
    rules in determining whether changed country conditions excuse Al Roumy’s untimely filing. To
    support this argument, Al Roumy makes the allegation that “[t]here is no indication that the BIA
    engaged in any meaningful reviewable analysis of the documentary evidence provided by petitioner.”
    (Pet’r Br. 16.) Although the BIA must provide a rational basis for its denial of a motion to reopen,
    7
    No. 07-3328
    this Court does not require that the BIA “list every possible positive and negative factor in its
    decision.” Scorteanu v. INS, 
    339 F.3d 407
    , 412 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Rodriguez-Rivera v. INS,
    
    993 F.2d 169
    , 170-71 (8th Cir.1993)). The BIA must simply “announce its decision in terms
    sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has heard and thought and not merely
    reacted.” 
    Id. (quoting Osuchukwu
    v. INS, 
    744 F.2d 1136
    , 1142-43 (5th Cir. 1984)).
    In the instant case, the BIA analyzed Al Roumy’s changed country conditions argument as
    follows:
    The evidence submitted in support of reopening includes articles concerning country
    conditions in Lebanon and evidence from the respondent and his family. The
    respondent has not contended that the nature of any persecution he reportedly fears
    has changed in character, but only that it has varied in scope and degree. The
    evidence submitted does not establish that the respondent is entitled to an exception
    to the filing requirements for reopening based on an asylum claim arising from
    materially changed circumstances in Lebanon.
    (J.A. 2.) The BIA’s decision, though brief, explains the evidence presented by Al Roumy, explains
    why the evidence is unpersuasive, and concludes that Al Roumy has not shown changed country
    conditions that would excuse his untimely filing. Thus, the decision demonstrates that the BIA “has
    heard and thought and not merely reacted.” 
    Scorteanu, 339 F.3d at 412
    .
    In his challenge to the reasoning of the BIA’s decision, Al Roumy focuses on the BIA’s
    statement that additional evidence was unhelpful because Al Roumy claimed no change in the
    “character” of persecution but only in the “scope and degree” of persecution. (J.A. 2.) Al Roumy
    argues that this language demonstrates that the BIA made a false and unwarranted distinction in
    determining what type of change in country conditions would warrant an untimely motion to reopen.
    Viewed in isolation this language could be troubling; however, viewed in light of the entirety of Al
    8
    No. 07-3328
    Roumy’s case, the BIA has provided a rational explanation for its decision. Certainly, as Al Roumy
    argues, there is no general requirement that a claim of changed country conditions must establish a
    change in the “character” of persecution as opposed to its “scope and degree.” See 
    Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 410
    (requiring a showing of materially changed conditions demonstrating an individualized
    fear of persecution). However, in the instant case, the BIA found that Al Roumy’s claim of
    persecution by Hezbollah was not credible. Therefore, additional evidence that Hezbollah had
    gained power in Lebanon, even though it expanded the “scope and degree” of Al Roumy’s
    allegations of persecution, was merely cumulative of the evidence presented at Al Roumy’s hearing
    and insufficient to require the reopening of proceedings before the BIA. See Zhao v. Gonzales, 
    440 F.3d 405
    , 407 (7th Cir. 2005) (“[C]umulative evidence that conditions asserted in the original
    application ‘persisted’ is not evidence of changed circumstances.” (citing Betouche v. Ashcroft, 
    357 F.3d 147
    , 152 (1st Cir. 2004)).
    The addition of Al Roumy’s mother’s letter claiming that Hezbollah members were asking
    about Al Roumy does not change the cumulative nature of the evidence presented. At his hearing
    before the immigration judge, Al Roumy had already testified that his mother was aware of such
    inquiries. Although the letter could be seen as making Al Roumy’s claim regarding these inquiries
    more believable, the BIA acted within its discretion in determining that this additional evidence does
    not demonstrate “a real threat of individual persecution.”1 
    Harchenko, 379 F.3d at 410
    . Because
    1
    Al Roumy also relies upon dicta in Abdallah v. Gonzales, 193 F. App’x 408 (6th Cir. 2006),
    to argue that changed country conditions excuse his untimely motion to reopen. In Abdallah this
    Court denied a Lebanese citizen’s petition for review of the BIA’s denial of asylum, and this Court
    noted that Abdallah could file a motion to reopen based on changed country conditions due to
    dramatic changes in Lebanon. Abdallah, 193 F. App’x at 412. Although this Court suggested that
    9
    No. 07-3328
    the BIA did not abuse its discretion by denying Al Roumy’s motion to reopen, this Court may not
    overturn the BIA’s determination that Al Roumy’s allegations of changed country conditions were
    insufficient to excuse his untimely filing.
    II.
    Al Roumy further challenges the BIA’s decision on due process grounds, claiming that he
    was entitled to an individualized hearing on changed country conditions in Lebanon. Pursuant to
    the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, aliens are entitled due process of the law in
    immigration proceedings. Reno v. Flores, 
    507 U.S. 292
    , 306 (1993). Even a discretionary decision
    is constrained to some extent by the requirements of due process such that “some level of
    individualized determination” is required. Vata v. Gonzales, 243 F. App’x 930, 949 (6th Cir. 2007)
    (quoting 
    Flores, 507 U.S. at 313
    ). But see Ramirez v. Gonzales, 247 F. App’x 782, 786 (6th Cir.
    2007) (holding that due process was not implicated in the denial of motion to reopen because an
    immigrant has no due process right in a discretionary decision). Claims of a violation of due process
    in immigration proceedings are reviewed de novo. Sako v. Gonzales, 
    434 F.3d 857
    , 863 (6th Cir.
    2006).
    For this proposition, Al Roumy cites cases that hold that immigrants are entitled to full and
    fair deportation hearings. See, e.g., Amadou v. INS, 
    226 F.3d 724
    , 727 (6th Cir. 2000) (holding that
    an asylum applicant was deprived of the due process guarantee of a full and fair hearing due to an
    changed country conditions in Lebanon could excuse an untimely filing of a motion to reopen, the
    BIA is not bound by this dicta. See Haddad v. Gonzales, 
    437 F.3d 515
    , 518 (6th Cir. 2006)
    (affirming the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen despite an earlier panel’s recommendation that
    Haddad’s changed circumstances would justify a motion to reopen).
    10
    No. 07-3328
    incompetent interpreter). Al Roumy mistakes his due process right to a full and fair deportation
    hearing with the process to which he is entitled at the motion to reopen stage. The BIA’s
    consideration of the evidence presented in light of the movant’s claim is sufficient to provide “some
    level of individualized determination” and satisfy due process at the motion to reopen stage. Vata,
    243 F. App’x at 949. Therefore, Al Roumy’s claim that his due process rights were violated by the
    BIA’s failure to conduct a hearing is meritless.
    III.
    The BIA refused to grant relief on Al Roumy’s claim that his accredited representative2
    rendered ineffective assistance at Al Roumy’s hearing before the immigration judge. Because Al
    Roumy only claimed that ineffective assistance of counsel prejudiced him at his initial withholding
    of removal hearing and not at the motion to reopen stage, the BIA held that the representative’s
    performance could not explain Al Roumy’s late filing and could not be used as a basis for equitable
    tolling of the filing date for Al Roumy’s motion to reopen. In addition, the BIA held that Al
    Roumy’s ineffective assistance argument did not warrant relief because Al Roumy had failed to
    comply with the requirements of In re Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA 1988) aff'd, 
    857 F.2d 10
    (1st
    Cir. 1988), for giving notice to his appointed representative.
    Al Roumy makes no arguments regarding the BIA’s finding that Al Roumy’s ineffective
    assistance claim does not excuse the untimeliness of his motion because the alleged ineffective
    2
    An accredited representative authorized to represent persons in immigration proceedings is
    a representative of a non-profit organization that has proven to the BIA that it “makes only nominal
    charges and assesses no excessive membership dues for persons given assistance; and . . . has at its
    disposal adequate knowledge, information and experience.” 8 C.F.R. § 292.2.
    11
    No. 07-3328
    assistance occurred during the immigration hearing and not during the filing of the motion to reopen.
    Instead, Al Roumy argues that the Lozada requirements do not apply to his case because he was
    represented by a non-attorney representative. In response, the government asserts that the application
    of the Lozada factors is not limited to claims of ineffective assistance of licensed attorneys.3
    Although this Court may simply affirm this aspect of the BIA’s decision based on the BIA’s
    uncontested holding that Al Roumy’s ineffective assistance claim, even if properly substantiated,
    does not excuse his untimely filing of a motion to reopen, we address Al Roumy’s argument
    regarding Lozada below.
    As noted above, the Fifth Amendment entitles non-citizens a due process right to a full and
    fair hearing in deportation proceedings. Denko v. INS, 
    351 F.3d 717
    , 723 (6th Cir. 2003). This
    Court has held that “[i]neffective assistance of counsel in a deportation proceeding will rise to the
    level of a due-process violation under the Fifth Amendment ‘only if the proceeding was so
    fundamentally unfair that the alien was prevented from reasonably presenting his case.’” 
    Id. (quoting 3
             The government also claims that there is no constitutional right to effective assistance of
    counsel in immigration proceedings since such proceedings are civil matters for which there is no
    right to appointed counsel. Although some courts have agreed with this argument, controlling
    precedent in this Circuit has recognized such a right. Compare Kalaj v. Gonzales, 137 F. App’x 851,
    855-56 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that although there is no Sixth Amendment right to effective
    assistance of counsel, ineffective assistance of counsel can violate a non-citizen’s due process
    rights), Denko v. INS, 
    351 F.3d 717
    , 723 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding that ineffective assistance of
    counsel can violate a non-citizen’s due process rights during immigration proceedings) and
    Huicochea-Gomez v. INS, 
    237 F.3d 696
    , 699 (6th Cir. 2001) (same) with Mai v. Gonzales, 
    473 F.3d 162
    , 165 (5th Cir. 2006) (questioning the constitutional basis for an ineffective assistance of counsel
    claim in immigration proceedings) and Stroe v. INS, 
    256 F.3d 498
    , 503-04 (7th Cir. 2001) (holding
    that there is no due process right to effective assistance of counsel in immigration proceedings).
    12
    No. 07-3328
    Ramirez-Durazo v. INS, 
    794 F.2d 491
    , 499-500 (9th Cir. 1986)). In order for a movant for reopening
    to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, he
    is required (1) to file an affidavit stating his agreement with former counsel with
    respect to the actions to be taken on appeal and what counsel did nor did not
    represent to the alien in this regard; (2) to show that former counsel was informed of
    the allegations and was given an opportunity to respond; and (3) to state whether a
    complaint has been filed with appropriate disciplinary authorities regarding the
    allegedly ineffective representation.
    Sswajje v. Ashcroft, 
    350 F.3d 528
    , 533 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639).
    Al Roumy claims that it is impossible for him to comply with Lozada because he was not
    represented by an attorney who would be “under the jurisdiction of the local state Bar Association
    for disciplinary actions.” (Pet’r Br. 21.) Al Roumy’s claim lacks merit for multiple reasons. First,
    Al Roumy has not shown that he has complied with the first two Lozada factors, which do not
    depend on the identity of his representative. Second, Lozada does not require that a complaint be
    filed against the representative; instead, “the motion should reflect whether a complaint has been
    filed with appropriate disciplinary authorities regarding such representation, and if not, why not.”
    Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639. Al Roumy could have explained in his motion that a complaint was
    not filed because his representative was not a lawyer. Third, the BIA has explicitly required
    compliance with at least the first two Lozada factors when ineffective assistance by an accredited
    representative has been alleged. In re Zmijewska, 24 I. & N. Dec. 87, 93 (BIA 2007). As a result,
    Al Roumy’s challenge to the BIA’s decision regarding his ineffective assistance of counsel claim
    fails.
    CONCLUSION
    For the reasons stated above, we DENY Al Roumy’s petition for review.
    13
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 07-3328

Citation Numbers: 290 F. App'x 856

Judges: Cole, Clay, Russell

Filed Date: 8/27/2008

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 10/19/2024

Authorities (19)

Julio Lozada v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 857 F.2d 10 ( 1988 )

Reno v. Flores , 113 S. Ct. 1439 ( 1993 )

Selma Alizoti v. Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General of the ... , 477 F.3d 448 ( 2007 )

Cornel Viorel Scorteanu v. Immigration and Naturalization ... , 339 F.3d 407 ( 2003 )

Hanan Haddad v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney General , 437 F.3d 515 ( 2006 )

Kishin Ramchand Balani v. Immigration and Naturalization ... , 669 F.2d 1157 ( 1982 )

Svitlana Denko v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 351 F.3d 717 ( 2003 )

Thuy-Xuan Mai v. Gonzales , 473 F.3d 162 ( 2006 )

Fidelis Osuchukwu v. Immigration & Naturalization Service , 744 F.2d 1136 ( 1984 )

Gerald Sswajje v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General , 350 F.3d 528 ( 2003 )

Emeterio Rodriguez-Rivera v. Immigration and Naturalization ... , 993 F.2d 169 ( 1993 )

Betouche v. Ashcroft , 357 F.3d 147 ( 2004 )

Yuri Harchenko, Oleksandr Harchenko, and Tetiana Harchenko ... , 379 F.3d 405 ( 2004 )

Barry v. Mukasey , 524 F.3d 721 ( 2008 )

Carlos Huicochea-Gomez and Margot Huicochea-Reza v. ... , 237 F.3d 696 ( 2001 )

Raid Shaba Sako v. Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General , 434 F.3d 857 ( 2006 )

Rafeal Ramirez-Durazo, Rosa Isela Lopez De Ramirez, Luz ... , 794 F.2d 491 ( 1986 )

Angela Stroe and Marin Stroe v. Immigration and ... , 256 F.3d 498 ( 2001 )

Mamadou Amadou v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 226 F.3d 724 ( 2000 )

View All Authorities »