Leslie Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Truste ( 2008 )


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  •                           RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
    File Name: 08a0444p.06
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
    _________________
    X
    -
    LESLIE WARTHMAN,
    -
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    -
    -
    No. 07-4528
    v.
    ,
    >
    -
    Defendant-Appellee. -
    GENOA TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES,
    -
    N
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
    No. 07-00860—Norah McCann King, Magistrate Judge.
    Argued: October 29, 2008
    Decided and Filed: December 15, 2008
    *
    Before: MARTIN and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; DOWD, District Judge.
    _________________
    COUNSEL
    ARGUED: James E. Melle, BUCKLEY KING, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. David
    A. Riepenhoff, DOWNES, HURST & FISHEL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
    ON BRIEF: James E. Melle, BUCKLEY KING, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.
    David A. Riepenhoff, Cheri B. Hass, DOWNES, HURST & FISHEL, Columbus, Ohio,
    for Appellee.
    *
    The Honorable David D. Dowd, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District
    of Ohio, sitting by designation.
    1
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 2
    _________________
    OPINION
    _________________
    RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Leslie Warthman filed a complaint in
    the Court of Common Pleas for Delaware County, Ohio, arguing that the Genoa
    Township Board of Trustees violated the Ohio Open Meetings Law when it terminated
    her employment without allowing her to respond to the allegations against her at a public
    hearing. The Township removed the case to the federal district court on the basis that
    a reference in the complaint to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
    to the United States Constitution created federal question jurisdiction. Holding that the
    complaint did not state a federal cause of action, the district court remanded Warthman’s
    lawsuit to the state court. The district court declined, however, to award Warthman the
    costs and attorney fees associated with the removal and subsequent remand. For the
    reasons set forth below, we VACATE the portion of the district court’s judgment that
    denied Warthman her request for costs and attorney fees and REMAND the case for
    reconsideration of that issue.
    I.   BACKGROUND
    Warthman worked as a Zoning Inspector for the Genoa Township Board of
    Trustees in Westerville, Ohio. The Genoa Township Zoning Commission (a separate
    entity) held a meeting on March 12, 2007 in which sharp differences of opinion were
    expressed regarding a thirty-acre parcel of property in the Township. Warthman sent an
    email to the Board of Trustees the following day. According to her complaint in this
    case, the email contained “harsh and unflattering” criticism of some Zoning Commission
    members.
    At a Board of Trustees meeting on March 14, 2007, a Zoning Commission
    member requested an executive session between the Zoning Commission and the Board
    of Trustees. The Board adopted a motion to hold such an executive session to consider
    taking action against Warthman, unless she requested a public hearing. Warthman
    No. 07-4528          Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                 Page 3
    responded to the Board’s action by requesting a public hearing, but no such hearing on
    the matter was held. The Board of Trustees instead met in four separate executive
    sessions and subsequently terminated Warthman’s employment on the ground that she
    had “admitted to having violated Township policies.”
    After Warthman was terminated, she filed a complaint in the Court of Common
    Pleas for Delaware County, Ohio. Her complaint alleged in Count One that the
    Township had violated the Ohio Open Meetings Law by adopting the resolution to fire
    her in a meeting not open to the public. In Count Two, the complaint asserted that
    “Defendant is estopped to deny Plaintiff’s right to a public name clearing hearing.” This
    estoppel claim arose from Warthman’s contention that members of the Board of Trustees
    and the Zoning Commission “agreed that Plaintiff was entitled to a public hearing but
    at a later date,” and that they had made that representation to her. Paragraph 25 of
    Warthman’s complaint contained the sole reference to federal law, stating that,
    “[p]ursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
    Constitution and Article I Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution, [she] was entitled to a
    name clearing hearing.”
    The Township removed the case to the United States District Court for the
    Southern District of Ohio. In its Notice of Removal, the Township cited paragraph 25
    of the complaint and Count Two, the estoppel claim, asserting that these portions of the
    complaint “state[d] a Federal Question pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§] 1331.” Warthman
    moved to remand the case back to state court and requested an award of “costs and any
    actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” See
    
    28 U.S.C. § 1447
    (c). The motion to remand explained that paragraph 25 of the
    complaint referenced the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment simply to
    satisfy the Ohio Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Ohio Open Meetings Law. See
    Matheny v. Frontier Local Bd. of Educ., 
    405 N.E.2d 1041
    , 1046 (Ohio 1980) (explaining
    that the law guarantees the right to a public hearing only if that right is “elsewhere
    provided by law”).
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 4
    Ruling on the motion to remand the case to state court, the district court
    “conclude[d] that the complaint, fairly read, invoke[d] only claims under state law.” The
    district court noted that the complaint made no reference to 
    42 U.S.C. § 1983
     or any
    other federal statute, that the first count expressly invoked only Ohio law, and that the
    second count asserted only a common law estoppel claim. As a result, the district court
    granted the motion to remand the case to the state court. Regarding Warthman’s request
    for an award of costs and attorney fees, however, the district court said: “Because
    removal of the action was based upon plaintiff’s reference in the Complaint to federal
    law, the Court concludes that an award of fees or costs to plaintiff would be unjust and
    is unwarranted.”
    The district court’s decision to grant the motion to remand the case to state court
    is not subject to review by this court. See 
    28 U.S.C. § 1447
    (d); Powerex Corp. v. Reliant
    Energy Servs., Inc., 
    127 S. Ct. 2411
    , 2415-16 (2007) (noting that remands based on a
    lack of subject matter jurisdiction are shielded from appellate review by § 1447(d)).
    This leaves only the denial of costs and attorney fees to Warthman as an issue on appeal.
    See Stallworth v. Greater Cleveland Reg’l Transit Auth., 
    105 F.3d 252
    , 255 (6th Cir.
    1997) (holding that this court has jurisdiction to review the award or denial of attorney
    fees under § 1447(c)).
    II.   ANALYSIS
    A. Standard of review
    District courts have considerable discretion to award or deny costs and attorney
    fees under 
    28 U.S.C. § 1447
    (c), and we will overrule whatever decision is reached only
    where such discretion has been abused. Bartholomew v. Town of Collierville, 
    409 F.3d 684
    , 686 (6th Cir. 2005). An abuse of discretion occurs where “[a] district court . . .
    relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses
    an erroneous legal standard.” Christian Schmidt Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing
    Co., 
    753 F.2d 1354
    , 1356 (6th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted).
    No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                      Page 5
    B. Costs and attorney-fee awards upon remand
    A civil case that is filed in state court may be removed by the defendant to
    federal district court if the plaintiff could have chosen to file there originally. 
    28 U.S.C. § 1441
    . If the district court later determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction,
    however, the case must be remanded. 
    28 U.S.C. § 1447
    (c). The remand statute provides
    that “[a]n order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual
    expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” 
    Id.
     This
    language places an award of costs and attorney fees (hereinafter sometimes collectively
    referred to simply as “fees” or “fee awards”) squarely within the discretion of the district
    court, but subject to the guidance set forth by the Supreme Court in Martin v. Franklin
    Capital Corp., 
    546 U.S. 132
    , 136-37 (2005).
    “Absent unusual circumstances,” the Supreme Court instructs that fee awards are
    appropriate “only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for
    seeking removal.” 
    Id. at 141
    . This court has similarly instructed that “an award of costs,
    including attorney fees, is inappropriate where the defendant’s attempt to remove the
    action was ‘fairly supportable,’ or where there has not been at least some finding of fault
    with the defendant’s decision to remove.” Bartholomew, 
    409 F.3d at 687
     (quoting
    Ahearn v. Charter Twp. of Bloomfield, No. 97-1187, 
    1998 WL 384558
     at *2 (6th Cir.
    June 18, 1998) (unpublished) (emphasis in original)).
    Warthman asserts in her brief that “[w]hen a district court denies attorney fees
    it abuses its discretion where the Defendant’s argument for removal was devoid of even
    fair support.” She takes this statement of the rule from Bartholomew, 
    409 F.3d at 687
    ,
    an opinion that quoted from the unpublished Ahearn decision. 
    1998 WL 384558
     at *2.
    This language suggests that the district court’s “discretion” under § 1447(c) is basically
    a binary determination: if the defendant’s argument for removal was objectively
    reasonable, the court may not award fees to the plaintiff; if it was not, the district court
    must award such fees. This court applied that rule in Ahearn. Following a finding that
    the removal to federal court in Ahearn lacked “fair support,” the court remanded the case
    No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 6
    with an instruction to “make an evidentiary determination as to the fees actually incurred
    in conjunction with the removal petition.” Id. at *4.
    Bartholomew quoted the rule as it was stated in Ahearn, but did not apply it in
    the same way because the defendant’s removal in Bartholomew was fairly supportable.
    Bartholomew, 
    409 F.3d at 687-88
    . In Bartholomew, we accordingly affirmed the district
    court’s denial of fees to the plaintiff. 
    Id. at 688
    . Just eight months after Bartholomew,
    however, the Supreme Court decided Martin, which is now the leading case on
    discretionary fee awards pursuant to § 1447(c).
    The Supreme Court in Martin noted that Congress designed the costs-and-fees
    provision in § 1447(c) to permit removal in appropriate cases, while simultaneously
    “reduc[ing] the attractiveness of removal as a method for delaying litigation and
    imposing costs on the plaintiff.” Martin, 
    546 U.S. at 140
    . In cases where removal was
    not objectively reasonable, Martin instructs the district courts to consider this underlying
    purpose when they exercise their discretion. 
    Id. at 141
    . In general, objectively
    unreasonable removals should result in fee awards to plaintiffs. 
    Id.
     District courts
    should consider, however, whether “unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the
    rule in a given case.” 
    Id.
     For example, a court might find that “a plaintiff’s delay in
    seeking remand or failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction”
    undermines the rationale that supports fee awards. 
    Id.
    In sum, Martin makes clear that a district court’s discretion to award or deny fees
    under § 1447(c) involves more than an on-off switch that is solely dependent on the
    objective reasonableness of the removal decision. See id. The rule that this court
    articulated in Ahearn and Bartholomew therefore no longer applies.
    C. Denial of Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees
    The district court denied Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees upon the
    remand of her case in a single sentence: “Because removal of the action was based upon
    plaintiff’s reference in the Complaint to federal law, the Court concludes that an award
    of fees or costs to plaintiff would be unjust and would be unwarranted.” As explained
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 7
    above, however, a district court deciding whether to award fees in this situation may not
    simply look to whether the complaint in the case referenced federal law. It must instead
    decide whether the removal was objectively reasonable. Id. The district court should
    deny fees “when an objectively reasonable basis exists.” Id. On the other hand, in cases
    where the removal was not objectively reasonable or, in the words of this court, where
    the removal attempt was not “fairly supportable,” the district court may exercise its
    discretion to award fees or not, keeping in mind the underlying purposes of § 1447(c)
    awards and the general presumption that fees should be awarded under such
    circumstances. Id.; Bartholomew, 
    409 F.3d at 687
    .
    In the present case, the district court did not apply the correct legal standard. We
    therefore conclude that the court abused its discretion when it denied costs and attorney
    fees to Warthman. See United States v. 2903 Bent Oak Highway, 
    204 F.3d 658
    , 665 (6th
    Cir. 2000) (“[T]his court ordinarily extends a high degree of deference to the district
    court’s decision, but does so only if the district court properly understood the pertinent
    law . . . .”). But this does not mean that Warthman necessarily should receive a fee
    award. See Martin, 546 U.S at 141. She must first establish that the Township’s
    removal attempt was not objectively reasonable.
    A defendant who seeks to remove a case pursuant to 
    28 U.S.C. § 1441
    (b) bears
    the burden of demonstrating that the case as pled falls within the federal question
    jurisdiction of the district court. Eastman v. Marine Mech. Corp., 
    438 F.3d 544
    , 549
    (6th Cir. 2006). “[T]he scope of removal jurisdiction based on the existence of a federal
    question” is “identical to the scope of federal question jurisdiction under [28 U.S.C.]
    § 1331.” Long v. Bando Mfg. of Am., 
    201 F.3d 754
    , 758 (6th Cir. 2000). Federal
    question jurisdiction can be established by showing “either that federal law creates the
    cause of action or that the plaintiff[’]s right to relief necessarily depends on resolution
    of a substantial question of federal law.” Thornton v. Sw. Detroit Hosp., 
    895 F.2d 1131
    ,
    1133 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting Franchise Tax Bd. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust,
    
    463 U.S. 1
    , 27-28 (1983)). Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees on remand
    must therefore be denied if, under an “objectively reasonable” reading of her complaint,
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 8
    her right to relief either arose directly under federal law or depended upon the resolution
    of a substantial federal question. See id.; Martin, 
    546 U.S. at 141
    .
    As an initial matter, the Township could not have based removal jurisdiction on
    Count One of Warthman’s complaint. That count rested exclusively upon the Ohio Open
    Meetings Law, and the district court correctly noted that Count One “expressly
    invoke[d] only Ohio Law.” See 
    Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 121.22
    . The Township made
    no attempt in its Removal Notice to find a federal claim buried within the first count of
    the complaint, and it makes no such attempt on appeal.
    We nevertheless note that Count One incorporated paragraph 25, with its
    reference to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. But as the district
    court recognized, this reference was made in order to satisfy the judicially created
    limitation on the Ohio Open Meetings Law, which holds that the law provides a right to
    a public hearing only if the hearing is “elsewhere provided by law.” See Matheny v.
    Frontier Local Bd. of Educ., 
    405 N.E.2d 1041
    , 1046 (Ohio 1980). And because
    paragraph 25 cited the parallel clause of the Ohio Constitution as an alternate source of
    the right to a hearing, the question of whether the Due Process Clause in fact provides
    such a right cannot support federal subject matter jurisdiction over Count One. See
    Long, 
    201 F.3d at 759-60
     (holding that where a complaint states an alternate basis in
    state law upon which the underlying state-law claim can be resolved, there is no
    substantial federal question to support federal subject matter jurisdiction).
    The Township instead purported to find a federal question in Count Two of
    Warthman’s complaint. That Count, like the first, incorporated paragraph 25’s reference
    to the U.S. Constitution. The complaint then stated that “[d]efendant is estopped to deny
    Plaintiff’s right to a public name clearing hearing.” In her prayer for relief pursuant to
    Count Two, Warthman asked that the court “find, declare and determine that Defendant
    is estopped from denying that Plaintiff had a right to a name clearing hearing which is
    the predicate for her hearing under R.C. 121.22(G)(1)[,]” a provision of the Ohio Open
    Meetings Law. The Township’s Notice of Removal asserted that paragraph 25 and
    Count Two together stated a federal cause of action.
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 9
    On appeal, the Board expands on this theory. It argues that “Plaintiff’s
    Complaint appeared to attempt a . . . due process claim pursuant to the Fourteenth
    Amendment to the United States Constitution.” The Fourteenth Amendment has in fact
    been held to provide a procedural due process right to a name-clearing hearing in cases
    that resemble Warthman’s. See, e.g., Quinn v. Shirey, 
    293 F.3d 315
    , 320 (6th Cir. 2002)
    (“[W]hen a nontenured employee shows that he has been stigmatized by the voluntary,
    public dissemination of false information in the course of a decision to terminate his
    employment, the employer is required to afford him an opportunity to clear his name.”
    (internal quotation marks omitted)).
    A plaintiff employed by a public entity must plead a laundry list of elements in
    order to effectively state a claim that stigmatizing statements “deprived [him or her] of
    a liberty interest and entitled [him or her] to a name-clearing hearing.” 
    Id.
     The
    statements must have been made publicly and voluntarily by a public employer “in
    conjunction with the plaintiff’s termination from employment.” 
    Id.
     In addition, “the
    plaintiff must claim that the charges made against him were false.” 
    Id.
     The charges
    must go beyond allegations of “merely improper or inadequate performance,
    incompetence, neglect of duty[,] or malfeasance.” 
    Id.
     Finally, the plaintiff must request
    a name-clearing hearing from the employer before filing his or her complaint. 
    Id. at 322
    .
    The Township lists these elements, and correctly notes that the facts pled by
    Warthman in this case might have supported a Due Process claim. But Warthman points
    out in response that, had she sought relief pursuant to the Due Process Clause, she would
    have been required to do so through the vehicle of a 
    42 U.S.C. § 1983
     claim. See
    Thomas v. Shipka, 
    818 F.2d 496
    , 500 (6th Cir. 1987) (vacated on other grounds, 
    488 U.S. 1036
     (1989)) (“[I]t is unnecessary and needlessly redundant to imply a cause of
    action arising directly under the Constitution where Congress has already provided a
    statutory remedy of equal effectiveness through which the plaintiff could have vindicated
    her constitutional rights.”). Section 1983 was not mentioned anywhere in Warthman’s
    complaint.
    No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 10
    Some complaints, however, particularly those filed by pro se plaintiffs, have
    asserted claims for relief under the U.S. Constitution directly. District courts have on
    occasion interpreted such claims as § 1983 actions. See, e.g., Jordan v. Moore, No. 99-
    3489, 
    2000 WL 145368
    , at *1 (6th Cir. Feb. 2, 2000) (unpublished) (construing a
    complaint that referenced the Fourth Amendment as a § 1983 claim because “this circuit
    does not recognize direct constitutional claims against local officials and municipalities”
    (citing Thomas, 
    818 F.2d at 499
    )). But the omission of a reference to § 1983 in a
    carefully drafted complaint filed by a plaintiff represented by counsel should have
    provided the Township with notice that Warthman’s reference to the Due Process Clause
    was not intended to raise a federal cause of action.
    Warthman took great care to assert only state-law claims in her complaint, a
    choice that she was fully entitled to make even if it meant foregoing an available federal
    cause of action. See Alexander v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 
    13 F.3d 940
    , 943 (6th Cir.
    1994) (“The well-pleaded complaint rule generally provides that the plaintiff is the
    master of his complaint, and the fact that the wrong asserted could be addressed under
    either state or federal law does not ordinarily diminish the plaintiff’s right to choose a
    state law cause of action.”). She explicitly alleged a violation of only the Ohio Open
    Meetings Law in Count One, and clarified any ambiguity about her common law
    estoppel claim in Count Two by asking the court to declare that she “had a right to a
    name clearing hearing which is the predicate for her hearing under R.C. 121.22(G)(1).”
    Warthman’s complaint was not sloppily drafted. It neatly laid out two state-law
    causes of action and did not invite the Township—as a less careful complaint might have
    done—to latch onto the constitutional reference and imply a federal claim where none
    was stated. Warthman’s freedom to choose state law in this manner would be
    significantly undermined by a rule that granted defendants the freedom to safely second
    guess a plaintiff’s decision and remove to federal court on the basis of claims that could
    have been pled, but were not. See Alexander, 
    13 F.3d at 943
    .
    Other plaintiffs in Warthman’s situation—those who choose to forego federal
    claims and secure a state forum—sometimes expressly disclaim any arguable federal
    No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                    Page 11
    cause of action in the text of their complaints. See, e.g., Brown v. Vickers Employees
    Credit Union, 
    162 F. Supp. 2d 528
    , 530 (S.D. Miss. 2001) (“[T]he plaintiff only set forth
    state law causes of action in the Complaint and specifically disclaimed all federal causes
    of action that might be available to him.”). Including such statements in complaints is
    an excellent practice that we strongly encourage because it avoids the procedural delay
    and expense of removal and remand as evidenced by the present case. But because the
    removing defendant bears the burden to show federal jurisdiction, plaintiffs whose state-
    law claims do nothing more than make reference to a federal constitutional provision or
    statute should not be required to expressly forego federal claims in their complaints in
    order to avoid removal. See Eastman v. Marine Mech. Corp., 
    438 F.3d 544
    , 549 (6th
    Cir. 2006) (noting that, in the removal context, defendants bear the burden of
    demonstrating that federal subject matter jurisdiction exists on the face of the
    complaint). A contrary result would effectively shift the burden of establishing federal
    question jurisdiction in removal cases away from defendants by requiring plaintiffs to
    affirmatively establish the lack of such jurisdiction. Any complaint that included even
    a passing mention of federal law would, so long as the facts could possibly have
    supported an undeclared federal claim, be subject to the expensive and delaying
    removals that § 1447(c) was designed to discourage. See Martin, 
    546 U.S. at 140
    .
    Defendants in similar cases need not worry about losing opportunities to remove
    where the plaintiff invokes only state law but later changes her mind. The defendant’s
    right to remove is preserved if the plaintiff later reveals that she wishes to make a federal
    claim after all. See 
    28 U.S.C. § 1446
    (b) (“If the case stated by the initial pleading is not
    removable, a notice of removal may be filed within thirty days after receipt by the
    defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion,
    order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is
    or has become removable . . . .”).
    A reference to the U.S. Constitution in a complaint should be read in the context
    of the entire complaint to fairly ascertain whether the reference states a federal cause of
    action or, as in Warthman’s case, simply supports an element of a state claim. See, e.g.,
    No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 12
    Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson, 
    478 U.S. 804
    , 813 (1986) (“[T]he mere
    presence of a federal issue in a state cause of action does not automatically confer federal
    question jurisdiction.”); Diaz v. Sheppard, 
    85 F.3d 1502
    , 1504-05 (11th Cir. 1996)
    (holding that the district court did not have subject matter jurisdiction where the
    plaintiff’s claims for legal malpractice, negligence, and breach of contract included
    passing mentions of federal constitutional law in his complaint, solely for the purpose
    of supporting those claims). And if the defendant has a legitimate doubt as to whether
    a complaint raises a federal cause of action, there is no law that prohibits the defendant
    from simply contacting the plaintiff and requesting a written confirmation that only
    state-law claims are being asserted. There is no evidence in the record that the Township
    took such action in the present case.
    The Township instead rested removal on an isolated mention of the Fourteenth
    Amendment in a carefully drafted complaint that pled only state-law claims. Its basis
    for removal was not “objectively reasonable” under these circumstances. We therefore
    remand the case to the district court so that it may consider whether, in light of the
    Martin standard discussed above, an award of costs and attorney fees to Warthman is
    appropriate and, if so, the amount of the award. See Martin, 546 U.S at 141.
    III. CONCLUSION
    For all of the reasons set forth above, we VACATE the portion of the district
    court’s judgment that denied Warthman her request for costs and attorney fees and
    REMAND the case for reconsideration of that issue.