United States v. Moran ( 2003 )

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH   8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ 1R (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 s8/,$ 60,7+ *,%%216 &LUFXLW sXGJH  'HIHQGDQW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB DSSHOODQW7LPRWK\0RUDQSOHGJXLOW\WRDIHGHUDOGUXJFKDUJH $IWHUVHQWHQFLQJWKHJRYHUQPHQWILOHGDPRWLRQSXUVXDQWWR )HGHUDO5XOHRI&ULPLQDO3URFHGXUHEWRUHGXFH0RUDQjV 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$ ; VHQWHQFH E\ WKLUW\HLJKW PRQWKV EHFDXVH KH KDG RIIHUHG 3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH  VXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFHWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW  JUDQWHG WKH JRYHUQPHQWjV PRWLRQ EXW UHGXFHG 0RUDQjV  1R VHQWHQFHE\RQO\HLJKWHHQPRQWKV0RUDQDSSHDOVFODLPLQJ Y  WKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDEXVHGLWVGLVFUHWLRQE\QRWJUDQWLQJWKH ! IXOOUHGXFWLRQVRXJKWE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW%HFDXVH86&  7,027+ X@SRQ PRWLRQ RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW VWDWLQJ WKDW WKH GHIHQGDQW KDV SURYLGHG VXEVWDQWLDO DVVLVWDQFH LQ WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RU SURVHFXWLRQ RI DQRWKHU SHUVRQ ZKR KDV FRPPLWWHG DQ RIIHQVH WKH FRXUW PD\ GHSDUW IURP WKH JXLGHOLQHVl  1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ   8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ 1R WKHRIIHQGHUKDVVXEVWDQWLDOO\DVVLVWHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWDIWHU RIKLVVHQWHQFHSXUVXDQWWR5XOHE:H KROG WKDWWKH VHQWHQFLQJ GLVWULFW FRXUWjV UHGXFWLRQ RI 0RUDQjV VHQWHQFH XQGHU 5XOH ELVDmVHQWHQFHlVXFKWKDW86&†DDSSOLHV 2QsXO\WKHJRYHUQPHQWILOHGDPRWLRQWRUHGXFH %HFDXVH 0RUDQjV DSSHDO GRHV QRW IDOO ZLWKLQ WKH QDUURZ 0RUDQjVVHQWHQFHSXUVXDQWWR5XOHE7KHJRYHUQPHQW DSSHOODWHMXULVGLFWLRQSURYLGHGIRULQ86&†DZH ILOHGDVXSSOHPHQWDOPRWLRQRQ0D\DOVRDVNLQJWKH GLVPLVVWKHDSSHDOIRUODFNRIMXULVGLFWLRQ GLVWULFW FRXUW WR UHGXFH 0RUDQjV VHQWHQFH EDVHG RQ KLV VXEVWDQWLDO DVVLVWDQFH WR WKH JRYHUQPHQW  ,Q LW WKH $FFRUGLQJWR86&†DDGHIHQGDQWPD\DSSHDO JRYHUQPHQWVRXJKWDIRXUOHYHOGHSDUWXUHDQGDVHQWHQFHDW DQmRWKHUZLVHILQDOVHQWHQFHlLIWKHVHQWHQFHZDVLPSRVHG WKHORZHQGRIWKHUHVXOWLQJ*XLGHOLQHUDQJH,IWKHGLVWULFW LQYLRODWLRQRIODZZDVLPSRVHGDVDUHVXOWRIDQLQFRUUHFW FRXUW KDG IROORZHG ERWK RI WKH JRYHUQPHQWjV DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVHQWHQFLQJJXLGHOLQHVLVJUHDWHUWKDQWKH UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV0RUDQZRXOGKDYHUHFHLYHGDVHQWHQFHRI VHQWHQFH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH DSSOLFDEOH JXLGHOLQH UDQJH RU VHYHQW\PRQWKVLPSULVRQPHQW0RUDQILOHGDOHQJWK\EULHILQ ZDVLPSRVHGIRUDQRIIHQVHIRUZKLFKWKHUHLVQRJXLGHOLQH VXSSRUWRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWjVPRWLRQEXWDOVRDUJXLQJWKDWD DQGLVSODLQO\XQUHDVRQDEOH8QGHUWKLVVWDWXWHGHIHQGDQWV JUHDWHUUHGXFWLRQVKRXOGEHJUDQWHGIRUDYDULHW\RIUHDVRQV FDQQRWDSSHDOGLVWULFWFRXUWVjUHGXFWLRQVRIWKHLUVHQWHQFHV LQFOXGLQJZKDWKHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVGLVSURSRUWLRQDOLW\EHWZHHQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 0F'RZHOO  )G   WK &LU KLVVHQWHQFHDQGWKHVHQWHQFHVUHFHLYHGE\KLVFRGHIHQGDQWV  8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 0F0LOOHQ  )G   Q 0RUDQ DOVR UHTXHVWHG D KHDULQJ  2Q sXQH   WKH WK&LU8QLWHG6WDWHVY'RH)GG&LU GLVWULFWFRXUWJUDQWHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWjVPRWLRQDQGHQWHUHGDQ 0RUDQFRQWHQGVKRZHYHUWKDW†KDVQREHDULQJ DPHQGHGMXGJPHQWWKDWUHGXFHG0RUDQjVVHQWHQFHIURP RQWKLVFDVHDQGWKDWWKLVFRXUWjVMXULVGLFWLRQLVEDVHGRQD PRQWKVWRQLQHW\PRQWKVLPSULVRQPHQWDVHQWHQFHEHORZWKH EURDGHUMXULVGLFWLRQDOVWDWXWH86&†ZKLFKSHUPLWV *XLGHOLQHUDQJH2QsXO\0RUDQILOHGDPRWLRQIRU UHYLHZRImDOOILQDOGHFLVLRQVlRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWV UHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHH[WHQWRIWKHUHGXFWLRQLQZKLFKWKH JRYHUQPHQWFRQFXUUHG7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHGWKHPRWLRQ 7KHUHLVQRSUHYLRXVSXEOLVKHG6L[WK&LUFXLWRSLQLRQWKDW IRUUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRQ$XJXVWVWDWLQJWKDW0RUDQ DGGUHVVHVWKHMXULVGLFWLRQDOTXHVWLRQSUHVHQWHGKHUH ,QDQ KDGmIDLOHGWRFRQYLQFHWKH&RXUWWKDWLWVSULRUUXOLQJZDV XQSXEOLVKHG RSLQLRQ WKLV FRXUW DVVXPHG WKDW  86& HUURQHRXVl0RUDQILOHGDWLPHO\QRWLFHRIDSSHDO †  DSSOLHG WR GHIHQGDQWVj DSSHDOV IURP VHQWHQFH UHGXFWLRQV KROGLQJ WKDW m>W@R WKH H[WHQW WKDW    >WKH 7KHLVVXHRQDSSHDORQHRIILUVWLPSUHVVLRQLQWKH6L[WK GHIHQGDQW@GLVDJUHHVZLWKWKHH[WHQWRIWKHVHQWHQFHUHGXFWLRQ &LUFXLWLVZKHWKHU86&†DZKLFKGHILQHVWKH WKLVFRXUWODFNVMXULVGLFWLRQWRFRQVLGHUKLVDUJXPHQWl8QLWHG FLUFXPVWDQFHV XQGHU ZKLFK D GHIHQGDQW PD\ DSSHDO DQ 6WDWHVY%ODFNEXUQ1R:/DW  mRWKHUZLVHILQDOVHQWHQFHlSUHFOXGHVWKLVFRXUWjVMXULVGLFWLRQ WK&LU1RY7KHPDMRULW\RIFLUFXLWVWKDWKDYH WRUHYLHZDGHIHQGDQWjVDSSHDORIDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVUHGXFWLRQ DGGUHVVHGWKHLVVXHDJUHHWKDWMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUDQDSSHDORID GLVWULFW FRXUWjV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI D 5XOH E PRWLRQ LV  5XOH E SURYLGHV WKDW XSRQ WKH JRYHUQPHQWjV PRWLRQ PDGH  ZLWKLQ RQH \HDU RI VHQWHQFLQJ WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW PD\ UHGXFH D VHQWHQFH LI ,Q DQRWKHU XQSXEOLVKHG RSLQLRQ WKLV FRXUW QRWHG WKDW PRVW FLUFXLWV WKH GHIHQGDQW DIWHU VHQWHQFLQJ SURYLGHG VXEVWDQWLDO DVVLVWDQFH LQ DJUHH WKDW  86& † D JRYHUQV WKH DSSHDODELOLW\ RI 5XOH E LQYHVWLJDWLQJ RU SURVHFXWLQJ DQRWKHU SHUVRQ DQG LI UHGXFLQJ WKH VHQWHQFH GHFLVLRQV EXW GHFOLQHG WR UXOH RQ WKH LVVXH LWVHOI 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y DFFRUGV ZLWK WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ &RPPLVVLRQjV JXLGHOLQHV DQG SROLF\ 0XOOLQV 1RV    :/  DW  WK &LU )HE VWDWHPHQWV   1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ   8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ 1R JRYHUQHGE\86&†0F'RZHOO)GDW &RQYLFWLRQl UHSODFLQJ 0RUDQjV RULJLQDO VHQWHQFH ZLWK D 0F0LOOHQ)GDWQ'RH)GDW8QLWHG VKRUWHU VHQWHQFH LW HIIHFWLYHO\ LPSRVHG D QHZ VHQWHQFH RQ 6WDWHV Y $ULVKL  )G   WK &LU  8QLWHG KLP$GLVWULFWFRXUW VUXOLQJRQD5XOHEPRWLRQWKXV 6WDWHVY&KDYDUULD+HUUDUD)GWK mIDOO>V@ZLWKLQWKHFRPPRQVHQVHPHDQLQJRIDQµRWKHUZLVH &LU ILQDOVHQWHQFHjl8QLWHG6WDWHVY0DQHOOD)G  WK &LU   $FFRUGLQJO\ 0RUDQ LV DSSHDOLQJ KLV 2QO\WKH)LUVW&LUFXLWKDVKHOGRWKHUZLVHGHWHUPLQLQJWKDW VHQWHQFHDQGWKLVDSSHDOLVSURSHUO\JRYHUQHGE\86& DQ RUGHU UHVROYLQJ D 5XOH E PRWLRQ LV mQRW SURSHUO\ † VSHDNLQJDVHQWHQFHl8QLWHG6WDWHVY0F$QGUHZV)G VW&LU,Q0F$QGUHZVWKH)LUVW &LUFXLW ,Q FRQVLGHULQJ ZKHWKHU 0RUDQjV DSSHDO LV JRYHUQHG E\ GHWHUPLQHGWKDW86&†JRYHUQHGDQDSSHDORID †DZHDOVRQRWHWKHVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQ5XOHEDQG GLVWULFWFRXUWjVUXOLQJRQD5XOHPRWLRQDQGWKDW86& 866*†.5XOHEDOORZVWKHJRYHUQPHQWWRPRYH † D ZDV QRW DSSOLFDEOH  ,W VWDWHG WKDW WKLV DQDO\VLV IRUDUHGXFWLRQLQVHQWHQFHEDVHGRQVXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFHWR mDFFRUGVZLWKWKHJHQHUDOSULQFLSOHWKDWUXOLQJVGLVSRVLQJ WKH JRYHUQPHQW DIWHU VHQWHQFLQJ DQG 866* † . RI PRWLRQV ZKLFK VHHN WR DOWHU SUHH[LVWLQJ MXGJPHQWV DUH SURYLGHVIRUDVLPLODUPRWLRQEDVHGRQVXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFH DSSHDODEOHl  ,G  0RUDQ XUJHV WKLV FRXUW WR DGRSW WKH EHIRUH VHQWHQFLQJ  ,W LV VHWWOHG LQ WKH 6L[WK &LUFXLW WKDW UHDVRQLQJIRXQGLQ0F$QGUHZV DSSHDOVRI†.RUGHUVDUHJRYHUQHGE\†8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 'HOOLQJHU  )G   WK &LU  :H FRQFOXGH KRZHYHU WKDW WKH UHDVRQLQJ IRXQG LQ *LYHQ WKH VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ † . DQG 5XOH E LW 0F$QGUHZVFRQIOLFWVZLWKWKHUXOHRIVWDWXWRU\FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRXOGEHDQRPDORXVWRWUHDWDSSHDOVRIMXGJPHQWVUHVROYLQJ WKDWWKHZRUGVLQDVWDWXWHDUHDVVXPHGWREHDUWKHLUmRUGLQDU\ WKH WZR PRWLRQV GLIIHUHQWO\  ,Q 8QLWHG 6WDWHV Y 'RH WKH FRQWHPSRUDU\FRPPRQPHDQLQJl8QLWHG6WDWHVY:DGH 6HFRQG&LUFXLWVWDWHG )GWK&LUFHUWGHQLHG86 $VWKH6HYHQWK&LUFXLWH[SODLQHGLQ0F'RZHOO 7KLVFLUFXLWKDVIRXQGWKDWWKHRQO\SUDFWLFDOGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ5XOHEDQG866*.LVDPDWWHURI >6HFWLRQ@E\LWVSODLQODQJXDJHDSSOLHVWRDSSHDOV WLPLQJ†.LVEDVHGRQVXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFHEHIRUH LQZKLFKDSDUW\FKDOOHQJHVWKHH[WHQWRIDVHQWHQFH VHQWHQFLQJ ZKLOH 5XOH E LV EDVHG RQ VXEVWDQWLDO UHGXFWLRQJUDQWHGSXUVXDQWWR5XOHE,QRXUYLHZ DVVLVWDQFHDIWHUVHQWHQFLQJ,WLVVHWWOHGLQWKLVFLUFXLW WKH )LUVW &LUFXLWjV FRQWUDU\ FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW mDQ RUGHU WKDWDSSHDOVRI†.RUGHUVDUHJRYHUQHGE\† UHVROYLQJD5XOHEPRWLRQLVQRWSURSHUO\VSHDNLQJ    :H KDYH EHHQ JLYHQ QR UHDVRQ ZK\ 5XOH E D VHQWHQFHl 0F$QGUHZV  )G DW  LV VLPSO\ PRWLRQVVKRXOGEHJRYHUQHGE\DGLIIHUHQWVWDQGDUG2Q XQVXSSRUWDEOH  7R WDNH WKLV FDVH DV DQ H[DPSOH WKHFRQWUDU\DOORZLQJDEPRWLRQWREHJRYHUQHGE\ 0F'RZHOOjVRULJLQDOVHQWHQFHZDVPRQWKV$IWHU WKHPRUHOHQLHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVRI†ZRXOGKDYHWKH WKH GLVWULFW FRXUWjV RUGHU JUDQWLQJ D GHSDUWXUH KLV GHOHWHULRXVHIIHFWRIHQFRXUDJLQJGHIHQGDQWVWRSRVWSRQH VHQWHQFHZDVPRQWKV%\DQ\GHILQLWLRQWKHFRXUWjV WKHLU DVVLVWDQFH WR WKH *RYHUQPHQW WR PDQLSXODWH WKH RUGHULPSRVHGDQHZVHQWHQFHDQG0F'RZHOOjVDSSHDO WLPLQJRIWKHPRWLRQLQRUGHUWRUHFHLYHDPRUHIDYRUDEOH RI WKDW RUGHU LV DQ DSSHDO IURP DQ mRWKHUZLVH ILQDO VWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ VHQWHQFHlZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIVHFWLRQ )GDWLQWHUQDOTXRWDWLRQVDQGFLWDWLRQVRPLWWHGVHH )GDW7KHVDPHDQDO\VLVDSSOLHVLQWKLVFDVH DOVR&RQJUHVVLRQDO+LVWRU\65HS1RWK&RQJG :KHQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLVVXHGWKHm$PHQGHGsXGJPHQWRI 1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ   8QLWHG6WDWHVY0RUDQ 1R 6HVVUHSULQWHGLQ86&&$1 JRYHUQPHQWjVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ5DWKHUWKHFRXUWFRQVLGHUHG 5XOHDPHQGHGmLQRUGHUWRDFFRUGZLWKWKHSURYLVLRQVRI 0RUDQjVVXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFHDQGJUDQWHGKLPDQHLJKWHHQ SURSRVHG VHFWLRQ  RI 7LWOH  FRQFHUQLQJ DSSHOODWH PRQWKUHGXFWLRQEHFDXVHRILW7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVUXOLQJVLQ UHYLHZRIVHQWHQFHl RWKHU FDVHV DUH QRW SDUW RI WKH UHFRUG DQG DUH QRW SURSHUO\ FRQVLGHUHGKHUH6HFRQGGLVWULFWFRXUWVDUHQRWUHTXLUHGWR 7KH UHVROXWLRQ RI WKH MXULVGLFWLRQDO TXHVWLRQ SUHFOXGHV KROGKHDULQJVRQ5XOHEPRWLRQV0F$QGUHZV)G IXUWKHULQTXLU\%HFDXVH†DDSSOLHV0RUDQPD\QRW DWKROGLQJWKDWDGLVWULFWFRXUWjVUHIXVDOWRKROGDKHDULQJ DSSHDOWKHH[WHQWRIWKHGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHJUDQWHGE\WKH RQWKHJRYHUQPHQWjV5XOHEPRWLRQZDVQRWHUURUHYHQ GLVWULFWFRXUWLQKLVIDYRU8QLWHG6WDWHVY*UHJRU\)G XQGHUWKHEURDGHUDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQVWDQGDUG7KLUGLWZDV WK&LUKROGLQJWKDWWKHH[WHQWRID QRW LPSURSHU IRU WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW WR LQIRUP 0RUDQ RI LWV GLVWULFWFRXUWjVGRZQZDUGGHSDUWXUHIRUVXEVWDQWLDODVVLVWDQFH DXWKRULW\WRUHZDUGKLPODWHUIRUKLVFRQWLQXHGFRRSHUDWLRQ LVQRWUHYLHZDEOHDWWKHGHIHQGDQWjVUHTXHVW $OWKRXJKWKLVFRXUWKHOGLQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY%XUHDX)G WK&LUWKDWLWZRXOGEHLPSURSHUIRUWKH 0RUDQFRQFHGHVWKDWmKH>FDQ@QRWDUJXHDERXWWKHH[WHQW GLVWULFWFRXUWWRUHIUDLQIURPH[HUFLVLQJLWVGLVFUHWLRQLQUXOLQJ RIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVUHGXFWLRQRIKLVVHQWHQFHLI86& RQ D † . PRWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR LQGXFH WKH GHIHQGDQWjV >†@  DSSOLH>V@ EHFDXVH FRQWUROOLQJ &LUFXLW DXWKRULW\ LV FRQWLQXHGFRRSHUDWLRQLQWKLVFDVHWKHJRYHUQPHQWQHYHUILOHG FOHDUWKDWWKLV&RXUWKDVQRMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUVXFKDQDSSHDOl D†.PRWLRQDQGWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWZLWKKROGLWV +H DUJXHV KRZHYHU WKDW WKH VWDWXWH mSHUPLWV D FRPSODLQW GLVFUHWLRQDWDQ\WLPHLQRUGHUWRLQGXFH0RUDQWRFRRSHUDWH DERXWDQDEXVHRIGLVFUHWLRQl$VQRWHG†D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jVFR FRQVSLUDWRUV8QLWHG6WDWHVY$OEHUV)GWK ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR EULQJ WKLV FDVH ZLWKLQ WKH FRXUWjV &LU MXULVGLFWLRQ 0RUDQ SRLQWV WR YDULRXV RWKHU IDFWRUV KH FRQVLGHUVDEXVHVRIGLVFUHWLRQQRQHRIZKLFKDPRXQWVWRKLV %HFDXVH  86& † D JRYHUQV WKLV DSSHDO DQG VHQWHQFHEHLQJmLPSRVHGLQYLRODWLRQRIODZl6SHFLILFDOO\ 0RUDQKDVQRWUDLVHGDQ\FRORUDEOHDUJXPHQWWKDWKLVVHQWHQFH 0RUDQFRQWHQGVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWDEXVHGLWVGLVFUHWLRQLQ ZDV LPSRVHG LQ YLRODWLRQ RI ODZ WKHUH LV QR MXULVGLFWLRQDO WKUHH ZD\V  WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW mURXWLQHO\ LJQRUHGl WKH EDVLVIRUWKLVFRXUWWRUHYLHZWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVJUDQWRID JRYHUQPHQWjV UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV LQ WKLV DQG RWKHU FDVHV VHQWHQFHUHGXFWLRQLQKLVFDVH7KHUHIRUH0RUDQjVDSSHDOLV WKHGLVWULFWFRXUWIDLOHGWRKROGDKHDULQJRQWKH5XOHE GLVPLVVHG PRWLRQDQGWKHGLVWULFWMXGJHVWDWHGDWVHQWHQFLQJWKDWLI 0RUDQFRQWLQXHGWRFRRSHUDWHWKHMXGJHKDGWKHDXWKRULW\WR UHZDUGWKDWFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKDVHQWHQFHUHGXFWLRQ1RQHRI WKHVH DOOHJHG DEXVHV FRQVWLWXWHV D mYLRODWLRQ RI ODZl KRZHYHU)LUVWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWFOHDUO\GLGQRWmLJQRUHlWKH