United States v. Mason ( 2005 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 05a0218n.06
Filed: March 28, 2005
No. 03-3659
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee; )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
ANTHONY MASON, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
)
Before: NORRIS and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; TODD, District Judge.*
James D. TODD, District Judge. Defendant Anthony Mason appeals his conviction for
armed bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), and for brandishing a firearm
during a violent crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). Mason argues that the district
court erred in refusing to give his proffered jury instruction relating to accomplice testimony. For
the following reasons, we AFFIRM Mason’s conviction.
I.
A. The Robbery
On the evening of April 9, 2001, Defendant Anthony D. Mason went to the home of his good
friend, Marlon Edwards, to visit. Another friend, Michael McGraw, was also present. At some
*
The Honorable James D. Todd, Chief United States District Judge for the Western
District of Tennessee, sitting by designation.
point during the evening, Mason, Edwards, and McGraw discussed their dismal financial situations
and ways that they could get money. The conversation soon turned into a plan to get money by
robbing a bank.
The following morning, on April 10, 2001, McGraw and Edwards spoke on the phone and
agreed to rob a bank. McGraw and Edwards obtained a pistol that they had previously borrowed
from a friend and picked up Mason in Edwards’ girlfriend’s automobile. Mason then drove to the
Third Savings Bank in Tipp City, Ohio, and parked the car behind a nearby motel. McGraw and
Edwards donned disguises and entered the bank, with McGraw carrying the pistol. Mason remained
in the vehicle. McGraw and Edwards then robbed the bank of $8,470.00 at gunpoint. After leaving
the bank, McGraw and Edwards returned to the car where Mason was waiting. Mason drove the
vehicle from the scene of the crime.
Two bystanders, Donald McFadden and Jeff Holtzapple, witnessed McGraw and Edwards
running out of the front of the bank and became suspicious. McFadden and Holtzapple followed
their vehicle and contacted the police on their cell phones to inform them of this unusual activity.
The men were told that a robbery had taken place at Third Savings Bank. McFadden gave a
description of the car and a license plate number and advised the dispatcher that he was in pursuit
of the getaway car.
The police officers eventually located Mason, McGraw, and Edwards and took over the
pursuit. A short chase ensued that ended at an apartment complex. All three men jumped from the
car and ran from the pursuing officers. Mason, McGraw, and Edwards were apprehended near the
apartment complex. The money stolen from the bank and the firearm were recovered nearby.
After Mason was in custody, he told the police officers that he, McGraw, and Edwards were
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going to play basketball. He further explained that he ran from the officers because he had an
expired driver’s license. Mason denied having seen either the pistol or the money in the car. After
being informed that McGraw and Edwards had confessed to the robbery and implicated him as a
participant, Mason admitted that he had driven the vehicle to Tipp City but stated that he was
unaware that a robbery had taken place.
B. Mason’s Trial
Mason, McGraw, and Edwards were arrested and charged with armed bank robbery and use
of a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence. McGraw and Edwards entered guilty pleas
and agreed to testify against Mason. Mason pled not guilty and went to trial.
Mason takes issue with the testimony of McGraw and Edwards during his trial. In particular,
he denies that he had advance notice of the robbery because the conversations on the evening of
April 9, 2001 and in the car on the drive to Tipp City did not involve a bank robbery.
At trial, Mason requested that the trial court give Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 7.08,
which deals with accomplice testimony. Instruction 7.08 provides:
(1) You have heard the testimony of _________. You have also heard that he was
involved in the same crime that the defendant is charged with committing. You
should consider _________’s testimony with more caution than the testimony of
other witnesses.
(2) Do not convict the defendant based on the unsupported testimony of such a
witness, standing alone, unless you believe his testimony beyond a reasonable doubt.
[(3) The fact that__________has pleaded guilty to a crime is not evidence that the
defendant is guilty, and you cannot consider this against the defendant in any way.]
Pattern Criminal Jury Instruction 7.08: Testimony of an Accomplice. The trial judge denied
Mason’s request, but gave the following instruction to the jury instead:
In your efforts to determine the facts, you will be faced with the problem of what
weight should be given the testimony of each witness. In simple terms, you must
determine how credible or believable any witness is. You may believe all that a
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witness tells you, part of what he or she tells you, or none of what he or she tells you.
Consider carefully the circumstances under which each witness testified. Remember
that witness’ response to questions, his or her assurance, or lack of it, in answering,
and the entire demeanor or appearance of that witness while on the witness stand.
Consider also any relation that a witness may bear to either side of the case and his
or her reasons for testifying, any interest he or she may have in the outcome of the
case, any prejudice or bias he may have shown, including any reason or motivation
to bear hostility or animosity toward any party, and any partiality he or she may
have demonstrated.
JA 72 (emphasis added). Further, the trial judge noted that some witnesses at trial had pleaded
guilty to a criminal offense and had been sentenced and instructed the jury that these witnesses could
possibly receive a reduced sentence in exchange for their testimony against the defendant. JA 74.
Mason was found guilty by the jury on both counts of the indictment and was sentenced to
a term of forty-six months imprisonment for armed bank robbery and eighty-four months
imprisonment for use of a firearm, to be served consecutively. Mason now appeals the failure of the
trial court to give Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 7.08.
II.
A. Standard of Review
“The Sixth Circuit reviews the instructions given by a district court to determine whether the
charge, taken as a whole, fairly and adequately submits the issues and applicable law to the jury.”
United States v. Alvarez, 266 F.3d 587, 594 (6th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations omitted); see also
United States v. Buckley, 934 F.2d 84, 87 (6th Cir. 1991); United States v. Martin, 740 F.2d 1352,
1361 (6th Cir. 1984). “It is not error to fail to use the language requested by the parties if the
instruction as given is accurate and sufficient.” United States v. Horton, 847 F.2d 313, 312 (6th Cir.
1988); see also Martin, 740 F.2d at1361. A district court’s refusal to give a requested instruction
is considered reversible “only if three conditions are met: (1) the instructions are correct statements
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of the law; (2) the instructions are not substantially covered by other delivered charges; and (3) the
failure to give the instruction impairs the defendant’s theory of the case.” United States v. Carr, 5
F.3d 986, 992 (6th Cir. 1993); see also Alvarez, 266 F.3d at 594.
B. Jury Instruction
Mason contends that the district court erred in failing to give Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury
Instruction 7.08 because the instruction given did not specifically instruct the jury regarding the
inherent questionable credibility of accomplice witnesses. The government counters that such an
instruction is not required and that the instructions actually given sufficiently informed the jury of
how to judge the credibility of accomplice witness testimony. Neither party contests that Sixth
Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 7.08 is a correct statement of the law; thus, the only issues before
the court are whether the requested jury instruction: (1) was not substantially covered by the charge
actually delivered to the jury, and (2) concerned a point so important in the trial that the failure to
give it substantially impaired Mason’s defense.
1. Whether the requested jury instruction was “substantially covered” by the
instruction actually given
Mason argues that Sixth Circuit Pattern Instruction 7.08 was not substantially covered by
the charge that was actually given to the jury for three reasons. First, Mason argues that Instruction
7.08 advises jurors that they should consider an accomplice’s testimony more carefully than that of
other witnesses, while the instruction given only warned jurors to “[c]onsider also any relation that
a witness may bear to either side of the case and his or her reasons for testifying, any interest he or
she may have in the outcome of the case” and does not specifically mention scrutinizing the
testimony of accomplices. Second, the pattern jury instruction would have informed the jury that
it could not convict the defendant based on the unsubstantiated testimony of an accomplice unless
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it believed the testimony beyond a reasonable doubt. The instruction given at trial, in contrast, gave
a general instruction that the prosecution had to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Finally,
the proffered jury instruction would have informed jurors that the fact that an accomplice pled guilty
is not evidence that the defendant is guilty. Mason contends that this instruction was not covered
by any of the instructions actually given to the jury. The government counters that the instructions
given sufficiently informed the jury about how they should judge the credibility of the testimony of
an accomplice.
In United States v. Carr, we considered whether a generalized jury instruction on judging
witness credibility was reversible error. In rejecting the argument, we said:
The court’s instruction adequately informed the jury regarding the credibility of
witness testimony, and so we are not troubled simply because the court chose not to
explicitly highlight the credibility problems inhering in accomplice testimony. The
instructions alerted the jury to the various considerations that it should take into
account in weighing testimony, and it had an ample basis for rejecting the testimony
of the accomplice witnesses if it had chosen to do so. In short, because the
instructions given by the court substantially covered the same material as the
instruction requested by the defendant, there was no reversible error.
5 F.3d at 992. Thus, in this circuit, specific instructions explicitly highlighting problems with
accomplice testimony are not required as long as the instruction “substantially covers” the substance
of the pattern jury instruction. Id.; Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 883 (6th Cir. 2000). An
instruction will “substantially cover” a pattern jury instruction if it informs the jury as to the “various
considerations that it should take into account in weighing testimony” of an accomplice. Carr, 5
F.3d at 992. We have continued to apply Carr, despite being in the minority on this issue. Cf.,
Tillery v. United States, 411 F.2d 644, 646-47 (5th Cir. 1969); United States v. McCabe, 720 F.2d
951, 956 (7th Cir. 1983); United States v. Davis, 439 F.2d 1105, 1106-07 (9th Cir. 1971); United
States v. Hill, 627 F.2d 1052, 1053 (10th Cir. 1980); United States v. Lee, 506 F.2d 111, 120 (D.C.
6
Cir. 1974).
In regard to Mason’s first argument, i.e., that the given instruction failed to specifically warn
jurors to consider accomplice testimony suspect, the instruction given sufficiently alerted the jury
to the potential bias, motives, and credibility problems with McGraw’s and Edward’s testimony.
As Mason himself acknowledges, the actual instruction charged the jury to consider the
“circumstances under which each witness testified,” including the relationship he or she bore to the
case, the witness’ reason for testifying, and the possible partiality that he or she might have in the
case. The trial court’s instructions also informed the jury that Mason’s accomplices could possibly
have their sentences reduced as a result of their testimony. A jury charged with these instructions
would have an ample basis for rejecting McGraw’s and Edwards’ testimony if it had chosen to do
so. Accordingly, the district court’s jury instruction on the credibility of witnesses substantially
covered the proffered jury instruction even though it failed to specifically address potential
credibility problems associated with accomplice testimony.
Mason also argues that the requested instruction stating that unsupported accomplice
testimony should be judged using the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard was not sufficiently
covered by the general instructions on the burden of proof because it did not specifically require the
jury to apply that standard to the testimony of accomplices. However, a general instruction charging
the jury to consider Mason’s guilt under a “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard would require a
jury to weigh all evidence–including the testimony of McGraw and Edwards–by the same standard.
As we stated in Carr, a court does not have to “explicitly highlight the credibility problems inhering
in accomplice testimony.” 5 F.3d at 992.
Lastly, Mason argues that the portion of Instruction 7.08 which would have informed jurors
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that an accomplice’s guilty plea is not evidence that the defendant is guilty was not covered by any
of the given jury instructions. However, the proffered jury instruction was substantially covered by
the court’s charge on the presumption of innocence, which stated that “[o]nly proper evidence
presented before you, the jury, may be considered in support of the charges against the Defendant...
[you must] become satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the Defendant after such
careful and impartial consideration of all the proper evidence on that particular charge.” JA 64.
The court’s instructions on the presumption of innocence, therefore, substantially covered the
standard by which the jury should consider McGraw’s and Edwards’ testimony.
On these facts, we find that the specific jury instruction regarding accomplice testimony was
not necessary because the jury was informed of the proper way to judge the credibility of witnesses.
2. Whether Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 7.08 concerned a point so important
in the trial that the failure to give it substantially impaired Mason’s defense
Mason argues that the most important issue at trial was whether he was a willing and
knowing participant in the robbery. Mason contends that a critical component of the defense’s
strategy was to suggest that McGraw and Edwards were lying and that they had an incentive to
fabricate their testimony because they stood to have their sentences reduced as a result of their
testimony. Mason argues that the court’s failure to give the proffered jury instruction substantially
impaired his defense, and that this error was, in fact, prejudicial.
As noted in Sect. II. A. 1., supra, the jury instruction given at trial substantially covered
Sixth Circuit Pattern Jury Instruction 7.08. In addition, the district court specifically noted that
defense counsel did an excellent job in exposing the potential credibility problems of McGraw and
Edwards during his opening statement, cross-examination of both witnesses, and closing argument.
For example, on the cross-examinations of both McGraw and Edwards, Mason’s attorney thoroughly
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questioned the motives of each by demonstrating that they had made a bargain with the government
and that they could receive lower sentences if they implicated Mason on the stand. In light of the
actual instructions given by the trial judge and the fact that defense counsel adequately challenged
McGraw’s and Edward’s credibility, we find that Mason’s defense was not substantially impaired
by the district court’s decision not to give the requested jury instruction.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, Mason’s conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.
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