United States v. Joanne Tragas ( 2013 )


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  •                       RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
    File Name: 13a0245p.06
    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
    _________________
    X
    Plaintiff-Appellee, -
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
    -
    -
    -
    No. 11-1637
    v.
    ,
    >
    -
    Defendant-Appellant. -
    JOANNE TRAGAS,
    N
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Eastern District of Michigan at Bay City.
    No. 1:09-cr-20023-10—Thomas L. Ludington, District Judge.
    Argued: August 2, 2013
    Decided and Filed: August 23, 2013
    Before: CLAY, SUTTON, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
    _________________
    COUNSEL
    ARGUED: Erik W. Scharf, SCHARF APPELLATE GROUP, Miami, Florida, for
    Appellant. Janet Parker, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Bay City,
    Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Erik W. Scharf, Wayne R. Atkins, SCHARF
    APPELLATE GROUP, Miami, Florida, for Appellant. Janet Parker, UNITED STATES
    ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Bay City, Michigan, for Appellee.
    _________________
    OPINION
    _________________
    CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Joanne Tragas was indicted on numerous
    charges relating to her participation in an international credit and debit card fraud
    conspiracy. She was convicted by a jury and sentenced to 300 months’ imprisonment.
    On appeal, Defendant challenges her conviction by arguing that the prosecutor
    improperly read certain evidence aloud, that the district court should have given the jury
    a specific unanimity instruction, that her Travel Act convictions were not supported by
    1
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                          Page 2
    sufficient evidence, and that her Vienna Convention rights were violated. She further
    argues that the district court improperly calculated her sentence by using an incorrect
    version of the Sentencing Guidelines in violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause. We reject
    Defendant’s challenges to her conviction but agree that the district court used an
    incorrect version of the Guidelines.         Accordingly, we AFFIRM Defendant’s
    convictions, VACATE her sentence, and REMAND for resentencing.
    BACKGROUND
    The evidence at Defendant’s trial established that she acted as a middleman
    between overseas suppliers of stolen credit and debit card information and street-level
    users of that information. Defendant’s suppliers obtained the information that is
    typically encoded in the magnetic strip on the back of credit and debit cards and sold the
    information to her using international wire transfers. After receiving the stolen data,
    Defendant re-sold the information to her co-conspirators in the United States.
    Defendant’s customers, many of whom later became her co-defendants, used machines
    to encode the information they received from Defendant onto the magnetic strips of
    actual plastic cards. Any card with a magnetic strip could be and was used, including gift
    cards, hotel key cards, and actual credit cards. Once encoded, these cards contained the
    same information that the legitimate cards contained.
    Thus armed with these “clones” of legitimate credit and debit cards, the
    conspirators purchased various kinds of consumer goods, including high-end electronics,
    as well as bona fide gift cards. In this way, the conspirators could quickly convert stolen
    credit card information into cash or easily transferable property. Defendant’s primary
    customers in Detroit were twin brothers Dion and Dionte Hunter, who purchased stolen
    credit and debit card information from Defendant and then either used it themselves or
    sold it to others. Defendant and the Hunters never met in person, but they communicated
    extensively via online chat services, which were variously described as instant messages
    or “ICQ’s.” Police discovered stored records of these chat conversations on a laptop
    computer belonging to the Hunters.
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                           Page 3
    The government introduced the transcripts of these chat conversations into
    evidence, and the prosecutor, together with Secret Service Agent Robert Kuykendall,
    read many of the conversations aloud to the jury. Although the parties to these
    communications did not use names, a picture of Defendant was the profile picture
    associated with the ICQ account-holder that supplied the Hunters with stolen data.
    Furthermore, Defendant was shown to have made purchases with the gift card
    information exchanged during the ICQ conversations with the Hunters. Circumstantial
    evidence also indicated that the individual conversing with the Hunters and supplying
    them with stolen information was in fact Defendant. For example, Defendant purchased
    a house in Florida after the Hunters’ supplier talked of buying and furnishing a new
    beach house in Florida.
    These conversations revealed the scope and nature of Defendant’s role in the
    conspiracy. She sold credit and debit card information to the Hunters in exchange for
    payment in a variety of different forms, including cash deposits into her bank account,
    wire transfers, and information that allowed her to use the genuine gift cards that the
    Hunters and others purchased with stolen card data. Defendant used the money she
    received to pay her overseas suppliers, and she sometimes directed the Hunters to wire
    money directly in order to facilitate these payments. Defendant purchased and re-sold
    the stolen personal information of hundreds of credit and debit card users, and their
    financial institutions suffered losses of approximately $2.18 million as a result.
    Defendant was arrested in June 2009 and was ultimately charged in a superseding
    indictment with one count of conspiracy to commit various access device fraud offenses,
    in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1029
    (b); seven counts of aiding and abetting unlawful activity
    under the Travel Act, in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1952
    (a); one count of bank fraud, in
    violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1344
    ; and two counts of wire fraud, in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 1343
    . A jury convicted Defendant on all counts. A presentence report was prepared,
    and Defendant filed numerous objections to its findings and recommendations.
    However, at the sentencing hearing on April 27, 2011, Defendant specifically withdrew
    all her objections to the presentence report. Based on a recommended Sentencing
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                          Page 4
    Guidelines range of 292–365 months in prison, the district court sentenced Defendant
    to a total term of imprisonment of 300 months, to be followed by a five-year term of
    supervised release.
    DISCUSSION
    I.     Reading Evidence Aloud
    Defendant first argues that a new trial is warranted because the prosecutor,
    together with Agent Kuykendall, read to the jury transcripts of online chat conversations
    between Defendant and her co-conspirators. The exact basis for Defendant’s objection
    to this evidence is difficult to pin down, but for the reasons that follow, we find nothing
    improper in the reading aloud of a properly admitted transcript under these
    circumstances.    Although Defendant’s counsel initially had no objection to the
    testimony, he subsequently objected on the ground that reading the documents was
    cumulative because the transcripts had already been admitted into evidence. Construing
    Defendant’s argument as an evidentiary challenge, we review a district court’s ruling on
    the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Yu Qin, 
    688 F.3d 257
    , 261 (6th Cir. 2012). If her claim is more akin to an allegation of prosecutorial
    misconduct, we review the claim de novo. United States v. Boyd, 
    640 F.3d 657
    , 669
    (6th Cir. 2011). Under either standard of review, Defendant’s argument fails.
    The argument is rather unusual. Defendant does not seem to dispute that the
    written communications were properly admitted into evidence under the hearsay
    exclusion in Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2). Instead, she argues that merely by
    reading the transcripts aloud, the prosecutor and the case agent conducted a “theatrical
    performance” akin to a re-enactment. Defendant argues that the prosecutor and Agent
    Kuykendall essentially play-acted the chat conversations, with the prosecutor
    “performing” the role of Defendant, and Kuykendall playing various co-conspirators.
    In so doing, Defendant argues, the prosecutor interpreted and characterized the otherwise
    properly admitted documentary evidence and portrayed Defendant’s written
    communications in a way that telegraphed to the jury that she was guilty.
    No. 11-1637         United States v. Tragas                                        Page 5
    However, Defendant offers no support for her proposition that the mere reading
    aloud of previously admitted documentary evidence is improper or prejudicial. On the
    contrary, there is nothing inherently problematic about reading such evidence to the jury.
    See Bank of Nova Scotia v. United States, 
    487 U.S. 250
    , 262–63 (1988) (finding no
    prejudice to a defendant where two IRS agents read in tandem from a transcript before
    a grand jury); United States v. Chambers, 
    441 F.3d 438
    , 456–57 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding
    no unfair prejudice where a police officer read portions of a defendant’s previously
    admitted diary to the jury). As long as the evidence itself is properly admitted pursuant
    to the Rules of Evidence and does not run afoul of other safeguards like the
    Confrontation Clause, we do not see how a defendant could be prejudiced if the evidence
    is read aloud to the jury.
    Although Defendant decries what she asserts was a “remarkable departure from
    traditional American trial practice,” she points to nothing in the record that would
    suggest that the prosecutor and case agent did anything other than read the transcripts
    aloud. A staged performance or re-enactment of an event by a prosecutor would
    undoubtedly be problematic insofar as it strayed from the direct evidence introduced at
    trial or reflected the prosecutor’s opinions, although we have approved video re-
    enactments in certain circumstances.          See, e.g., Persian Galleries, Inc. v.
    Transcontinental Ins. Co., 
    38 F.3d 253
    , 257–58 (6th Cir. 1994).            However, the
    prosecutor’s conduct in this case cannot possibly be described as a re-enactment.
    Although Defendant points to some minor discrepancies between the reading and the
    written text, none of these discrepancies are material, and the jury had copies of the
    written transcripts with which to follow along. Nothing in the record indicates that the
    prosecutor or Agent Kuykendall “performed” a scene in any meaningful sense. Rather,
    they merely read aloud from documents that Defendant concedes were properly admitted
    into evidence.
    In addition to her broad contention that the prosecutor and the case agent were
    doing theater, Defendant raises several specific challenges to the testimony. First, she
    asserts that the testimony presented an improper overview or summary. A defendant
    No. 11-1637         United States v. Tragas                                           Page 6
    may indeed be prejudiced if a law enforcement officer is able to introduce otherwise
    inadmissible evidence by giving an overview of the government’s case at the outset of
    the trial, see United States v. Casas, 
    356 F.3d 104
    , 119–20 (1st Cir. 2004), but once
    again, Defendant does not contend that the chat conversations themselves were
    inadmissible. Moreover, Kuykendall cannot be said to have summarized anything;
    rather, he was merely reading directly from a transcript that had already been provided
    to the jury in written form. Even if Kuykendall had summarized other evidence,
    Defendant concedes that the jury was properly instructed regarding summary evidence.
    See United States v. Vasilakos, 
    508 F.3d 401
    , 412 (6th Cir. 2007); United States v.
    Weinstock, 
    153 F.3d 272
    , 278 (6th Cir. 1998) (finding no error in admitting a summary
    to facilitate the jury’s consideration of previously admitted evidence).
    Next, Defendant argues that the prosecutor’s reading of the chat conversations
    constitutes impermissible vouching, which occurs when “a prosecutor supports the
    credibility of a witness by indicating a personal belief in the witness’s credibility thereby
    placing the prestige of the office of the United States Attorney behind that witness.”
    United States v. Trujillo, 
    376 F.3d 593
    , 607 (6th Cir. 2004). This seems to be a different
    theory to support Defendant’s primary argument that, merely by uttering the words from
    a document aloud, a prosecutor imbues the evidence with some sort of magical power.
    However, Defendant fails to identify any comments or statements that could be
    construed as bolstering or vouching for the evidence, and we find no support for the
    proposition that admissible documentary evidence somehow becomes more credible if
    the prosecutor reads it aloud.
    Finally, Defendant contends that because the prosecutor is not a witness and
    cannot be cross-examined, any opinions, testimony, or interpretations of evidence
    offered by the prosecutor are prohibited by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
    Amendment. As with her other arguments, Defendant’s contention fails because she can
    point to nothing in the record indicating that the prosecutor actually made any such
    statements or verbally interpreted the evidence in any particular way. As for the
    transcripts themselves, we note that Defendant’s own statements were properly admitted
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                        Page 7
    as statements by a party-opponent under Rule 801(d)(2)(A), and the statements by the
    Hunters were admitted as co-conspirator statements under Rule 801(d)(2)(E). As co-
    conspirator statements made in furtherance of the conspiracy, they were categorically
    non-testimonial and also within a “firmly rooted” exception to the hearsay rule. See
    United States v. Mooneyham, 
    473 F.3d 280
    , 286–87 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Crawford v.
    Washington, 
    541 U.S. 36
    , 51 (2004), and Bourjaily v. United States, 
    483 U.S. 171
    ,
    183–84 (1987)). Therefore, the Confrontation Clause does not bar their admission. 
    Id. at 287
    . Because we find no inherent problem—constitutional or otherwise—when a
    prosecutor and a witness merely read aloud from a properly admitted transcript, we
    reject Defendant’s first challenge to her conviction.
    II.    Specific Unanimity Instruction
    The indictment charged Defendant with a conspiracy to “commit an offense or
    offenses contrary to 
    18 U.S.C. § 1029
    (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), and (5).” (R. 229, at 2.)
    Defendant argues that the district court should have instructed the jury to unanimously
    determine which, if any, of those five offenses she conspired to commit. Because
    Defendant failed to object to the jury instructions or request a specific unanimity
    instruction, this claim is reviewed for plain error. United States v. DeJohn, 
    368 F.3d 533
    , 540 (6th Cir. 2004). To obtain relief under this standard, Defendant must show that
    (1) there was an error (2) that was plain, (3) that affected a substantial right, and
    (4) seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
    proceedings. United States v. Martin, 
    520 F.3d 656
    , 658 (6th Cir. 2008).
    The Sixth Amendment does not expressly require that jury verdicts be
    unanimous, but the Supreme Court has long held that jury unanimity is “one of the
    indispensable features” of federal criminal trials. Johnson v. Louisiana, 
    406 U.S. 366
    ,
    369–71 (1972) (Powell, J., concurring). In practice, this means that “a jury in a federal
    criminal case cannot convict unless it unanimously finds that the Government has proved
    each element [of the crime].” Richardson v. United States, 
    526 U.S. 813
    , 817 (1999).
    For defendants charged with conspiracy, the object offense of the conspiracy is an
    element of the crime. See United States v. Caver, 
    470 F.3d 220
    , 232 (6th Cir. 2006).
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                         Page 8
    Therefore, where a defendant is charged in a single count with a conspiracy to commit
    multiple crimes, the jury must unanimously decide which crime the defendant conspired
    to commit. See United States v. Long, 450 F. App’x 457, 460 (6th Cir. 2011); United
    States v. Capozzi, 
    486 F.3d 711
    , 717–18 (1st Cir. 2007); United States v. Hughes, 
    310 F.3d 557
    , 561 (7th Cir. 2002).
    The government argues that the indictment alleged a conspiracy to commit a
    single offense: access device fraud. In contrast, Defendant argues that she was charged
    with conspiring to commit five separate offenses. The statute defines the offenses in
    these subsections as follows:
    (a) Whoever–
    (1) knowingly and with intent to defraud produces, uses,
    or traffics in one or more counterfeit access devices;
    (2) knowingly and with intent to defraud traffics in or
    uses one or more unauthorized access devices during any
    one-year period, and by such conduct obtains anything of
    value aggregating $1,000 or more during that period;
    (3) knowingly and with intent to defraud possesses fifteen
    or more devices which are counterfeit or unauthorized
    access devices;
    (4) knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produces,
    traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses
    device-making equipment;
    (5) knowingly and with intent to defraud effects
    transactions, with 1 or more access devices issued to
    another person or persons, to receive payment or any
    other thing of value during any 1-year period the
    aggregate value of which is equal to or greater than
    $1,000 . . .
    shall, if the offense affects interstate or foreign commerce, be punished
    as provided in subsection (c) of this section.
    
    18 U.S.C. § 1029
    (a). The district court clearly considered subsections (1)–(5) of the
    statute as descriptions of different ways that an individual could commit the single
    offense of access device fraud, rather than five distinct offenses.
    No. 11-1637         United States v. Tragas                                           Page 9
    We decline to delve into the intricacies of the interpretation of § 1029(a) in this
    case because, even if we assume that the district court’s construction was erroneous and
    that the error was plain, Defendant cannot satisfy the third prong of the plain error
    standard, that the error affected her substantial rights. Martin, 
    520 F.3d at 658
    . The
    Supreme Court has clearly held that a district court’s failure to instruct the jury as to all
    the elements of a crime is not structural error that necessitates a new trial. Neder v.
    United States, 
    527 U.S. 1
    , 9 (1999). Similarly, a district court’s failure to instruct the
    jury that they must unanimously agree on each element of a crime is not structural error,
    but instead is subject to harmless-error review. See Murr v. United States, 
    200 F.3d 895
    ,
    906 (6th Cir. 2000).
    We find that Defendant’s substantial rights were not affected by any error in the
    jury instructions. By finding Defendant guilty of conspiracy, the jury necessarily
    concluded that she voluntarily joined the Hunters and their compatriots in creating and
    using counterfeit access devices. (See R. 365, at 83 (instructing the jury that it must find
    that “the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined the conspiracy” to convict her on
    Count 1).) To properly convict, the jury would have only had to find that Defendant
    conspired to commit one of the offenses in § 1029(a)(1)–(5). The evidence that the
    conspirators intended to commit at least a violation of subsection (1) is overwhelming.
    The evidence more than established that the Hunters and others conspired to
    produce and use counterfeit access devices with the intent to defraud in violation of
    § 1029(a)(1). Indeed, they admitted as much in their plea agreements. Numerous co-
    conspirators and law enforcement agents testified that members of the conspiracy had
    used fraudulently “cloned” cards to make purchases. Gift cards recovered from co-
    conspirators were shown to have been re-encoded with fraudulently obtained credit card
    information. Each of these would qualify as a “counterfeit access device” within the
    meaning of the statute. See 
    18 U.S.C. § 1029
    (e)(2). Given the volume of evidence that
    Defendant conspired with others to violate at least one of the substantive offenses
    defined in § 1029(a), there is no risk that the jury could have failed to unanimously agree
    No. 11-1637         United States v. Tragas                                        Page 10
    on the object of the conspiracy. Therefore, Defendant’s substantial rights were not
    affected, and the elements of plain error are not satisfied.
    III.    The Travel Act Counts
    Defendant argues that the government’s evidence was insufficient to support her
    convictions on seven counts of aiding and abetting unlawful activity under the Travel
    Act, 
    18 U.S.C. § 1952
    (a) (Counts 2–8). When reviewing a criminal conviction for
    sufficiency of the evidence, we ask “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
    most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
    essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia. 
    443 U.S. 307
    , 319 (1979). “All reasonable inferences and resolutions of credibility are made
    in the jury’s favor.” United States v. Washington, 
    702 F.3d 886
    , 891 (6th Cir. 2012).
    A convicted defendant bears “a very heavy burden” to show that the government’s
    evidence was insufficient. United States v. Kernell, 
    667 F.3d 746
    , 756 (6th Cir. 2012).
    As is generally the case, circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a
    conviction. Untied States v. Graham, 
    622 F.3d 445
    , 448 (6th Cir. 2010).
    Where, as here, a defendant does not move for a judgment of acquittal pursuant
    to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, we review the sufficiency of the evidence
    only for plain error resulting in a “manifest miscarriage of justice.” United States v.
    Frazier, 
    595 F.3d 304
    , 306 (6th Cir. 2010). “A miscarriage of justice exists only if the
    record is devoid of evidence pointing to guilt.” United States v. Roberge, 
    565 F.3d 1005
    ,
    1008 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    To prove a violation of § 1952(a), the government was required to establish the
    following elements: “(1) that the defendant ‘travels in interstate or foreign commerce’
    (2) ‘with intent to . . . promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate the promotion,
    management, establishment, or carrying on, of any unlawful activity’ and (3) that the
    defendant ‘thereafter performs or attempts to perform’ an act of promotion, management,
    establishment, or carrying on of any unlawful activity.” United States v. Burns, 
    298 F.3d 523
    , 537 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting the statute). The government did not allege that
    Defendant herself violated the Travel Act by crossing state lines in aid of criminal
    No. 11-1637            United States v. Tragas                                                    Page 11
    activity, but rather that she aided and abetted the interstate travel of the Hunters in
    furtherance of the access device fraud scheme. To support aider and abettor liability,
    Defendant must have had “general knowledge regarding the activities prohibited under
    the [Travel Act] and the intent to assist those activities.” United States v. Hill, 
    55 F.3d 1197
    , 1204 (6th Cir. 1995).
    Defendant’s only argument that the evidence was insufficient is that the
    government did not prove she had knowledge of the Hunters’ interstate travel at the time
    she received unlawful money transfers and gift card information. However, Defendant
    points to no legal authority to support the proposition that contemporaneous knowledge
    of interstate travel is required to establish that a defendant aided or abetted a violation
    of the Travel Act. Although most other circuits have held that a Travel Act defendant
    need not have specific knowledge of any interstate travel, the Sixth Circuit has held that
    a defendant must at least be generally aware of the principal’s interstate travel. See
    United States v. Gallo, 
    763 F.2d 1504
    , 1521–22 (6th Cir. 1985).1 However, a defendant
    need not “know the circumstances of each instance of travel or the identity of each
    traveler-participant in a criminal activity.” 
    Id. at 1522
    .
    The evidence at trial established that Defendant was aware that the Hunters
    traveled across state lines from their home in Detroit in furtherance of the access device
    fraud scheme. Online conversations between Defendant and the Hunters established that
    the Hunters wired Defendant money or gave her gift card information as payment for
    stolen credit card numbers. Dionte Hunter wired money from Atlanta, Louisville, and
    a town just outside Pittsburgh. The government further proved that Defendant used gift
    cards to make online purchases and that the gift cards were purchased in Kentucky,
    Texas, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
    1
    We have acknowledged several times that this rule is likely untenable in light of the Supreme
    Court’s decision in United States v. Yermian, 
    468 U.S. 63
     (1984), in which the Court held that a criminal
    defendant need not have knowledge of a jurisdictional fact to support liability under a federal statute. 
    Id.
    at 68–69. However, we need not expressly decide whether Yermian overruled prior Sixth Circuit precedent
    because Defendant’s conduct satisfies either test.
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                       Page 12
    Based on Defendant’s responses in her online conversations with the Hunters and
    the originating cities of the gift cards and wire transfers, a reasonable jury could have
    found that Defendant had knowledge of the Hunters’ interstate travel. Defendant
    specifically acknowledged several times that Dionte Hunter was in states other than
    Michigan. Most significantly, when Hunter complained that some of the stolen credit
    card information had not worked, Defendant explained that he had probably been in a
    different state, and she encouraged him to move around to other states. When Hunter
    said that he had been having trouble purchasing gift cards in Michigan, Defendant told
    him to move to another state like Maryland.          Although the evidence was not
    overwhelming, it was sufficient to establish that Defendant was generally aware that the
    Hunters traveled interstate to facilitate the access device fraud scheme and that she
    intended “to assist those activities.” Hill, 
    55 F.3d at 1204
    . Therefore, we reject
    Defendant’s challenge to her Travel Act convictions.
    IV.    Vienna Convention
    Defendant asserts that under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention, the
    government was obligated to inform her of her right to consular access because she is
    a citizen of Greece and Canada. However, Defendant acknowledges that this panel is
    bound by our decision in United States v. Emuegbunam, 
    268 F.3d 377
     (6th Cir. 2001),
    which held that the Vienna Convention does not confer rights on individual criminal
    defendants that are enforceable by the federal courts. 
    Id.
     at 389–90. Defendant
    acknowledges that we are bound by Emuegbunam, and she raised this argument only to
    preserve the issue for possible future review by the en banc Sixth Circuit or the Supreme
    Court. On the authority of Emuegbunam, we reject this argument.
    V.     Ex Post Facto Violation at Sentencing
    Defendant argues that the district court erroneously imposed a 6-level
    enhancement for an offense involving more than 250 victims under U.S.S.G.
    § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C). Defendant failed to raise this argument before the district court, and
    she concedes that we review her sentence for plain error only. See United States v.
    No. 11-1637            United States v. Tragas                                                   Page 13
    Davis, 
    397 F.3d 340
    , 346 (6th Cir. 2005). Because the district court calculated the
    number of victims using a Guidelines amendment that was not in effect when
    Defendant’s offense was committed, we conclude that her sentence violates the Ex Post
    Facto Clause.2
    Defendant did not object to the PSR’s determination that her offense involved
    more than 250 victims. In her initial brief on appeal, Defendant argued that the district
    court committed plain error by counting as “victims” individuals who did not suffer
    financial harm. See Appellant’s Br. 47–50. The government countered in its appellate
    brief that the Sentencing Commission had amended the Guidelines in 2009 to expand the
    definition of “victim” to those who have had their identities stolen. See U.S.S.G.
    § 2B1.1 cmt. n.4(E). Then, in her reply brief, Defendant argued that the application of
    the 2009 amendment’s definition of “victim” violates the Ex Post Facto Clause.
    Although this was the first time that Defendant challenged the enhancement on ex post
    facto grounds, she has not forfeited the argument on appeal because it was a direct
    response to an argument first made by the government in its brief. See Holloway v.
    Brush, 
    220 F.3d 767
    , 773–74 (6th Cir. 2000).
    At oral argument, the government essentially conceded that the district court
    erred when it used the Guidelines’ amended definition of “victim.” Generally, district
    courts must apply the version of the Guidelines in place at the time of sentencing.
    U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(a). However, if applying the current Guidelines would amount to a
    violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause, the Guidelines clearly instruct the court to apply
    the version in place at the time the defendant’s offense was committed. U.S.S.G.
    § 1B1.11(b)(1). Although the Sixth Circuit had already held as much, the Supreme
    Court recently confirmed that a sentence violates the Ex Post Facto Clause if the
    defendant’s Guidelines range is higher at the time of sentencing than it would have been
    2
    Defendant also contends that the district court erroneously applied a 3-level aggravating role
    enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). Because we vacate Defendant’s sentence based on the ex post
    facto error, we decline to reach Defendant’s second challenge to her sentence. On remand, the district
    court will be free to conduct a de novo resentencing, and any issues that arise from that proceeding can be
    raised in a subsequent appeal. See United States v. Saikaly, 
    207 F.3d 363
    , 369 (6th Cir. 2000) (discussing
    the principles of de novo resentencing).
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                        Page 14
    when the offense was committed. See Peugh v. United States, 
    133 S. Ct. 2072
    , 2088
    (2013); see also United States v. Welch, 
    689 F.3d 529
    , 533 (6th Cir. 2012).
    Defendant was indicted for a conspiracy that ended on July 20, 2009, the date
    that she was arrested. Prior to November 1, 2009, the Guidelines defined “victim” as
    “any person who sustained any part of the actual loss” or “any individual who sustained
    bodily injury as a result of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.1 (2008). Many
    circuits, including our court, had held that this definition did not include victims of
    identity theft who had been reimbursed by their banks or credit card companies. See
    United States v. Yagar, 
    404 F.3d 967
    , 971 (6th Cir. 2005); see also United States v.
    Kennedy, 
    554 F.3d 415
    , 419–22 (3d Cir. 2009) (collecting cases). Under the old
    definition of “victim,” the fraud perpetrated by Defendant would have involved only the
    fifteen banks, credit unions, and financial services companies that suffered actual losses,
    not the individuals whose credit and debit card information was stolen. Her base offense
    level would have been increased by 2 levels because her offense involved more than ten,
    but less than fifty, victims. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A).
    After November 2009, the Guidelines expanded the definition of “victim” to
    include “any individual whose means of identification was used unlawfully or without
    authority.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.4(E) (2009). Based on this definition, the PSR and
    the district court counted as a victim each of the individuals whose identities were stolen
    by Defendant and her co-conspirators, and Defendant’s offense level was increased by
    6 levels. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(C). As a result of the 6-level enhancement and
    others, the recommended Guidelines range at sentencing was 292–365 months in prison,
    and Defendant was sentenced to a term of 300 months. Had she been sentenced under
    the version of the Guidelines in effect when her conduct was committed, the Guidelines
    range would have been a significantly lower 188–235 months. See U.S.S.G. § 5A.
    Because the amendment increased the Guidelines range based on conduct that occurred
    before its effective date, its application violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. Welch,
    689 F.3d at 553. We have held that a district court commits plain error when it applies
    a version of the Sentencing Guidelines in violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause. See
    No. 11-1637        United States v. Tragas                                    Page 15
    Davis, 
    397 F.3d at
    348–49. Particularly where the error results in a sentencing range
    nearly 100 months higher than it would otherwise have been, we have no trouble finding
    that the elements of plain error are satisfied here.
    CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Defendant’s convictions, VACATE her
    sentence, and REMAND for resentencing.