United States v. Jock , 239 F. App'x 126 ( 2007 )

File Name: 07a0437n.06
Filed: June 21, 2007
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
No. 06-5595
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
MATTHEW JOCK, COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Defendant-Appellant.
/
Before: MARTIN and BATCHELDER, Circuit Judges; O’MEARA, District Judge.*
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Defendant Matthew Jock appeals the sentence
imposed by the district court after resentencing. After Jock received his original sentence, but prior
to our remand for resentencing in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), a Tennessee
state court imposed a sentence to be served consecutively with Jock’s federal sentence. Jock argues
that at resentencing, the district court failed to consider the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
in light of the fact that the state court sentence would increase the amount of time Jock would be
imprisoned. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM Jock’s sentence.
I.
*
The Honorable John Corbett O’Meara, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
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Page 2
The events leading up to Jock’s first appeal of his sentence were sufficiently set forth in the
prior panel’s opinion:
On 28 January 2003, a federal grand jury issued a six-count indictment,
charging Matthew Jock with several drug offenses. On 14 January 2003, prior to Mr.
Jock’s indictment on drug charges, officers from the Shelbyville Police Department
responded to a disturbance at Room 219 of the Country Hearth Inn in Shelbyville,
Tennessee. While some of the circumstances of the encounter are not well-developed
in the record, the parties do not dispute that the officers found four people, including
Mr. Jock, in the hotel room, that they conducted a pat-down search of Mr. Jock,
discovering $6,382, and that, during their search of the room itself, the officers found
two duffel bags containing various drugs and a Ruger 9 mm semi-automatic pistol.
Although the hotel search took place prior to his indictment, Mr. Jock was not
charged with any offenses linked to the drugs or gun seized on 14 January 2003.
On 21 April 2003, defendant Matthew Jock pled guilty to count one of the
indictment, conspiracy to distribute 50 grams or more of crack cocaine, a violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 846. [The government dismissed the other five counts of the
indictment at sentencing.] In pleading guilty, Mr. Jock admitted to purchasing, since
February 2002, “at least fifty grams of crack cocaine and several ounces of cocaine
powder” and then re-selling it. While his plea agreement did not refer to any of the
contraband seized during the hotel search, the probation officer included the drugs
obtained from the hotel search in calculating Mr. Jock’s base offense level of 34, as
set forth in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3). Recommending a 2-level enhancement based on
the weapon discovered during the hotel room search, pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
2D1.1(b)(1), and assuming a 3-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility,
U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a) and (b), the pre-sentence report (“PSR”) concluded that Mr.
Jock’s total offense level was 33. After receiving the PSR, Jock objected to several
paragraphs which described the hotel search, specifically disagreeing with the use of
the drugs and gun obtained from that search in calculating his offense level. Mr. Jock
also filed a motion to suppress all evidence resulting from that seizure contending
that it was a warrantless search in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
At the sentencing hearing, the trial judge found it unnecessary to rule on the
legality of the hotel room search, [footnote omitted] overruled Mr. Jock’s objections
to the PSR, and found that both the drugs and the gun from the hotel room were
properly included in the guideline calculations. Adopting the total offense level of
33 as suggested by the probation officer and finding Mr. Jock to be in criminal
history category II, the district court determined that the appropriate guideline range
was 151-188 months. However, based on the government’s request for a downward
departure for Mr. Jock’s substantial assistance, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, the
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district court elected to depart from the guideline range and sentence Mr. Jock to a
130 month term of imprisonment.
United States v. Jock, 148 F. App’x 519, 520-21 (6th Cir. 2005).
This Court rejected Jock’s argument that the district court erred in its calculation of his
guideline range. Id. at 524. Specifically, this Court held that the drugs found in the hotel room had
absolutely no effect on Jock’s guideline range. Rather, his base offense level of 34 was based on the
amount of drugs he admitted to trafficking in his plea agreement. Therefore, with or without the
drugs found in the hotel room, his base offense level would have been 34. This Court also held that
the district court did not err by applying 2-point enhancement for the firearm discovered in the hotel
room. However, because the district court sentenced Jock when the guidelines were still mandatory,
this Court vacated his sentence and issued a limited remand directing the district court to resentence
Jock in light of Booker. Id.
After this Court’s remand, Jock filed a sentencing memorandum requesting a below-
guidelines sentence. In support of his request, Jock noted that he was plagued by his drug use and
poor mental condition at the time of the offense. He also claimed that based on statistical data,
because he was older, he would be less likely to recidivate. (He was twenty years old at the time he
was arrested, and twenty-three years old when he filed the sentencing memorandum.) He further
noted that he was no longer estranged from his father and stepmother as he had been at the time of
his arrest. Finally, Jock explained that after his original sentencing, he had pled guilty to drug
charges in state court stemming from the January 14, 2003 arrest. The state judge had sentenced
Jock to eight years and directed that this sentence run consecutively with his federal sentence.
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Another sentencing hearing was held before the district court on March 9 and March 17,
2006. Ultimately, the district court sentenced Jock to 130 months’ imprisonment — the same
sentence Jock had received at his original sentencing. Jock now appeals this sentence.
II.
We review Jock’s sentence for reasonableness. United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638, 644
(6th Cir. 2006). Reasonableness has both procedural and substantive components. United States
v. Collington, 461 F.3d 805, 808 (6th Cir. 2006). “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the
district judge fails to consider the applicable Guidelines range or neglects to consider the other
factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and instead simply selects what the judge deems an appropriate
sentence without such required consideration.” Id. (quoting United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373,
383 (6th Cir. 2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A sentence may be considered
substantively unreasonable when the district court ‘select[s] the sentence arbitrarily, bas[es] the
sentence on impermissible factors, fail[s] to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors or giv[es] an
unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.’” Id. (quoting Webb, 403 F.3d at 385).
III.
Jock first argues that, in light of the state court sentence, the district court’s imposition of the
same sentence as he received at his original sentencing was unreasonable. He claims that “[n]ow
the sentence Defendant received is greater than the sentence he received initially.” Appellant’s Br.
at 13. At the hearing, defense counsel stated that Jock had been “prosecuted, basically, for the same
offenses in state court.” Although he acknowledged that the district court had no jurisdiction to alter
the state court sentence, he asked the district court to “consider cutting between 30 to 36 months off
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of his sentence as a fair guarantee here so that he’s not going to be hurt from some double time.”1
Although Jock’s request for a lower federal sentence in light of his state sentence is understandable,
we find that the sentence imposed by the district court was reasonable. The record demonstrates that
the district judge considered Jock’s argument on this issue, and explained his reasoning denying
Jock’s request for a lower sentence.
The district judge stated on March 9 that “if [Jock] got consecutive time [in state court] for
something that I already considered in setting his sentence here, then that needs to be adjusted.”
Therefore, the court recessed in order for the district judge to look over the record from the state
court. After reconvening on March 17, the district judge explained that the state charges were based
on drugs found in Jock’s possession at the hotel room on January 14, 2003. But Jock’s federal
sentence, as noted by a prior panel of this Court, was based on the amount of drugs he admitted to
trafficking between December 2001 and April 2002. The district judge explained that “the state
court really sentenced Mr. Jock on different matters, effectively on different matters from which this
Court sentenced him on.” Further, he noted that there was no indication that the firearm upon which
Jock’s two-point enhancement was based was used by the state court to determine Jock’s sentence.
Finally, the district judge stated: “I just don’t think upon reflection that it would be appropriate for
this Court to effectively negate the state court’s sentence by changing Mr. Jock’s sentence in the
1
Although the state court sentenced Jock to eight years’ imprisonment, defense counsel stated
at the hearing that the effective sentence of the sentence imposed in state court would actually be
about 28.8 months (30% of the eight-year sentence).
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federal case.”2 The district judge acknowledged that usually, after a defendant pleads guilty in
federal court, pending state cases are dismissed or sentences are imposed to run concurrently with
federal sentences. He noted, however, that this is not always the case, and even cited a recent
example where a criminal defendant faced consecutive federal and state sentences.
It is apparent to us that the district court thoughtfully examined the state court record in order
to make certain that Jock was not being sentenced twice for the same offenses, and then
“communicate[d] clearly its rationale for imposing the specific sentence.” United States v.
Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 554 (6th Cir. 2006). See also id. (“Where a defendant raises a particular
argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered
the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it.”). Further, Jock has
presented no evidence demonstrating that he was in fact sentenced twice for the same offenses.
Therefore, we find that Jock was not sentenced twice for the same conduct, and hold that there was
nothing procedurally or substantively unreasonable about the district court’s decision not to lower
Jock’s federal sentence on the basis of his state sentence.3
2
Jock was sentenced by the state court on April 19, 2004, well before the Supreme Court’s
decision in Booker. Therefore, it is unlikely that the state court anticipated that Jock would be
resentenced in federal court.
3
We note that it would have been permissible for the district judge to sentence Jock for the
same offenses for which he was sentenced in state court. See Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82, 89-90
(1985) (“‘[A]n act denounced as a crime by both national and state sovereignties is an offense
against the peace and dignity of both and may be punished by each.’”) (quoting United States v.
Lanza, 260 U.S. 377, 382 (1922)). However, in order to conduct our reasonableness analysis in the
instant case, we must determine whether Jock was sentenced twice for the same offenses. This is
because the district judge’s statements at the sentencing hearing made clear that he did not want to
impose a sentence for the offenses that were before the state court. Were we to find that the district
judge’s determination that the federal and state offenses were different was in error, this would mean
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In addition to explaining his reasons for not decreasing Jock’s sentence in light of the state
sentence, the district judge acknowledged that the guidelines are purely advisory post-Booker, and
adequately considered the factors set forth in § 3553(a). With respect to the nature and
circumstances of the offense, as well as the seriousness of the offense, the district judge commented
on the fact that there were numerous sales of drugs involved and the fact that Jock possessed a
firearm. He also commented on the need to deter such conduct, and the fact that Jock had a
substance abuse problem which should be addressed by the Bureau of Prisons. Therefore, we find
that the district court addressed Jock’s concerns and considered the relevant statutory factors.
IV.
For the reasons stated above, we hold that the sentence imposed by the district court was both
procedurally and substantively reasonable. Therefore, we AFFIRM Jock’s sentence.
that the judge made an uninformed decision, rendering Jock’s sentence unreasonable, and requiring
a remand.