Upjohn Co. v. Wm. S. Merrell Chemical Co. , 269 F. 209 ( 1920 )

DENISON, Circuit Judge

(after stating the facts as above). [1-3] The plaintiff filed its bill in the court below, based upon the theory of unfair competition; but it is not denied that defendant had, inherently and originally, the same right plaintiff had to select from the common stock this particular size, shape, and color. The opinions of this court, within recent years, have discussed many aspects, if not all, that arise in unfair competition.¹ It would be useless to repeat what has been there said, or to refer again to the decisions of the Supreme Court and other courts there cited. They affirm or lead to the conclusions that plaintiff can have relief only against an attempt to palm off on the purchasing public the goods of defendant as the goods of plaintiff; that where the imitation relates only to matters as to which the defendant has, prima facie, a right equal to plaintiff, there must have been a public acquiescence in plaintiff’s appropriation of these things for his product—a public sanction of the taking—sufficient to have created that secondary meaning whereby they have become, to the public, indicia of origin; and that while, when the plaintiff has selected as his means of identification words or marks that are arbitrary, and hence proper trade-marks, his title is at least initiated by the appropriation, yet as to those means of identification, which are descriptive, or which, for any reason, are known and open to all, there is no basis, in principle or in authority, for the creating of a title or quasi exclusive right, in plaintiff, except the theory that there has been this public sanction of plaintiff’s appropriation, by acquiescence which has continued long enough and under circumstances suitable to raise a presumption that the public concedes the right and to make it inequitable thereafter to’ dispute it.²

We have not cited the equally well-known cases involving technical •trade-marks, because though there is at least analogy as to the basis of the right, there is claimed to be substantial distinction. In Rectanus v. United Co., 226 Fed. 545, 141 C. C. A. 301, this court considered a case where the plaintiff attempted to assert strictly trade-mark rights in advance of his trade; when the Supreme Court reviewed the same case (United Co. v. Rectanus, 248 U. S. 90, 39 Sup. Ct. 48, 63 L. Ed. 141), it seemed to plant the trade-mark rights (248 U. S. 100, 39 Sup. Ct. 51, 63 L. Ed. 141) upon the established results of trade—that is, upon the secondary meaning acquired by public sanction—and to hold that the mark could not go beyond the trade. It may be the essential theory of that opinion that there is no difference, as to the basis of the right to exclude others, between the case of the arbitrary trade-mark and the case: of the descriptive word. Yet that court had recently held (Hamilton Co. v. Wolf, 240 U. S. 251, 36 Sup. Ct. 269, 60 L. Ed. 629) that the trade-mark owner could recover all the profits realized by the infringer. The opinion of Judge Hook (206 Fed. 611, 619, 124 C. C. A. 409) sufficiently indicates that the award which the Supreme Court affirmed included all the infringer’s profits, without regard to whether plaintiff’s trade had ever reached the locality of the infringing sale. It may be thought that the complete affirmance of the entire award can rest only on the theory (stated by Judge Hook, 206 Fed. 619, 620, 124 C. C. A. 409) that a technical trade-mark, adopted and Used, gives an exclusive right projected into territory which plaintiff’s trade has not yet entered. Of course, no inconsistency between the Hamilton and the Rectanus Cases- can have been intended. It is immaterial, in the present case, whether the basis of right is or is not just the same with the arbitrary mark as with the descriptive word; if there is any difference, it is narrower in the case of the nonarbitrary mark. In that case—and the presen): case is of that type—certain it is that there is no recognized basis of any right to exclude others, save that extent and kind of public sanction which has induced a common identification of maker by product, and that only in this way. can a plaintiff claim to have any property rights to he protected. Equally certain it is that the existence of such public sanction and identification has never been inferred from facts so ambiguous and indefinite as we find here.

[4] This record does not justify a conclusion that defendant adopted and has sold its form of tablets with the intent that it should be substituted for “phenolax wafers” with purchasers who wanted phenolax and supposed that was what they were getting; though it must be conceded that the case, on its facts and with reference to this inference of fact, is close to the line. It would not be credible that defendant adopted this combination of characteristics merely because it thought them suitable; there were plenty of other sizes, shapes, and colors it might have adopted; it must have copied plaintiff’s complete combination because it expected to get commercial benefit from the copying. This is not enough; to be condemned, it must have expected to practice a fraud or contribute to the practicing of it. There was room for it to get legitimate benefit from the copying through use by those (physicians or patients) who were attracted by the selected characteristics and who had no concern as to the riiaker or as to “phenolax.”

[5] The situation must be judged as it was about October, 1908, when defendant came on the market. The classes of purchasers who could then be thought of as perhaps to be defrauded were the direct purchasers, being the druggists and perhaps doctors, and the indirect, the ultimate user, being either the patient with the prescription or the buyer for his own use. There is no room to think there was intent to defraud the direct purchaser, because what was done was not appropriate for that purpose. All such sales were made in defendant’s own packages, mariced with its own name and label. Plaintiff and defendant were known as competitive manufacturers, and no druggist who bought defendant’s goods from defendant could have supposed he was getting plaintiff’s goods. When we come to the other class, the ultimate user, we have a very peculiar situation. If the plaintiff’s goods had established themselves with this class of purchaser, so that they were known as plaintiff’s goods (not necessarily by plaintiff’s own name; it might as well be by a trade-name), we would be driven to the conclusion that defendant intended to take advantage of the confusion and substitution which would result.

The trouble is that there was, in October, 1908, no such reputation established with this class of purchasers. There is no direct evidence on this subject, and we must draw the natural inferences. The article had just been introduced to the trade that summer; only by the filling of prescriptions and by sales induced by the druggists had the article become known to the consumer; and the best that can be said is that the stage was set for the formation of the phenolax habit—not that any appreciable fraction of the community had acquired it. Such a secondary meaning as is here involved comes gradually. We do not think it can be manufactured overnight by intensive advertising. There is, to our minds, no satisfactory basis for finding that about October, 1908, the consuming public had come to the belief that tablets of this appearance were “phenolax”; and short of such rather general belief, plaintiff could have no quasi exclusive right which was then infringed by defendant.

[6] We do not place dependence upon the fact that the purchasing public would not be familiar with plaintiff’s name; for the existence of a secondary meaning or an identification coming from appearance is sufficient, if it brings deceit as to identity of the article sold under plaintiff’s trade-mark or trade-name. Saalfield v. Merriam, 238 Fed. 1, 8, 151 C. C. A. 77; Shredded Co. v. Humphrey Co., supra. Nor do we overlook the fact that similarity in appearance would be more significant with a medicinal tablet than with a piece of furniture. In the latter case the question of origin is important only as to materials and workmanship, and of these the purchaser can largely judge for himself, while in the former case the efficiency of the drug must depend upon the skill and honesty of the maker, and so the purchaser cares more about getting the original whose merits he knows; but neither of these considerations can compensate for the lack of that established reputation among purchasers whereby, and only whereby, the trade dress can indicate origin.

Since defendant entered the field, it has continued without interruption, and of late years other imitators have also appeared. If plaintiff’s rights were not sufficiently exclusive in October, 1908, to justify injunction, they have not since become so. Nor, if the tablet then adopted did not then carry deception to the public, for lack of a public so educated as to be likely to be deceived, does it help plaintiff to say that the drug was the article sold, and the tablet was the container or package.

Each case depends so absolutely upon its own circumstances that a controlling precedent is not to oe expected. Each of the cited cases upon which plaintiff specifically relies depends upon the finding that the consuming public had come to regard the trade dress as indicating that the thing' was the article which it was in the habit of buying and wanted to get. Schlitz Co. v. Houston Co., 250 U. S. 28, 39 Sup. Ct. 401, 63 L. Ed. 822; New England Co. v. Marlborough Co., 168 Mass. 154, 46 N. E. 386, 60 Am. St. Rep. 377; Thum Co. v. Dickinson, supra; Samson v. Puritan, supra; Elgin Co. v. Illinois Co., 179 U. S. 665, 21 Sup. Ct. 270, 45 L. Ed. 365; Capewell Co. v. Mooney (C. C. A. 2) 172 Fed. 826, 97 C. C. A. 248; Sterling Co. v. Spermine (C. C. A. 7) 112 Fed. 1000, 50 C. C. A. 657. On the other hand, the relief has been denied in many cases with facts more or less analogous to those here. See American v. Saginaw (C. C. A. 6) 103 Fed. 284, 43 C. C. A. 233, 50 L. R. A. 609; Diamond Co. v. Saginaw Match Co. (C. C. A. 6) 142 Fed. 727, 74 C. C. A. 59; Globe Wernicke Co. v. Macey (C. C. A. 6) 119 Fed. 696, 56 C. C. A. 304; Keystone Co. v. Portland Co. (C. C. A. 1) 186 Fed. 690, 108 C. C. A. 508. The rule in the Second Circuit finds its last construction in Shredded Co v. Humphrey Co., 250 Fed. 960, 163 C. C. A. 210.

Perhaps the result which we reach in this case, rested as it is upon the fact that defendant copied the product and began its competition, before there was time for plaintiff to get the indicative effect of its trade dress sufficiently established, is most severely tested by saying that this would make the diligent thief immune, while the one who might hesitate and delay must give up his plunder. The answer is that there can be no larceny, unless the title or possessory right of the first holder is better than that of the second taker, and that in this case, until the general public belief among users that tablets of this appearance were phenolax wafers had come into existence, plaintiff’s title to this combination of characteristics was no better than defendant’s.

If it is said that there is injustice in a state of the law which denies protection to a plaintiff who has expended $30,000 in introducing his peculiar tablet, it must be remembered that in this case the expense indivisibly inured to the advantage of the trade-mark “phenolax,” which is now fully respected; and in any such case it may be a lesser evil that plaintiff must fail of full protection than that free choice of common form should be denied to competitors.

The court below dismissed the bill, and its decree is affirmed.

1 Merriam v. Saalfield, 198 Fed. 369,117 C. C. A. 245; Coca-Cola Co. v. Gay-Ola Co., 200 Fed. 720, 119 C. C. A. 164; Samson Co. v. Puritan Co., 211 Fed. 603, 128 C. C. A. 203, L. R. A. 1915F, 1107; Knabe Co. v. American Co., 229 Fed. 23, 143 C. C. A. 325; Meccano Co. v. Wagner (D. C.) 234 Fed. 912; Kellogg Co. v. Quaker Co., 235 Fed. 657, 149 C. C. A. 77; Saalfield v. Merriam, 238 Fed. 1, 151 C. C. A. 77; Thum v. Dickinson, 245 Fed. 609, 158 C. C. A. 37; Helmet Co. v. Wrigley Co., 245 Fed. 824, 158 C. C. A. 164; Peninsular Co. v. Levinson, 247 Fed. 658, 159 C. C. A. 560; Werk Co. v. Grosberg, 250 Fed. 968, 163 C. C. A. 218.

2 It is not material to the present ease whether that public acquiescence’ must involve the retraining from lawful competition and so would not reach a case where and while a patent gave a monopoly (Merriam v. Saalfield, supra, 198 Fed. at page 374, 117 C. C. A. 245), or is sufficient if it involves only the public education to the point where it thinks of the original When it sees the copy (Shredded Co. v. Humphrey Co. [C. C. A. 2] 250 Fed. 960, 963, 163 C. C. A. 210).