United States v. Davis ( 2008 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0690n.06
Filed: November 12, 2008
NO. 07-5361
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v. ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
) TENNESSEE
JOHN T. DAVIS, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
Before: MOORE and COOK, Circuit Judges; HOOD, Senior District Judge.*
HOOD, Senior District Judge. A jury convicted John T. Davis (“Davis”) of conspiring to
distribute and possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine in violation of
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count One), aiding and abetting an attempt to possess five
kilograms or more of cocaine with the intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)
(Count Three) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 , and being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count Five). Davis was sentenced to the statutory mandatory minimum term
of imprisonment of 240 months on the drug charges and to a concurrent sentence of 120 months on
the firearm charge. Davis appeals his conviction and his sentence on numerous grounds. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm Davis’s conviction and sentence.
*The Honorable Joseph M. Hood, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
I. FACTS
On June 13, 2006, a federal grand jury returned a superceding indictment charging Davis and
co-defendants Aldifonso Gonzales and Johnny Fachorn with conspiring between December 1, 2004
and February 17, 2006, to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more
of cocaine (Count One), conspiring to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute 500 grams
or more of methamphetamine (Count Two), and aiding and abetting one another in an attempt to
possess five kilograms or more of cocaine with the intent to distribute (Count Three). Davis was
also charged with possession of a firearm in furtherance of the cocaine offense charged in Count
Three, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (Count Four), and with being a felon in possession of
a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count Five).
Davis’s co-defendants Gonzales and Fachorn pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charged in
Count One. On October 31, 2006, after a five-day jury trial, Davis was convicted of the Count One
conspiracy offense, the Count Three substantive drug offense, and the Count Five
felon-in-possession offense. The jury found Davis not guilty of the crimes charged in Counts Two
and Four. On March 19, 2007, Davis was sentenced to the statutory mandatory minimum term of
imprisonment of 240 months on Counts One and Three and to a concurrent sentence of 120 months
on Count Five. Davis timely appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. DEA Agents
Davis contends that the court below erred in allowing Drug Enforcement Agents Templeton
and Wilson to testify regarding terms and practices related to drug trafficking when those terms and
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practices were outside the knowledge of lay persons “without having the agent qualified as experts
and bypassing the reliability requirement for admission of expert testimony.” Davis again concedes
that the issue was not raised in the court below and this Court merely reviews for plain error.
Specifically, Davis complains that Agents Templeton and Wilson should not have been
permitted to explain the term “fronting” as it relates to drug trafficking. Fed. R. Evid. 702 permits
the admission of specialized knowledge from a witness qualified as an expert by “knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education” if it will “assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
determine a fact in issue.” Fed. R. Evid. 702. This Court “regularly allows qualified law
enforcement personnel to testify on characteristics of criminal activity, as long as appropriate
cautionary instructions are given, since knowledge of such activity is generally beyond the
understanding of the average layman.” United States v. Swafford, 385 F.3d 1026, 1030 (6th Cir.
2004) (citing United States v. Thomas, 99 Fed. Appx. 665, 668-69 (6th Cir. 2004)).
The district court gave the jury the following limiting instruction concerning expert
testimony:
The rules of evidence provide if scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge
might assist the jury in understanding the evidence or in determining a fact in issue,
a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, or training or
education may testify and state his opinion received in evidence in this case and give
it such weight as you may think it deserves. If you should decide that the opinion of
an expert witness is not based upon sufficient education and experience, or if you
should conclude that the reasons given in support of the opinion are not sound or that
the opinion is outweighed by other evidence, then you may disregard the opinion
entirely.
Defendant does not contest that Agents Templeton and Wilson were in fact qualified to
provide specialized testimony concerning drug trafficking, only complaining that the district court
did not squarely address the issue of their qualifications. This fact, when combined with the rule of
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Swafford, requires a finding that the district court did not plainly err in failing to sua sponte address
the issue of the agents’ qualifications as experts on drug trafficking.
B. Double Jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires that no person be punished
twice for the same offense. U.S. Const. amend. V. Davis argues that he was subjected to double
jeopardy in violation of the Fifth Amendment based upon his convictions on the conspiracy charged
in Count One and the substantive drug offense charged in Count Three. Again, Defendant concedes
that this alleged error was not raised below and that this Court’s review is for plain error. See United
States v. Davis, 306 F.3d 398, 416-17 (6th Cir. 2002)
Count One charged Davis with “conspir[ing] . . . to commit violations of 21 U.S.C. §
841(a)(1), that is, to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more of a
mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled
substance.” As discussed, supra, Count Three charged Davis with the substantive drug offense of
attempting to possess with the intent to distribute the five kilograms of cocaine. In United States v.
Felix, 503 U.S. 378 (1992), the Supreme Court reaffirmed the “rule that a substantive crime and a
conspiracy to commit that crime are not the ‘same offense’ for double jeopardy purposes. Id. at 389.
See also Murr v. United States, 200 F.3d 895 (6th Cir. 2000); United States v. Smith, 963 F.2d 892(6th Cir. 1992); United States v. Barrett, 933 F.2d 355 (6th Cir. 1991).
Davis correctly points out that in Rutledge v. United States, 517 U.S. 292 (1996), the
Supreme Court held that conspiracy to distribute controlled substances is a lesser included offense
of conducting a continuing criminal enterprise. Rutledge did not hold, however, that conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance is a lesser-included offense of aiding and
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abetting an attempt to possess with the intent to distribute a controlled substance. Davis also finds
no support for his position in the case law of this Court. Other courts have expressly rejected the
argument that the rule affirmed in Felix is altered when the substantive offense charges aiding and
abetting. See United States v. Rivera-Martinez, 931 F.2d 148 (1st Cir. 1991) (holding that double
jeopardy clause did not prohibit sentences for both the continuing criminal enterprise and aiding and
abetting); see also United States v. Arbelaez, 812 F.2d 530 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding that punishment
of defendant convicted of conspiracy to possess cocaine with the intent to distribute and of aiding
and abetting was not precluded by the double jeopardy clause). We hold the act of conspiring to
possess cocaine is separate and distinct from aiding and abetting the actual attempt to possess the
cocaine. No plain error is found.
C. Sufficiency of the Indictment
Defendant first argues that Count Three of the indictment failed to sufficiently charge aiding
and abetting an attempt to possess more than five kilograms of cocaine because it did not allege (1)
any overt act as a substantial step toward the underlying attempt, (2) any particular act of help or
encouragement as an aider and abettor, and (3) that Defendant intended to help commit or encourage
the offense. Defendant concedes that this objection was not raised below and that this Court’s
review is for plain error. (Def. Br. 34). United States v. McAuliffe, 490 F.3d 526, 530-31 (6th Cir.
2007) (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b) and United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631-32 (2002)).
An indictment is sufficient if it “fully, directly, and expressly . . . set[s] forth all the elements
necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished.” McAuliffe, 490 F.3d at 531 (citing
United States v. Douglas, 398 F.3d 407, 411 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted)).
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In particular, the indictment must: (1) “set out all of the elements of the charge[d]
offense and must give notice to the defendant of the charges he faces[,]” and (2) “be
sufficiently specific to enable the defendant to plead double jeopardy in a subsequent
proceeding, if charged with the same crime based on the same facts.”
Id. “An indictment is to be construed liberally in favor of its sufficiency.” Id. (citing United States
v. Davis, 306 F.3d 398, 411 (6th Cir. 2002)).
Count Three charged that “on or about February 17, 2006, within the Eastern District of
Tennessee and elsewhere, the defendants . . . aided and abetted by each other, did knowingly and
intentionally attempt to possess with the intent to distribute five kilograms or more of . . . cocaine.”
As noted by Davis, the Supreme Court recently held that to charge an attempt to commit a criminal
act, the indictment “need not specifically allege a particular overt act.” United States v. Resendiz-
Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, --- , 127 S.Ct. 782, 788 (2007); accord McAuliffe, 490 F.3d at 531. The
substantial step or overt act is charged where the grand jury alleges that a defendant “did attempt”
the commission of a specific criminal act. Resendiz-Ponce, 127 S.Ct. at 788 (“Not only does the
word ‘attempt’ as used in common parlance connote action rather than mere intent, but, more
importantly, as used in the law for centuries, it encompasses both the overt act and intent elements.”).
Davis’s argument that the indictment failed to allege specific instances of encouragement or
assistance he performed in furtherance of the crime also fails. This Court previously announced the
rule that “an indictment is not defective merely because it does not explain in what respect the
defendant aided or abetted.” Davis, 306 F.3d at 412.
Viewed under the liberal standard of review with which this Court must consider the
indictment, it is apparent that the indictment provided Davis with adequate notice of the crimes
charged and was not defective.
D. Search of Tennessee Residence
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Davis argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress the evidence
seized from his Tennessee residence because the affidavit in support of the search warrant did not
establish a sufficient nexus between his residence and his drug trafficking. The motion to suppress
was referred to a magistrate judge for a report and recommendation. The magistrate judge
recommended that the motion to suppress be denied and advised Davis that any objections to the
report and recommendation should be filed within ten days. No objections were filed, and the
district court adopted the report and recommendation as its own, denying Davis’s motion to
suppress.
Failure to file objections to a report and recommendation after receiving notice constitutes
a waiver of the issue on appeal. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 155 (1985). Absent identification
of an error so egregious that failure to permit appellate review would result in a miscarriage of
justice, this Court will not review such assignments of error on appeal. United States v. Sullivan,
431 F.3d 976, 984 (6th Cir. 2005). Davis having failed to object to the report and recommendation
in the court below and having failed to identify any egregious error, the Court declines to consider
this objection on appeal.
E. Protective Sweep of Florida Residence
Davis argues that the search of his Florida residence incident to his arrest violated his Fourth
Amendment rights and that the fruit of the search should have been suppressed. Davis failed to file
a motion to suppress said evidence and has thus waived his objection on appeal. See United States
v. Lopez-Medina, 461 F.3d 724, 738 (6th Cir. 2006).
F. Propensity evidence
Davis next contends that the district court erred in admitting evidence pursuant to Fed. R.
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Evid. 404(b). Davis fails to specify which evidence was improperly admitted, referring only to
“certain 404(b)-type evidence” and “a host of other 404(b)-type evidence.” In addition to the fact
that the issue was not raised below and is, thus, forfeited on appeal, the Court declines to review the
matter as “issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed
argumentation, are deemed waived.” United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 832, 846 (6th Cir. 2006).
G. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Davis argues that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him on Counts One,
Three and Five. At the close of the prosecution’s case, Davis made a motion for judgment of
acquittal pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 29. It does not appear that Davis renewed that motion at the
close of all evidence. Accordingly, this Court’s review is “limited to determining whether there was
a manifest miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Paige, 470 F.3d 603, 608 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing
United States v. Price, 134 F.3d 340, 350 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Even
if Davis had renewed his motion, permitting this Court to review the matter under the standard set
forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979), the evidence, when viewed in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, would have allowed a rational trier of fact to find the elements of the
crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. “When deciding whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime, this court does not ‘weigh the evidence, consider the
credibility of witnesses, or substitute its judgment for that of the jury.’” United States v. Gardner,
488 F.3d 700, 710 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Chavis, 296 F.3d 450, 455 (6th Cir.
2002)).
1. Count One
The essential elements of the drug conspiracy charge in Count One include: an agreement
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to violate the drug laws; knowledge of and intent to join the conspiracy; and participation in the
conspiracy. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; see also Gardner, 488 F.3d at 710. Davis argues
that there was “no consistent or reliable testimony about the amount of the cocaine” and that the
amount of money he possessed was insufficient to purchase the five kilograms of cocaine charged
in the indictment. Based upon the testimony of Davis’s co-defendant, Gonzalez, about the amount
of cocaine involved, a rational juror could have believed that the conspiracy lasting from December
2004 to February 2006 included well over five kilograms of cocaine.
2. Count Three
Davis argues the evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he aided
and abetted the attempt to possess cocaine because “[t]here were not meetings or conversations
between Jesse [Marino, the confidential informant] and Mr. Davis” and “Mr. Davis’s interaction
with [co-defendant] Fachorn was virtually nonexistent, or at most benign.” To prove that Davis
aided and abetted the attempt to possess cocaine, the United States had to prove (1) an act by Davis
that contributed to the commission of the attempt to possess cocaine and (2) Davis’s intent to aid
in the crime’s commission. Gardner, 488 at 714.
At trial, there was evidence that Davis aided and abetted the attempt to possess cocaine by
providing co-defendants Gonzalez and Fachorn with lodging, meals, and transportation while they
were in Tennessee negotiating with Jesse, the confidential informant they believed would produce
the cocaine; by acquiring cash for the purchase of the cocaine; by agreeing that the transaction could
take place at his business office; and by offering his Ford Excursion as partial payment for the
cocaine. There was ample evidence from which a rational juror could conclude that Davis aided and
abetted the attempt to possess the cocaine.
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3. Count Five
While acknowledging that constructive possession is sufficient to support a conviction for
being a felon in possession of a handgun, Davis argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict
him of the crime because “the government offered no direct evidence that Mr. Davis ever had actual
possession of the firearm.” At trial, Davis’s girlfriend, Kimberly Shaffer, testified that the handgun
found in the bedside table on the side of the bed where Davis usually slept was her handgun;
however, the house belonged to Davis, and he and Shaffer shared the bedroom. It is the rule of this
Court that constructive possession may be shown by “[p]roof that the person has dominion over the
premises where the firearm is located.” United States v. Hadley, 431 F.3d 484, 516 (6th Cir. 2005)
(citing United States v. Kincaide, 145 F.3d 771, 782 (6th Cir. 1998)) (holding that the defendant
constructively possessed the firearm found in the drawer of an armoire located in the bedroom shared
by defendant and his wife). The fact that the firearm in the instant case was found in the bedside
table in the room shared by Davis and his girlfriend provided sufficient evidence from which a
rational juror could conclude that Davis constructively possessed the firearm.
H. Sentence
Finally, Davis argues that his statutory minimum sentence of two hundred and forty (240)
months violate his rights under the Fifth, Sixth or Eighth Amendments. Davis acknowledges that
his position is contrary to the law and in fact candidly admits that “he [i]s unaware of any supporting
authority at this time that would allow the district court to depart below the twenty (20)-year
mandatory minimum sentence.” Davis having conceded that there is no support for his contention,
his sentence shall be affirmed.
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III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Davis’s convictions and sentence are AFFIRMED.
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