Lazelle Maxwell v. United States , 617 F. App'x 470 ( 2015 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 15a0482n.06
No. 13-5856
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Jul 01, 2015
LAZELLE MAXWELL, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. )
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
)
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. In this § 2255 ineffective-assistance challenge
to one of the petitioner’s two federal drug conspiracy convictions, the government concedes both
prongs of the test under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984): trial counsel was
constitutionally deficient in failing to challenge Lazelle Maxwell’s multiplicitous conspiracy
convictions and Maxwell suffered prejudice as a result. Both sides also agree that one of the
convictions should be vacated and the $100 special assessment also vacated.
This leaves one key question, which is the subject of this appeal: What is the appropriate
relief? Maxwell requests a new trial. In the alternative, he argues that the sentence for the
remaining conspiracy conviction should remain unchanged. The government, while opposing
the request for a new trial, contends that the district court should conduct a new sentencing on
the remaining count.
No. 13-5856
Maxwell v. United States
In light of the government’s concession of the Sixth Amendment violation under
Strickland, we reverse the district court’s denial of relief and remand with instructions to vacate
Maxwell’s conviction for the one of the two conspiracy counts. For the following reasons, we
also order a new sentencing hearing on remand.
I.
Beginning around January 2008, Maxwell conspired with three others to sell crack
cocaine and heroin in northern Kentucky. Maxwell recruited Darryl Ross to sell both drugs.
Ross and Maxwell traveled to Detroit once or twice a week to buy the drugs. Preston Bell
became a salesperson in March 2008 and, in May, so did Bell’s cousin, Marc Peeples.
According to Ross’s estimate, the conspirators distributed a total of around fifteen ounces of
crack cocaine and between fifteen and twenty ounces of heroin between January and May.
In late May, an informant conducted a controlled purchase of heroin from Bell. Police
officers obtained warrants and searched the three houses that the conspirators were using for
their operations. Maxwell was eventually arrested in April 2009.
A federal grand jury indicted Maxwell for two violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
846: (1) conspiracy to distribute fifty grams or more of a substance containing cocaine base; and
(2) conspiracy to distribute a substance containing heroin. The case proceeded to trial in
September 2009 and Maxwell was convicted of both counts. The district court sentenced him to
240 months’ imprisonment on Count One and 120 months’ imprisonment on Count Two, to be
served consecutively. He also received ten years of supervised release on Count One and eight
years on Count Two, to be served concurrently for a total term of ten years of supervised release.
Finally, the court required Maxwell to pay a $100 special assessment for each conviction. This
court affirmed Maxwell’s convictions and sentences on direct appeal. United States v. Shields,
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415 F. App’x 692 (6th Cir. 2011). The Supreme Court denied certiorari. Maxwell v. United
States, 131 S. Ct. 3048 (2011) (mem.).
Maxwell then filed a pro se motion to vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a).
The motion included an argument that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
indictment as multiplicitous. Accepting the recommendation of the magistrate judge, the district
court denied the motion. But the district court issued a certificate of appealability on the
question of “whether Maxwell’s trial counsel erred under Strickland v. Washington . . . by failing
to challenge the charges against Maxwell in Counts One and Two of the Superseding Indictment
as multiplicitous.” Maxwell filed a timely notice of appeal.
II.
“‘On appeal from the denial of a § 2255 motion, we review legal conclusions de novo and
factual findings for clear error.’” Howard v. United States, 743 F.3d 459, 463 (6th Cir. 2014)
(quoting Regalado v. United States, 334 F.3d 520, 523–24 (6th Cir. 2003)).
III.
To prevail on a Sixth Amendment challenge based on ineffective assistance of counsel, a
convicted defendant must satisfy two elements. First, he “must show that counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–
88. Second, “the defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at
694.
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The district court held that trial counsel’s failure to challenge the allegedly multiplicitous
convictions did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. As a result, the court did
not consider whether the failure to challenge prejudiced Maxwell at trial.
On appeal, however, the government concedes that Maxwell satisfies both Strickland
prongs. The government first concedes that counsel’s performance was deficient. A defendant
who joins a single agreement may be convicted of only one conspiracy count even if “the object
of [the] single agreement is to commit . . . many crimes,” even if those crimes are different and
even if they are prohibited by different statutes. Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. 49, 53
(1942). Charging multiple counts for the same criminal conduct is known as “multiplicity,”
United States v. Swofford, 512 F.3d 833, 844 (6th Cir. 2008), and multiplicitous convictions
violate the Fifth Amendment’s Double Jeopardy Clause, United States v. Tocco, 306 F.3d 279,
289 n.12 (6th Cir. 2002). This court has therefore reversed one of a defendant’s two convictions
when the two charges were based on the same underlying conspiracy. United States v. Adcock,
487 F.2d 637, 639 (6th Cir. 1973) (per curiam).
In its brief, the government “concedes that only a single conspiracy existed in this case.”
The district court correctly noted that “[t]he two counts allege identical dates, participants, and
locations” and that the counts “only differ with respect to the drug involved in the conspiracy.”
Thus, the government concludes that “[i]n light of Braverman, Maxwell’s convictions were
multiplicitous.”
The government also concedes that trial counsel’s failure to challenge the charges as
multiplicitous rendered counsel’s performance objectively unreasonable. The district court
relied on United States v. Dunn, 269 F. App’x 567 (6th Cir. 2008)—which held that the district
court did not commit plain error in permitting separate convictions for a conspiracy to commit
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two distinct drug offenses—in concluding that trial counsel was not deficient. The government
concedes, nonetheless, that the performance was unreasonable because Dunn, an unpublished
opinion, appears to run counter to Braverman and this court’s decisions applying Braverman.
Next, the government does not contest that Maxwell has suffered the prejudice necessary
to satisfy Strickland’s second prong. The government made the same concession before the
district court. We may therefore proceed to the next question in the case: the nature of the
remand.
We accept the government’s concession of both Strickland prongs as disposing of the
merits of the ineffectiveness claim because, as we recently held in the § 2254 context, “the merits
of [the] . . . claim are neither jurisdictional nor unwaivable, and the [government] may therefore
abandon them as it sees fit.” Allen v. Parker, 542 F. App’x 435, 436 (6th Cir. 2013).
IV.
Maxwell argues that we should remand for a new trial but the government disagrees. If
we do not order a new trial, both parties agree that we should remand to the district court with
instructions to (1) vacate Maxwell’s conviction on one of the two conspiracy counts; and (2)
refund the $100 special assessment that Maxwell incurred as a result of the second conviction.
Maxwell believes that the district court should stop there. The government, by contrast, argues
that vacating one count necessitates resentencing on the remaining count.
A.
We first consider Maxwell’s claim for a new trial. A defendant convicted on
multiplicitous counts is entitled to a new trial only if the inclusion of the several counts
prejudiced him at trial. United States v. Throneburg, 921 F.2d 654, 657 (6th Cir. 1990). In other
words, we will order a new trial only if the trial court abused its discretion by failing to require
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the government to elect between multiplicitous counts on the basis that “‘the mere making of the
charges would prejudice the defendant with the jury,’” id. (quoting United States v. Reed,
639 F.2d 896, 904 n.6 (2d Cir. 1981); see also United States v. Hebeka, 25 F.3d 287, 291
(6th Cir. 1994) (explaining that Throneburg held “that a conviction on a multiplicitous count
should simply be vacated unless the defendant has been prejudiced”); United States v. Emly,
747 F.3d 974, 980 (8th Cir. 2014) (“A multiplicitous indictment requires remand for a new trial
only if the multiplicity prejudices the defendant.”).
Maxwell presents two arguments in favor of a new trial. He first argues that the
government is estopped from making any argument against a new trial because it argued before
the district court that “[a]ny successful challenge raising multiplicity would have been addressed
and remedied by a superseding indictment.” Stated differently, he contends that the government
sought to use to its advantage the claim that, had Maxwell’s trial counsel raised the multiplicity
issue, Maxwell would have been tried on a one-count, non-multiplicitous indictment. Thus, his
argument goes, “under doctrines of waiver and estoppel, the government cannot abandon this
concession by claiming that it had, all along, the right to try Maxwell on a multiplicitous
indictment.”
Maxwell’s argument is unconvincing. “The doctrine of judicial estoppel prevents a party
who successfully assumed one position in a prior legal proceeding from assuming a contrary
position in a later proceeding.” Mirando v. U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, 766 F.3d 540, 545 (6th
Cir. 2014) (citing New Hampshire v. Maine, 749 U.S. 742, 749 (2001)). For one thing, the
government was not successful in the particular argument that Maxwell references. At that time,
the government was arguing that the district court should not issue a certificate of appealability
because Maxwell had not made a substantial showing that his trial counsel was deficient in
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failing to object to the multiplicitous indictment. That argument was unsuccessful: the district
judge granted the certificate of appealability. Moreover, only the harshest reading of the
government’s argument before the district court would tie the government to the position that it
had no right to try Maxwell on a multiplicitous indictment. Although the government’s
argument is worded imprecisely, a fairer reading is as follows: if Maxwell’s trial counsel had
successfully challenged the indictment—persuading the trial judge to exercise his discretion to
force the government to elect between charges prior to trial—the government would have
proceeded to trial on a superseding indictment. And, in the government’s view, Maxwell would
have received the same sentence anyway. The government was not asserting that the trial judge,
upon realizing the indictment was multiplicitous, would have automatically required the
government to choose between the charges and obtain a superseding indictment. The
government by no means argued that it did not have the right to try Maxwell on both conspiracy
charges. His estoppel theory therefore fails.
Maxwell next contends that he is entitled to a new trial on the merits because he suffered
prejudice at trial as a result of the multiplicitous indictment. He argues:
[T]he jury repeatedly heard that the Government was charging Maxwell with
multiple felony counts—and the trial court underscored this fact by separately
instructing the jury on each count. . . . In a case where the perpetrator’s identity
was at issue, the repeated references to multiple crimes risked prejudicing the jury
against Maxwell by leading them to view his defense
with a more jaundiced eye.
This argument is not persuasive. While Maxwell correctly notes that we have alluded to the
need for a new trial where the defendant suffered prejudice at trial, the court did not hold in those
cases that the circumstances actually warranted a new trial. Hebeka, 25 F.3d at 291 (holding that
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the defendant failed to show prejudice and refusing to order a new trial); Throneburg, 921 F.2d
at 657 (reaching the same conclusion and collecting cases).
Maxwell does not point to any case from this or any other circuit ordering a new trial
based on prejudice from trial on multiplicitous charges. Maxwell cites only two cases, both from
district courts, that reach his desired result. First, he points to United States v. Clarridge, 811 F.
Supp. 697, 702 (D.D.C. 1992). But Clarridge was a case in which the trial judge exercised his
discretion to require the government to choose between multiplicitous counts before trial. That
was within the district court’s authority. Throneburg, 921 F.2d at 657. And one trial judge’s
exercise of discretion does not mean that another trial judge abuses her discretion by taking an
alternative course. See id. Maxwell next cites United States v. Polizzi, 257 F.R.D. 33, 36
(E.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2009), in which the district court decided after trial that the defendant had
suffered prejudice and ordered a retrial. Id. at 38. But there, the Second Circuit reversed the
order of retrial and ordered the reinstatement of the remaining convictions. United States v.
Polouizzi, 393 F. App’x 784, 785 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam).
The usual course on appeal is not to remand for a new trial but to leave the remaining
conviction intact after vacating the multiplicitous convictions. This is what the Supreme Court
did in Ball v. United States, 470 U.S. 856, 865 (1985), and the course that other circuits have
routinely followed. See, e.g., United States v. Benoit, 713 F.3d 1, 18 (10th Cir. 2013); United
States v. Robertson, 606 F.3d 943, 953 (8th Cir. 2010); United States v. Tann, 577 F.3d 533, 543
(3d Cir. 2009); United States v. Zalapa, 509 F.3d 1060, 1065 (9th Cir. 2007); United States v.
Parker, 508 F.3d 434, 441–42 (7th Cir. 2007).
Taken together, these decisions suggest that a convicted defendant seeking to show
prejudice must show more than the mere knowledge on the part of the jury that the defendant
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faced multiple charges. Indeed, if the jurors’ knowledge of multiple charges sufficed, the
exception would swallow the rule: every multiplicitous indictment would result in trial prejudice.
There is no sign that Maxwell suffered any prejudice at trial beyond the alleged risk—
which could be alleged in every case of this nature—of jurors’ negative reaction to the mere
inclusion of multiple charges. The evidence presented at trial was not duplicative. See United
States v. Lilly, 983 F.2d 300, 305 (1st Cir. 1992) (“When a defendant is tried on multiplicitous
charges, yet the same evidence would have been admissible against him had he been tried on a
single, properly laid count, he cannot ordinarily complain of a spillover effect.”). As it related to
Maxwell, the government’s witnesses discussed his role in the conspiracy, which encompassed
both heroin and crack cocaine. The same witnesses testified to both. At no point during closing
did the government imply that the multiple charges should sway the jury on Maxwell’s guilt.
Moreover, the district court explicitly instructed the jury that “[t]he number of charges is no
evidence of guilt, and this should not influence your decision in any way.” The court
emphasized the need “to separately consider the evidence that relates to each charge, and to
return a separate verdict for each one,” without allowing its decision on one charge to influence
its decision on the other. See Emly, 747 F.3d at 974 (stating the Eighth Circuit’s position that
jury “instructions that direct the jury to consider each charge separately ensure that the jury’s
verdict on the valid counts will not be influenced by the multiplicitous counts”).
Maxwell vaguely suggests that the multiplicitous charges harmed him because his
identity was at issue: the government claimed that he went by the nickname “Stone” and the
defense cast some doubt on that theory. But there is no reason to think that the jury was more
inclined to find that Maxwell was a conspirator because of the number of charges against him.
The additional charge did not expand the scope of admissible evidence of his identity. The
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government presented significant evidence of Maxwell’s involvement in the conspiracy, which
the jury was free to accept or reject. Nothing in the government’s closing arguments suggest that
the number of charges had any impact on that decision. And again, the jury was specifically
instructed not to consider the number of charges as evidence of Maxwell’s guilt.
In light of all the circumstances, Maxwell’s arguments about the impact of the
multiplicitous charges are unconvincing. We hold that he is not entitled to a new trial.
B.
We next consider whether the district court may resentence Maxwell on remand.
Maxwell argues that it should leave his sentence on Count One undisturbed after vacating Count
Two. The government, on the other hand, urges us to remand for resentencing on Count One.
The government claims that the district court “thought a sentence of 360 months,” which would
be at the bottom of the guideline range even after Count Two is vacated, was “necessary” after
applying the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In the government’s view, “the court’s
decision to impose a 240-month sentence on Count 1 and a 120-month sentence on Count 2 was
unquestionably part of an interdependent ‘sentencing package’ that the court should be allowed
to reconsider on remand.”
After vacating a conviction, our discretion to dictate the nature of the remand extends to
deciding whether the defendant will be resentenced on the remaining counts. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2106; United States v. Foster, 765 F.3d 610, 613 (6th Cir. 2014). The court may therefore
“vacate and remand an entire sentencing package despite the fact that it includes an unchallenged
sentence.” United States v. Clements, 86 F.3d 599, 600–01 (6th Cir. 1996). A sentencing
package exists “where sentences imposed on the multiple counts are interdependent.”
Pasquarille v. United States, 130 F.3d 1220, 1222 (6th Cir. 1997).
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Maxwell again leads with a waiver argument. The government argued in the district
court: “case law indicates that imposition of the second special assessment and a consecutive
sentence for the second conspiracy count constitutes actual prejudice to the Defendant.”
Maxwell contends that this directly contradicts the government’s argument on appeal that the
district court would see a 360-month sentence as “necessary,” even with only one conspiracy
count remaining. Broken down, Maxwell’s argument would seem to proceed as follows. To
prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim, a convicted defendant must show prejudice—that
there is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. So when the government
conceded that the consecutive sentence totaling 360 months satisfied the prejudice prong, it
conceded that there is a reasonable probability that Maxwell would have received a lesser
sentence if trial counsel had objected to the multiplicitous convictions and the district court had
sentenced Maxwell on only one conviction. Waiver principles bind the government to its
concession. United States v. Noble, 762 F.3d 509, 527 (6th Cir. 2014) (stating, in a different
subject area, that the government can waive or forfeit an argument just “like any other litigant”).
On appeal, then, the government cannot contend that counsel’s error made no difference. In
Maxwell’s view, this is exactly what the government is arguing when it says that the district
court clearly saw 360 months as the necessary sentence. And because this is the backbone of the
government’s claim that the two consecutive sentences were interrelated, the waiver forecloses
that argument.
Maxwell’s waiver argument has some intuitive appeal. There is indeed some inherent
tension in the government’s argument on prejudice in the district court and its argument in this
court on the interrelatedness of the sentences. But for several reasons, we do not believe that the
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waiver doctrine should be applied in this manner. First, although the prejudice doctrine and the
government’s interrelated-sentences argument share a theme, they are distinct arguments and
even a prudent lawyer may not have seen her positions on the issues as inconsistent. It is
unlikely that the government, when conceding prejudice in the district court, would have thought
that it was waiving an argument for resentencing Maxwell. See United States v. Osborne,
402 F.2d 626, 630 (6th Cir. 2005) (defining waiver as “‘the intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right’” (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1933)
(emphasis added)). Second, the government’s concession was a relatively narrow one. It
concedes only that the additional consecutive sentence and the additional special assessment,
taken in the conjunctive, give rise to prejudice. Indeed, it would have been difficult for the
government to deny—in light of precedent—that a second conviction accompanied by a second
special assessment constituted prejudice, even in the absence of a consecutive sentence.
The Supreme Court “stated that not only did the imposition of a $50 special
assessment on each conviction amount to a second punishment, but also
concluded a second conviction holds the potential for “adverse collateral
consequences” aside from the concurrent sentence, such as delay of eligibility for
parole, a harsher sentence under a recidivist statute for any future offense,
credibility impeachment, and societal stigma.
United States v. DeCarlo, 434 F.3d 447, 457 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Rutledge v. United States,
517 U.S. 292, 301 (1996)).
The government could arguably have worded its argument more carefully so as to note
the possibility that Maxwell did not suffer prejudice from his sentences alone, but this still would
not have impacted the overall impact of the prejudice argument. For these reasons, it would take
a strained reading of the government’s position to hold that it waived its argument that
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Maxwell’s sentences were interrelated. We decline to adopt such a reading and we therefore
proceed to the merits.
Case law has not specifically defined “interdependent” but has provided some examples.
In both Pasquarille and Clements, a defendant’s conviction for using and carrying a firearm
during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), was
vacated for reasons unrelated to the present case, leaving one other conviction intact.
Pasquarille, 130 F.3d at 1221; Clements, 86 F.3d at 600. In each case, we held that the
sentences were interdependent because § 924 initially prevented the district court “from
enhancing the defendant’s sentence.” Pasquarille, 130 F.3d at 1222; see also Clements, 86 F.3d
at 601. Each defendant, if sentenced without the § 924 count, would have received a mandatory
firearm enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines. See Pasquarille, 86 F.3d at 601 (citing
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1)); Clements, 86 F.3d at 601.
In Maxwell’s view, Pasquarille forecloses resentencing here. He quotes the Pasquarille
court as follows:
It is clear that the 924(c) offense and the underlying offense are interdependent,
and must be considered as components of a single comprehensive sentencing
plan. Therefore, § 2255 gives the court jurisdiction and authority to reevaluate
the entire aggregate sentence.
130 F.3d at 1222 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Maxwell argues that this passage shows
that the court has no jurisdiction in the present case to revisit his sentence. But this argument
rests on flawed logic. The passage states that the court can order resentencing because the
sentences are interrelated but it does not suggest that the § 924 scenario is the only possible form
of interrelatedness or otherwise limit the meaning of interrelated sentences.
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Maxwell refers to one other scenario in which this court has permitted resentencing after
one of two sentences was vacated. We did so in United States v. Mainville, 9 F. App’x 431, 436
(6th Cir. 2001) (per curiam), where the “sentences on the two counts were interdependent, in that
the maximum sentence under each count affected whether the sentence would be served
concurrently or consecutively” under the Guidelines. Again, however, there is no indication that
the Mainville court was cabining the scope of the interrelated sentences principle; it was simply
holding that the sentences were interrelated in the case at hand.
This court has ordered resentencing in at least one other case outside of the Pasquarille
and Mainville situations. In United States v. Ehle, 640 F.3d 689 (6th Cir. 2011), the court held
that the defendant’s multiple convictions for knowingly possessing and knowingly receiving the
same child pornography violated the Double Jeopardy Clause. Id. at 698–99. We permitted
resentencing on remand after one of the two counts had been vacated. Id. at 699. As here, the
court had imposed two consecutive sentences totaling a guidelines-range sentence of 360
months. The court did not devote any substantive discussion to the issue of whether the
sentences were interrelated, so there is not a clear holding to bind us in determining whether the
sentences were interrelated. Nonetheless, Ehle shows that we may remand for resentencing
outside of the narrow situation that arose in Pasquarille and Clements.
Ehle also casts doubt on Maxwell’s argument that the district court would have imposed
concurrent sentences if it had treated the counts as interrelated. The government requested
concurrent sentences on the two counts but the district court instead imposed consecutive
sentences of 240 months on Count One and 120 months on Count Two. Maxwell contends that
the “whole idea of a concurrent sentence” is that “the sentence will remain the same even if a
lesser concurrent sentence is later invalidated.” See Foster, 765 F.3d at 613 (vacating but not
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remanding for resentencing because nothing could support increasing the sentences on the
remaining concurrent counts). Thus, Maxwell argues, if the district court had viewed the 360-
month sentence as necessary for the conduct at issue, the judge would have imposed concurrent
sentences of 360 months each. But in Ehle, we remanded for resentencing even though the
district court had imposed consecutive sentences.
In the present case, the sentences are interrelated. At sentencing, the district court
discussed the two counts as though they were one. It calculated the overall guideline range for
both crimes, noting that it was 360 months to life. The government demonstrates, and Maxwell
does not dispute, that the guideline range would have remained the same even if the district court
would have vacated one count and sentenced him only on the remaining count. The district court
did not discuss the convictions as though they were separate courses of conduct or even separate
crimes; rather, the judge discussed the convictions in terms of Maxwell’s role in the single
conspiracy. Notably, the judge repeatedly referenced one singular conviction rather than the
plural. The language throughout the hearing suggests that the court was considering Maxwell’s
sentences as an interrelated whole rather than as discrete figures.
Having considered Maxwell’s course of conduct—along with his history and
characteristics—and applying the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)—the district court concluded:
“In light of the seriousness of this particular offense [and] in light of the defendant’s criminal
history . . . a sentence within the guideline range would be . . . appropriate and, in this case,
necessary.” The court also believed that a guideline-range sentence would also serve the goals of
deterrence and public protection. It reached this conclusion without emphasizing the fact that
Maxwell had been convicted of multiple offenses on this occasion and without double counting
any sentencing factor. Even if Maxwell had been sentenced for just one conspiracy count, 360
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months would have been at the bottom of the guideline range. This lends further support to the
view that the sentences were interrelated.
In light of this—and given that 360 months would have been at the bottom of the
guideline range even if Maxwell had been sentenced for just one conspiracy count—it would be
anomalous for Maxwell to end up with a sentence significantly below the guideline range and to
avoid resentencing.
It is also noteworthy that the district court did not refer in the sentencing hearing to the
individual, consecutive sentences for each individual offense. It referred only to the 360-month
total term of imprisonment. The notion of individual, consecutive sentences did not appear until
the judgment. While it is impossible to ascertain the court’s reason for imposing consecutive
sentences, its reasoning in the sentencing hearing certainly seems to support the view that the
sentences were interrelated. Overall, the record suggests that the two sentences were interrelated
and therefore part of a sentencing package.
Maxwell makes two final arguments, both of which lack merit. He first claims that
resentencing would involve a Double Jeopardy violation because it would allow his sentence to
be enhanced after he has developed an “expectation of finality in the original sentence.”
See United States v. DiFrancesco, 449 U.S. 117, 139 (1980). But Maxwell acknowledges that
his argument rests on the premise that his two sentences are not interrelated. Given our holding
that they are in fact interrelated, he “no longer had an expectation of finality . . . when he
challenged one count of his two interrelated convictions and placed the validity of his entire
sentence at issue.” Pasquarille, 130 F.3d at 1222. Next, Maxwell observes that the court
“endeavors to provide the narrowest appellate remedy sufficient to correct a particular error.”
See United States v. Mowery, 210 F.3d 373 (6th Cir. 2000) (unpublished table disposition). True
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as that may be, it simply raises the question of what the narrowest sufficient remedy is in this
specific case. The case law and the circumstances of this specific case suggest that remanding
for resentencing is the most appropriate remedy.
V.
For the above reasons, we reverse the district court’s denial of Maxwell’s § 2255 motion
and remand to the district court with instructions to vacate his conviction on one of the two
counts, vacate the special assessment for the vacated count, and resentence him on the remaining
count.
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