Marilyn Johnson v. City of Memphis ( 2017 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0695n.06
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Dec 19, 2017
MARILYN JOHNSON, et al., ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Plaintiffs-Appellees, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
CITY OF MEMPHIS, ) TENNESSEE
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. Some 17 years after this litigation began, we again find it before
us. The City of Memphis (“the City”) asks us to direct that the district court vacate judgment
and enter a new one that does not award backpay to a group of plaintiff police officers. Having
no cause to vary from the path the district court took, we AFFIRM.
I.
The factual and procedural background underlying this litigation has been recited
extensively in multiple orders and opinions. A summary follows.
In 2000, the City administered a four-part assessment (“the 2000 process”) to determine
which patrol officers would be promoted to sergeant. Upon discovering that the administration
of the practical test had been compromised, the City discounted that component entirely and re-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis
weighed the others. This prompted a group of test-taking officers who were not promoted to sue
the City; they alleged, in part, that the 2000 process was racially discriminatory in violation of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. See generally Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 2:00-
cv-2608 (“Johnson I”). With Johnson I pending, the district court granted the City leave to
develop a replacement officer-to-sergeant promotion process (“the 2002 process”).
The 2002 process differed from its predecessor, but it too spurred litigation. In
Billingsley v. City of Memphis, No. 2:04-cv-2013 (“Billingsley”), 35 officers who unsuccessfully
sought promotion alleged that the 2002 process disparately impacted minority officers in
violation of Title VII. And in Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 2:04-cv-2017 (“Johnson II”), 15
Johnson I Plaintiffs who had not been promoted via the 2002 process likewise alleged a Title VII
violation.
Following consolidation of Johnson I, Billingsley, and Johnson II, the district court held
that the 2000 process violated Title VII and granted the Johnson I Plaintiffs’ motion for partial
summary judgment. The court ruled, after a bench trial, that the 2002 process likewise violated
Title VII, and it fashioned the following relief: (1) promotion of “all minority plaintiffs who have
not already been promoted to the rank of sergeant within 30 days”; (2) “within 60 days, pay to
those plaintiffs thus promoted backpay commensurate with their having assumed the sergeant
rank on the date of their first denial of promotion under either the 2000 or 2002 process”; and
(3) amendment, within 30 days, of “the employee records of all minority plaintiffs to reflect
seniority credit commensurate with their having assumed the sergeant rank on the date of their
first denial of promotion under either the 2000 or 2002 process.” The court did not enter final
judgment at that time.
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Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis
In February 2007, the court entered a consent order providing in relevant part:
1. Pending appeal, the following minority Plaintiffs will be promoted to the rank
of Sergeant and paid Sergeant salary, effective with the payroll period
beginning February 3, 2007. . . .
2. Within the next thirty (30) days, the above individuals will be given
assignments at the rank of Sergeant. In the event that the Court’s December
28, 2006 Memorandum Opinion and Order is reversed on appeal, Plaintiffs
will be returned to the rank of patrol officer.
There followed a variety of remedies-related motions for injunctions and stays. In October 2011,
we affirmed a preliminary injunction ordering the immediate promotion of 28 qualifying
plaintiffs to the rank of lieutenant. Johnson v. City of Memphis (Johnson Appeal I), 444 F.
App’x 856, 857–58, 861 (6th Cir. 2011). The district court made the injunction permanent
shortly thereafter.
At last, the district court entered a final judgment in the consolidated cases in March
2013. The judgment awarded backpay to the three plaintiff groups; the retroactive date for the
Johnson I and Johnson II Plaintiffs was July 11, 2000, and the retroactive date for the Billingsley
Plaintiffs was January 10, 2003.
The entry of final judgment brought with it a fresh round of appeals—and a stay of
execution of the judgment. Both parties disputed various rulings, with the City cross-appealing
only the district court’s order invalidating the 2002 process on Title VII grounds and the
associated attorneys’ fees award. Johnson v. City of Memphis (Johnson Appeal II), 770 F.3d
464, 469 (6th Cir. 2014). We reversed the district court’s Title VII judgment invalidating the
2002 process, vacated the district court’s fees award, and remanded for further consideration. Id.
at 485.
On remand, the Johnson Plaintiffs moved to dissolve the stay of execution of the district
court’s Title VII judgment invalidating the 2000 promotion process and awarding corresponding
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relief. The City sought entry of a new judgment to replace the March 2013 judgment. On May
10, 2016, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ dissolution motion and declined to enter a new
judgment. See Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 00-2608-STA-tmp, 2016 WL 2733139 (W.D.
Tenn. May 10, 2016).
Then, on August 4, 2016, the court approved various settlement agreements that resolved
Billingsley. The court made clear that its order dismissed with prejudice only the Billingsley
Plaintiffs; it noted in conclusion that “[t]he Orders and Judgment entered in the consolidated
cases of [Johnson I] and [Johnson II] shall remain in effect and are undisturbed by this Order.”
Several weeks later, on August 24, the court denied three additional motions. See
Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 00-2608-STA-tmp, 2016 WL 4468861 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 24,
2016). The Johnson Plaintiffs had moved to enforce the March 2013 judgment against the City,
requesting that the court compel the City to deposit the backpay award into the court’s registry.
Finding it had no authority to order such relief, the court denied Plaintiffs’ motion. The court
also denied the City’s motions to “clarify” the May 10 order and to “enforce” the February 2007
consent order.
The City appealed the May 10, August 4, and August 24 orders. Plaintiffs moved to
dismiss the appeal as untimely, but we concluded otherwise. Johnson v. City of Memphis, Nos.
16-6349/6835 (6th Cir. Aug. 15, 2017) (order). We now address the merits of the City’s appeal.
II.
A.
The City chiefly contends that the district court erroneously failed to vacate the March
2013 judgment in light of our holding in Johnson Appeal II. As the City correctly perceives, we
reversed the Title VII judgment as to the 2002 process. Johnson Appeal II, 770 F.3d at 485. But
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Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis
because the City did not raise it as an issue, we did not decide the validity of the 2000 process.
See id. at 469, 485. Seemingly recognizing as much, the City narrows its claim to allege that the
district court “erred by not at least vacating the portion of the judgment that declared the Johnson
II and Billingsley Plaintiffs prevailing parties.”1
The 15 Johnson II Plaintiffs who challenged the 2002 process were also Johnson I
Plaintiffs, and all Johnson I Plaintiffs participated in the 2000 process. The district court found
that the 2000 process violated Title VII, and the City never appealed that ruling. In Johnson
Appeal II, we reversed the district court, holding that the 2002 process did not violate Title VII.
Id. at 485. But that decision did not alter the 15 individuals’ entitlement to relief based on the
unchallenged 2000 process. And there’s the rub for the City: whether an officer was only a
Johnson I Plaintiff or also a Johnson II Plaintiff, the officer remained entitled to the relief
granted with respect to the 2000 process.
As support for its argument, the City notes that the district court granted attorneys’ fees to
the Johnson I Plaintiffs but not the Johnson II Plaintiffs. The City argues that it is therefore
“logically inconsistent” to refuse to vacate the March 2013 judgment but nevertheless find that
the Johnson II Plaintiffs were not prevailing parties for the purposes of attorneys’ fees. We
disagree. It’s true, as the district court remarked, “that the Johnson II Plaintiffs did not prevail
on any of the causes of action alleged in Johnson II.” That is why the district court declined to
award attorneys’ fees to the Johnson II Plaintiffs—they weren’t prevailing parties in that lawsuit.
But that has no bearing on the backpay awarded due to the 2000 process’s invalidity.
1
As part of their settlement, the Billingsley Plaintiffs waived their claims for backpay and
attorneys’ fees. The district court granted the parties’ joint motion to approve the settlement,
dismissing the case with prejudice. Vacating the judgment in Billingsley is therefore a moot
point.
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Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis
The City additionally presses that the March 2013 judgment bestows a windfall upon the
Johnson II Plaintiffs by awarding them backpay for more than a dozen years from July 11, 2000,
through March 4, 2013. According to the City, this puts the Johnson II Plaintiffs in “the same
position as those who earned promotions based on the 2002 results, which this Court declared
valid in 2014.”
The City’s argument fails to persuade. For one, we agree with Plaintiffs that the City has
the backpay period incorrect. July 11, 2000, marked the date the Johnson I Plaintiffs were first
denied a promotion related to the 2000 process. The backpay ending date differed, however,
based on when each Plaintiff was promoted—evidenced by the detailed spreadsheets Plaintiffs
submitted to the district court on March 1, 2013, in support of each individual backpay claim.
That all Johnson I Plaintiffs were awarded prejudgment interest through March 4, 2013, does not
represent a dubious windfall. Nor do we discern an abuse of discretion by the district court in
fashioning the backpay awards as it did. See Madden v. Chattanooga City Wide Serv. Dep’t,
549 F.3d 666, 678 (6th Cir. 2008).
B.
The City also asks us to remand and mandate that the district court return all Johnson II
Plaintiffs still employed by the Memphis Police Department to the rank of patrol officer. Its
claim hinges on the parties’ consent order—entered by the district court in February 2007—
articulating that “[i]n the event that the Court’s December 28, 2006 Memorandum Opinion and
Order is reversed on appeal, Plaintiffs will be returned to the rank of patrol officer.”
Given the Billingsley settlement, the district court denied as moot the motion as to that
group of plaintiffs, and the City does not appeal this decision. As for the Johnson I Plaintiffs
named in the agreement, the court found that enforcing the order “would not be appropriate.”
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Reviewing de novo the district court’s interpretation of the consent order, National Ecological
Foundation v. Alexander, 496 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir. 2007), we have no quarrel with its
analysis, restated here:
The City’s argument to enforce the agreed order against the Johnson I Plaintiffs is
without merit because the Johnson I Plaintiffs prevailed on their Title VII claim
as to the 2000 process and the City waived on appeal any challenge to that portion
of the Court’s judgment. While the same officers did not prevail on their
challenge to the 2002 process in Johnson II, they did prevail on their challenge to
the 2000 process in Johnson I and remain entitled to the relief granted for the
Title VII violations in the 2000 process.
The City’s repeated references to the officers as “Johnson II Plaintiffs” do not disturb the
unassailable fact that these individuals also prevailed as Johnson I Plaintiffs. And the City offers
no support for its assertion that “[t]he Johnson II Plaintiffs agreed to the order, knowing they
could not rely on their success in Johnson I.”
III.
For these reasons, we AFFIRM.
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