United States v. Joseph Tyshawn Favorite ( 2023 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 23a0290n.06
Case No. 22-1396
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
) Jun 21, 2023
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE WESTERN
JOSEPH TYSHAWN DARREN FAVORITE, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
) OPINION
Before: COLE, READLER, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
COLE, Circuit Judge. Joseph Favorite pleaded guilty to knowingly possessing a stolen
firearm and ammunition while having been convicted of a felony. At sentencing, Favorite objected
to the probation officer’s recommendation that the court apply a four-level enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). The district court denied the objection as untimely. Favorite appealed,
arguing that the district court abused its discretion in denying the objection and his counsel
provided ineffective assistance by failing to raise the objection sooner. We affirm the district
court’s sentencing decision and decline to consider the merits of Favorite’s ineffective assistance
of counsel claim.
I. BACKGROUND
On June 27, 2021, Demetria Carter called 911 to report an attack. According to Carter, she
and her cousin encountered Joseph Favorite outside of a residence in Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Favorite allegedly taunted Carter about a murdered family member and a confrontation ensued.
Case No. 22-1396, United States v. Favorite
The altercation culminated in Favorite allegedly hitting Carter on the top of her head with a loaded
firearm, which discharged into the air. Carter’s cousin and other bystanders intervened, enabling
Carter to distance herself from Favorite enough to call 911.
Local police officers arrived on the scene. Carter informed them of the altercation and
described the weapon Favorite used to hit her as a black handgun with a drum magazine. The
officers discovered that Favorite had previously been convicted of several state felony offenses
and was purportedly non-compliant with his parole terms. A parole-violation warrant issued, and
both state and federal law enforcement agencies began investigating Favorite’s whereabouts.
In July 2021, state and federal law enforcement officers apprehended Favorite and executed
a parole search of Favorite’s bedroom at his sister’s house. There, they discovered a gun matching
Carter’s description: a Glock Model G48, 9mm pistol with a 50-round capacity drum magazine
attached. A consent search of Favorite’s vehicle turned up an empty 9mm magazine that fit the
firearm found in Favorite’s bedroom. Further investigation revealed that the weapon had been
reported stolen from a business in Grand Rapids, Michigan in July 2019.
Favorite was charged in state court in connection with the alleged attack on Carter but those
charges were dismissed on August 17, 2021. The following day, a federal grand jury indicted
Favorite on one count of knowingly possessing a stolen firearm and ammunition while having
been previously convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). Favorite
pleaded guilty to the charge without entering a plea agreement.
Prior to sentencing, the probation officer assigned to Favorite’s case drafted a presentence
investigation report (PSR). Both Favorite and the government lodged timely written objections to
the report. Relevant here, Favorite objected—without explanation—to the PSR’s recommendation
in paragraph 37 that a four-level enhancement be applied to his guidelines calculation under
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Case No. 22-1396, United States v. Favorite
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) based on his alleged use of a firearm in connection with another felony
offense. Noting that the basis for the objection was “unclear,” the final version of the PSR
explained that § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) applied based on the battery of Carter with the Glock Model G48,
which “Favorite [did] not appear to dispute.” (PSR, R. 39, PageID 128.)
Favorite’s counsel reiterated the unsupported objection in her sentencing memorandum:
“After research, counsel has been unable to find support for the [] outstanding objections[.]
However, Mr. Favorite would like to preserve these issues and asks the Court to rule on them.”
(Def. Sentencing Mem., R. 43, PageID 147.)
At sentencing, Favorite’s counsel revealed that the basis for Favorite’s objection to the
four-level enhancement was factual in nature, stating that the information reflected “in
paragraph[s] 12, 13, and 14 is not what had occurred.” (Sentencing Hr’g Tr., R. 50, PageID 174.)
Specifically, Favorite contended that while he was present during the altercation with Carter and
that a firearm discharged, it was not his firearm that went off during the scuffle. Counsel stated
that information obtainable from Favorite’s Facebook account supported his version of events but
failed to present any such evidence at the hearing. Counsel also conceded that the objection was
untimely but gave no explanation for its lateness apart from stating that she and Favorite “were
finally able to discuss this in detail.” (Id. at 174–75.)
Denying Favorite’s objection due to untimeliness, the court imposed a sentence based on
the information in the PSR. The court further explained that a preponderance of the evidence
supported finding that Favorite used the Glock Model G48 in connection with a felony offense—
the physical altercation with Carter—such that the four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)
was warranted.
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Case No. 22-1396, United States v. Favorite
Applying the relevant enhancements, adjustments, and 10-year statutory maximum, the
court calculated a guidelines range of 100 to 120 months and, after considering the § 3553(a)
factors, sentenced Favorite to 120 months’ incarceration. Favorite appealed, arguing that the
district court erred in denying his objection based on its lateness under Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32 and that his counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to make the objection
properly.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Objection to PSR’s Factual Contentions
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 mandates literal compliance by the district court,
and violations of Rule 32 are typically reviewed for harmless error. United States v. Wright,
747 F.3d 399, 414 (6th Cir. 2014). But the parties instead suggest that an abuse-of-discretion
standard applies to the specific Rule 32 issue here.
We agree that an abuse-of-discretion standard is appropriate. The Rule’s relevant language
directs parties to make any written objections to the PSR within 14 days of receipt before noting
that the district court “may, for good cause, allow a party to make a new objection at any time
before sentence is imposed.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(f)(1), (i)(1)(D) (emphasis added). The use of
the word “may” in a statute “implies discretion.” Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United States,
579 U.S. 162, 172 (2016) (citation omitted); see also Singh v. Rosen, 984 F.3d 1142, 1151 (6th
Cir. 2021) (“[T]he word ‘may’ clearly connotes discretion.” (citation omitted)). And this court
has also reviewed compliance with other components of Rule 32 for an abuse of discretion because
district courts are often “better positioned to assess many of the relevant determinations under []
Rule 32.” United States v. Bartlett, 416 F. App’x 508, 511 (6th Cir. 2011); see also United States
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Case No. 22-1396, United States v. Favorite
v. LeBlanc, 762 F.2d 502, 504–05 (6th Cir. 1985) (reviewing a denial of an evidentiary hearing to
challenge a PSR’s contentions for abuse of discretion).
Turning now to the standard itself, an abuse of discretion occurs when the district court’s
decision rests on clearly erroneous factual findings, applies an incorrect legal standard, or
misapplies the correct legal standard. United States v. Fowler, 819 F.3d 298, 303 (6th Cir. 2016).
Finding no such abuse here, we affirm.
Favorite first argues that the district court abused its discretion because it failed to consider
whether “good cause” excused his objection’s lateness under Rule 32(i)(1)(D). But the district
court had no occasion to consider whether the objection’s untimeliness should be excused for
“good cause” because Favorite never made that argument: Favorite’s counsel stated only that she
and Favorite “were finally able to discuss this in detail,” suggesting that counsel was unaware of
the basis for Favorite’s objection until the day of the sentencing hearing, but presenting no rationale
to justify its untimeliness.
Favorite also cites no case law—from this circuit or any other—indicating that a district
court must investigate sua sponte whether “good cause” might excuse an objection’s untimeliness.
Nor does such an assertion comport with the language of the Rule, which states that a district court
“may” allow late objections. Rule 32(i)(1)(D). Moreover, the cases Favorite cites affirm district
courts’ discretion to manage untimely objections under Rule 32 as they see fit, and those courts
entertained late objections only where the objecting party presented evidence or argument to
demonstrate “good cause.” See, e.g., United States v. Angeles-Mendoza, 407 F.3d 742, 748–49,
n.10 (5th Cir. 2005) (explaining that the district court had discretion to consider the government’s
late objection where it was supported by “good cause”); United States v. Young, 767 F. App’x 766,
771 (11th Cir. 2019) (same). Favorite presented no such evidence or argument of “good cause”
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for the objection’s untimeliness, and the district court had no obligation to look for “good cause”
itself.
Even if the district court should have considered the merits of Favorite’s objection, the
objection itself lacked the evidentiary support necessary to dispute the PSR. To challenge the
PSR’s allegations, a defendant must produce at least some evidence that casts doubt on the veracity
of the relevant contentions. United States v. Lang, 333 F.3d 678, 681 (6th Cir. 2003). Where a
defendant fails to adduce evidence to contest the PSR, the district court may rely on the PSR as if
undisputed. Id. at 682; United States v. Cover, 800 F.3d 275, 279 (6th Cir. 2015) (per curiam).
Favorite presented no evidence to support his version of events or challenge the PSR apart
from his counsel summarizing Favorite’s version of the Carter confrontation and stating that there
might be information on Facebook to support his account. This is not enough. See Lang, 333 F.3d
at 681–82. And although Favorite asserts that a “bare denial” suffices to contest “uncorroborated”
facts in a PSR, that assertion finds no support in the relevant case law. See id. at 682 (noting that
the defendant could have but failed to produce an affidavit or testimony to contradict the PSR’s
contentions); see also Cover, 800 F.3d at 278–79 (concluding that a defendant must produce
evidence to contradict statements in a PSR); United States v. Wiant, 314 F.3d 826, 831–32 (6th
Cir. 2003) (explaining that a defendant must do more than merely deny a PSR’s factual allegations
without support).
Given Favorite’s failure to show “good cause” for his objection’s lateness and the lack of
evidence to support his objection, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
objection as untimely and relying on the PSR as undisputed.
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B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
This court typically declines to review ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct
appeal because the factual record from the district court rarely provides a sufficient basis for
determining whether counsel’s performance was deficient or prejudiced the defendant under the
relevant Strickland standard. See United States v. Lopez-Medina, 461 F.3d 724, 736–37 (6th Cir.
2006). Instead, federal defendants’ best course of action for claiming ineffective assistance is
bringing a motion under 28 U.S.C § 2255. See United States v. Ferguson, 669 F.3d 756, 762 (6th
Cir. 2012). The § 2255 process then allows for additional factual development in the district court,
“the forum best suited to developing the facts necessary to determining the adequacy of
representation[.]” Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 505 (2003).
The record here does not contain the information required to adjudicate Favorite’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Indeed, apart from counsel’s concession that she did not
know the basis of Favorite’s objection until the day of the sentencing hearing, it is “devoid” of
detail as to what conversations Favorite and his counsel had regarding the case or what other
investigation, preparation, or strategizing counsel did prior to the hearing. See Ferguson, 669 F.3d
at 763. As such, we decline to address the merits of Favorite’s ineffective-assistance argument,
and leave that issue to be decided on collateral review.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
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