Ceres Enters., LLC v. Travelers Indemnity Co. ( 2022 )

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 22a0532n.06
No. 21-3232
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
) Dec 21, 2022
CERES ENTERPRISES, LLC,
) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY ) OHIO
COMPANY OF AMERICA, originally named )
as Travelers Insurance Company, ) OPINIION
Defendant-Appellee. )
)
Before: MOORE, GRIFFIN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Ceres Enterprises, LLC, operates seven hotels across the
Midwest. Like many hospitality businesses, Ceres lost substantial income due to the COVID-19
pandemic and the ensuing government orders that restricted non-essential business activities.
Ceres sought to recover this lost income under a commercial insurance policy that it bought from
the Travelers Indemnity Company of America. The policy obligates Travelers to pay for some
amounts of lost income when this economic loss grows out of a “direct physical loss of or damage
to” Ceres’s property. Policy, R.1-4, PageID 70. The district court granted Travelers’ motion to
dismiss because neither the pandemic nor the government shutdown caused a “direct physical loss
of or damage to” Ceres’s hotels. In the meantime, another district court asked the Ohio Supreme
Court to consider a similar insurance-policy question. See Neuro-Commc’n Servs., Inc. v.
Cincinnati Ins. Co., __ N.E.3d __, 2022 WL 17573883, at *3 (Ohio Dec. 12, 2022). We held this
No. 21-3232, Ceres Enters. v. Travelers Indemnity Co.
case for the Ohio Supreme Court’s answer. That court has now interpreted similar policy language
to bar coverage in these circumstances—consistent with our own prior answer to this question.
See id. at *4 (quoting Santo’s Italian Café LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 15 F.4th 398, 402 (6th Cir.
2021)). Bound by Neuro-Communication, we affirm.
I
Ceres operates hotels in several states across the Midwest: four in Ohio, two in Indiana,
and one in Minnesota. Like many other business owners in the hospitality industry, Ceres has
unfortunately suffered significant losses from the combined effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
and the follow-on government orders that restricted business operations.
Before the pandemic, Ceres had purchased an “all-risk” commercial insurance policy from
Travelers. This policy indicates generally that Travelers will cover “direct physical loss of or
damage to” Ceres’s property. Policy, R.1-4, PageID 70. Two other types of coverage are relevant.
The policy’s “Business Income Provision” allows Ceres to seek certain lost income or extra
expenses from Travelers. Specifically, this provision permits Ceres to recover for the “actual loss
of Business Income” resulting from a “suspension” of its hotel operations if the suspension is
“caused by direct physical loss of or damage to” Ceres’s property. Id., PageID 108. It also permits
Ceres to recover other “actual Extra Expense” that Ceres “would not have incurred if there had
been no direct physical loss of or damage to property[.]” Id.The policy’s “Civil Authority Provision” next allows Ceres to seek lost income and extra
expenses incurred as a result of governmental responses to damage to neighboring property. The
policy provides that Ceres may sometimes seek its income and expenses when an “action of civil
authority” (that is, a government action) prohibits it from accessing its hotels because of “damage
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to” nearby properties that resulted from a Covered Cause of Loss. Id., PageID 109. The policy
defines “Covered Cause of Loss” to mean “risks of direct physical loss.” Id.The policy also contains many exclusions that prohibit coverage even if it would otherwise
insure certain losses. Among other exclusions, the policy notes that Travelers will not pay for
losses caused by a virus “that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness or disease.”
Id., PageID 89.
Once the pandemic hit, Ceres sought to recover its lost income under the Business Income
and Civil Authority Provisions. After Travelers summarily denied its claim, Ceres sued it in state
court. Ceres sought a declaratory judgment that it was entitled to coverage and alleged that
Travelers’ denial of coverage breached both the policy and the covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. Ceres also sought to certify a class action made up of several classes of businesses.
Travelers removed the case to federal court, invoking both diversity jurisdiction and the Class
Action Fairness Act.
Travelers then moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. The district
court granted this motion. Ceres Enters., LLC v. Travelers Ins. Co., 520 F. Supp. 3d 949, 952
(N.D. Ohio 2021). It reasoned that neither the pandemic nor the government shutdown orders
qualified as a “direct physical loss of or damage to” Ceres’s property that could trigger coverage
for lost income under the Business Income Provision. Id. at 955–61. This reading, the court next
noted, also disqualified Ceres from coverage under the Civil Authority Provision. Id. at 961. This
provision required the damage to nearby property to arise from a “Covered Cause of Loss,” a
phrase that the policy equated with the “direct physical loss” that Ceres failed to allege. Id. The
court went on to hold, in the alternative, that Ceres’s claim fell within the exclusion for losses
caused by a virus. Id. at 962.
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Ceres appealed. We review the district court’s dismissal of its complaint de novo. See
Wilkerson v. Am. Fam. Ins. Co., 997 F.3d 666, 668 (6th Cir. 2021).
II
We start by framing the narrow nature of the parties’ debate. The parties agree that Ohio
contract law governs. They also agree on the governing contract rules: Ohio courts interpret
unambiguous contract terms as written and they construe ambiguous terms in favor of the insured.
See Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *3; Dominish v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 953 N.E.2d
820, 822 (Ohio 2011); Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros. Farm, 652 N.E.2d 684, 686
(Ohio 1995). The parties likewise agree that their dispute under the Business Income Provision
turns on whether Ceres suffered a “direct physical loss of or damage to” its property. Policy, R.1-
4, PageID 108. And Ceres does not challenge the district court’s further conclusion that the Civil
Authority Provision also requires a “direct physical loss” because it notes that the “damage to”
nearby property must result from a “Covered Cause of Loss.” Id., PageID 109. Given these points
of agreement, this appeal turns on whether the spread of COVID-19 or the ensuing government
shutdown orders could qualify as a “direct physical loss of or damage to” Ceres’s hotels (or nearby
properties). Travelers says that this text is unambiguous and requires a tangible harm to property.
Ceres responds that “direct physical loss” is ambiguous and could be read to cover restrictions on
the use of property.
The Ohio Supreme Court decided to consider a similar question in Neuro-Communication.
2022 WL 17573883, at *3. In that case, the relevant insured business provided “hearing and
balance services to its patients[.]” Id. at *2. The Ohio government’s shutdown orders forced it to
close its operations for about six weeks, and it sought reimbursement for lost income under a
similar insurance policy issued by Cincinnati Insurance Company. Id. The Ohio Supreme Court
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rejected the business’s argument that the phrase “physical loss” could include a loss of use of its
property to serve customers. Id. at *4. It reasoned that a “physical loss” requires “loss or damage
to Covered Property that is physical in nature” and thus does not cover simply “a loss of the ability
to use Covered Property for business purposes.” Id.
In the process, the Ohio Supreme Court agreed with our own prior decision in Santo’s. See
2022 WL 17573883, at *4. Santo’s concerned an Ohio restaurant owner seeking to recover
business losses caused by the pandemic and the Ohio government’s responses restricting non-
essential activities. See 15 F.4th at 400. Like Travelers’ insurance policy in this case, the policy
in Santo’s covered the loss of business income resulting from a suspension of operations “‘caused
by direct physical loss of or damage to property’ at the restaurant.” Id. (citation omitted). Santo’s
held that this phrase (“direct physical loss of or damage to” property) unambiguously excluded
business losses arising from COVID-19 or related government shutdown orders. Id. at 401–02.
We interpreted this language as covering only “tangible” deprivations of or “tangible” harms to
property, like those caused by a theft or fire. See id. at 403 (citing 10A Steven Plitt et al., Couch
on Insurance § 148:3 (2021)). The Ohio Supreme Court’s approval of Santo’s confirms that we
properly applied Ohio contract law. See Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *4.
This case raises the same question as Neuro-Communication (and Santo’s), so we must
reach the same answer. In cases governed by Ohio contract law, we “must follow the controlling
decisions of the Ohio Supreme Court.” Henry v. Wausau Bus. Ins. Co., 351 F.3d 710, 713 (6th
Cir. 2003). And we see no basis to distinguish the contract in this case from the one in Neuro-
Communication. Cf. SAS Int’l, Ltd. v. Gen. Star Indem. Co., 36 F.4th 23, 26–29 (1st Cir. 2022).
To be sure, a phrase in one contract does not necessarily take the same meaning as the same
phrase in another contract if the context suggests that the parties intended a different meaning. See
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Wilkerson, 997 F.3d at 669–70. But the context suggests that the parties meant for the same
meaning across these many cases. To begin with, specialized trade usages can support an inference
of consistent meaning. Cf. Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. Int’l Sales Corp., 190 F. Supp.
116, 119 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (Friendly, J.). And, as Santo’s recognized, the phrases at issue in these
cases “are the general touchstones of coverage . . . for most commercial property insurance
policies.” 15 F.4th at 402 (citing 10A Couch on Insurance § 148:46). That is perhaps why—as
the Ohio Supreme Court noted—the great weight of appellate authority to consider this question
has interpreted similar insurance policies in the same way (under other states’ laws). See Neuro-
Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *7; see, e.g., Ryan P. Estes, D.M.D., M.S., P.S.C. v. Cincinnati
Ins. Co., 23 F.4th 695, 699–702 (6th Cir. 2022) (Kentucky law); Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas.
Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F.4th 885, 890–91 (9th Cir. 2021) (California law); SAS Int’l, 36 F.4th at 26–
29 (1st Cir. 2022) (Massachusetts law); Q Clothier New Orleans, L.L.C. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co.,
29 F.4th 252, 258–60 (5th Cir. 2022) (Louisiana law); Oral Surgeons, P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co.,
2 F.4th 1141, 1143–44 (8th Cir. 2021) (Iowa law); see also Cherokee Nation v. Lexington Ins. Co.,
__ P.3d __, 2022 WL 4138429, *4 n.13 (Okla. Sept. 13, 2022) (citing cases).
In addition, other provisions in Travelers’ policy confirm that the policy uses “direct
physical loss” in an identical fashion to require tangible harm. Like the policy in Neuro-
Communication, the Business Income Provision permits an insured to recover income for business
suspensions only during a “period of restoration”—a defined period that ends when the property
should have been “repaired, rebuilt or replaced with reasonable speed and similar quality[.]”
Policy, R.1-4, PageID 108, 119. This provision would make no sense if “direct physical loss” need
not be tangible. See Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *4; see also Santo’s, 15 F.4th at
402–03. Likewise, the Civil Authority Provision applies only if the government restricts Ceres’s
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ability to access its hotels either because of the “dangerous physical conditions” of the nearby
damaged property or because the government needs “unimpeded access to the damaged property.”
Policy, R.1-4, PageID 110. This provision, too, contemplates tangible property damage.
In sum, we are bound by Neuro-Communication’s interpretation. Under that analysis,
Ceres has not adequately alleged the required “direct physical loss of or damage to” its property
or to nearby properties simply from its loss of use. Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *4.
As we noted in Santo’s, therefore, we need not consider any other interpretive question, such as
whether the virus exclusion would otherwise have barred Ceres’s claim. See 15 F.4th at 406–07.
We affirm.
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