Chattanoga Mfg v. Nike, Incorporated ( 2002 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
CHATTANOGA MANUFACTURING, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
Cross-Appellee,
v.
NIKE, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee,
Cross-Appellant,
and
MICHAEL JORDAN and DOES #1-10,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 99 C 7043—Ruben Castillo, Judge.
____________
ARGUED APRIL 4, 2002—DECIDED AUGUST 21, 2002
____________
Before RIPPLE, KANNE, and EVANS, Circuit Judges.
KANNE, Circuit Judge. Chattanoga Manufacturing, Inc.
sued Nike Inc. and Michael Jordan, alleging trademark
infringement and unfair competition in violation of the
Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114(1) & 1125(a). Nike filed
counterclaims, alleging that Chattanoga’s trademark was
2 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
improperly registered by the United States Patent and
Trademark Office (“PTO”) and should be cancelled. The
district court found that Chattanoga’s trademark infringe-
ment claims were barred under the doctrine of laches
and that Michael Jordan could not be held liable in his
personal capacity. We affirm.
I. Background
A. Chattanoga Manufacturing, Inc.
In 1979, Morris Moinian and Jimmy Soufian founded
Chattanoga and its Jordan Blouse Division in order to
manufacture women’s blouses and other women’s apparel,
such as tank tops, shirts, jumpsuits, sweaters, pants, and
dresses. Chattanoga manufactures and sells only wom-
en’s apparel, and it has never sold, made, or distributed
men’s clothing or footwear. Initially coined by Moinian,
Chattanoga’s Chairman, Chattanoga claims to have con-
tinuously used the mark JORDAN to identify its Jordan
Blouse Division products, although defendants disagree
and note that Chattanoga has used other labels on its
products.
In 1997, Chattanoga applied for trademark registra-
tion for JORDAN for use on “women’s wearing apparel,
namely blouses, sweaters, tee shirts[,] jackets, vests, pants,
trousers, skirts, suits, dresses, jumpers, jump suits, jog-
ging suits, exercise wear and women’s underwear.” Al-
though the PTO initially rejected Chattanoga’s trademark
application on several grounds, the PTO granted a Certifi-
cate of Registration on Chattanoga’s second trademark
application for JORDAN in October 1998.
B. Nike, Inc. and Michael Jordan
Nike was established in 1971 and is one of the world’s
leading sports and fitness companies. Nike designs, manu-
Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039 3
factures, and markets expensive footwear, apparel, equip-
ment, and accessory products and sells its products
through foreign and domestic retail accounts and distribu-
tors. Throughout Michael Jordan’s highly-regarded profes-
sional basketball career, his uniform has prominently
displayed the name “Jordan” and the number “23,” except
for a brief use of the number “45.”
In 1984, Nike and Jordan entered into a very success-
ful business relationship, and since that time, Nike has
manufactured and distributed many millions of dollars
of Michael Jordan-endorsed footwear, apparel, and acces-
sories. Nike has often described Michael Jordan-endorsed
products as “Jordan [type of product].” For example, in
Nike’s Fall 1990 catalog, there are apparel products
identified as “Jordan Pullover,” “Jordan Shooting Shirt,”
“Jordan Short,” and “Jordan Muscle Tank.” Additionally,
Nike also uses the name “Jordan” in combination with
Nike’s Jumpman logo.1 Beginning in 1985, the Jumpman
logo always accompanied “Jordan,” even when the only
word Nike displayed on a product was “Jordan.” Further,
all Michael Jordan-endorsed Nike products display indi-
cia of Michael Jordan, including the Jumpman logo and
one or more of the following: photographs of Michael
Jordan, the initials MJ, and/or the number 23, which is
sometimes depicted as “two3.” Under the current con-
tract between Nike and Jordan, Nike has the right to use
Jordan’s name and image in connection with a variety
of Nike products in exchange for compensation. The con-
tract states that Nike is the “sole and absolute owner” of
the Michael Jordan-related marks.
Since 1984, all of the Michael Jordan-endorsed Nike
apparel and footwear products have been designed for
1
The Jumpman logo is a silhouette of an actual photograph of
Michael Jordan in mid-air about to attempt a slam dunk.
4 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
men, boys, and very small children, with the exception of
one type of women’s athletic shoes sold in 1999. Over the
years, several different business units within Nike were
responsible for Nike’s Michael Jordan-endorsed products.
However, in 1997, Nike established the Jordan Brand
Division of Nike, a specific internal business unit de-
voted to Nike’s Michael Jordan-endorsed products.
C. District Court Proceedings
In October 1999, Chattanoga filed suit seeking dam-
ages and injunctive relief, alleging that Nike’s use of the
term Jordan constituted infringement and unfair competi-
tion under the Lanham Act. Defendants responded, inter
alia, by asserting the equitable defense of laches and
by filing counterclaims, which alleged that Chattanoga’s
JORDAN trademark was invalid and should be canceled.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and
the district court granted Nike’s and Michael Jordan’s
motion on the ground of laches but denied summary
judgment on the remaining issues.2
With respect to laches, the district court began by at-
tributing Chattanoga with constructive notice of the al-
leged infringement as early as 1985 and no later than 1990.
The court noted Nike’s prominent advertisement cam-
paign and Chattanoga’s admission that the media often
2
Alternatively, the district court found that Michael Jordan’s
motion should be granted because the evidence did not establish
that he could be found personally liable. As Chattanoga does not
address this issue in their opening brief it is therefore waived,
notwithstanding their arguments to the contrary, see Kauthar
SDN BHD v. Sternberg, 149 F.3d 659, 668 (7th Cir. 1998), and
provides a sufficient basis for affirming the district court’s
judgment as to Michael Jordan. See id.Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039 5
referred to Nike’s Michael Jordan-endorsed products as
“Jordan products.” Next, the district court noted that
Chattanoga’s delay was three times longer than the ap-
plicable statute of limitations, thereby creating a pre-
sumption of unreasonable delay. Because Chattanoga
failed to excuse its delay, the district court found Chat-
tanoga’s delay to be unreasonable. Finally, the district court
found that the substantial amount of money invested by
Nike in marketing and advertising its Michael Jordan-
endorsed products constituted sufficient prejudice to Nike
if Chattanoga was allowed to assert its alleged rights at
this time.
Chattanoga appeals, claiming that the district court
abused its discretion in finding laches because any delay
was reasonable. Nike cross-appeals, alleging that its
counterclaims should not have been dismissed, or in the
alternative, should have been dismissed without prejudice.
II. Analysis
A. Laches
While we review de novo whether there are any dis-
puted issues of material fact, our review of whether the
district court properly applied the doctrine of laches is
for an abuse of discretion. See Hot Wax, Inc. v. Turtle
Wax, Inc., 191 F.3d 813, 819 (7th Cir. 1999). The doctrine
of laches is derived from the maxim that those who sleep
on their rights, lose them. See id. at 820. For laches to ap-
ply in a trademark infringement case, the defendant must
show that the plaintiff had knowledge of the defendant’s
use of an allegedly infringing mark, see Saratoga Vichy
Spring Co. v. Lehman, 625 F.2d 1037, 1040 (2d Cir. 1980),
that the plaintiff inexcusably delayed in taking action
with respect to the defendant’s use, and that the defen-
dant would be prejudiced by allowing the plaintiff to as-
sert its rights at this time. See Hot Wax, 191 F.3d at 820;
6 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
see also 5 J. Thomas, McCarthy, MCCARTHY ON TRADE-
MARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION § 31:1, at p. 31-8 (2001).
Addressing the first part of the analysis, it is clear that
a plaintiff must have actual or constructive notice of
the defendant’s activities. See Blue Ribbon Feed Co. v.
Farmers Union Cent. Exch., Inc., 731 F.2d 415, 419 (7th
Cir. 1984); Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Safeway Quality Foods,
Inc., 433 F.2d 99, 103-04 (7th Cir. 1970) ; see also 5 MCCAR-
THY § 31:38, at p. 31-78. With regard to constructive no-
tice, the United States Supreme Court stated over one
hundred years ago that:
[T]he law is well settled that where the question of
laches is in issue the plaintiff is chargeable with such
knowledge as he may have obtained upon inquiry,
provided the facts already known by him were such
as to put upon a man of ordinary intelligence the duty
of inquiry.
Johnston v. Standard Mining Co., 148 U.S. 360, 370, 13 S.
Ct. 585, 37 L. Ed. 480 (1893). Further, we have previously
held that a trademark owner is “chargeable with informa-
tion it might have received had due inquiry been made.”
Safeway, 433 F.2d at 103.
The district court attributed constructive notice to
Chattanoga as early as 1985 and no later than 1990, and
we agree. First, it is undisputed that Nike launched a
prominent, national advertising campaign for its Michael
Jordan-endorsed products in 1985. Since then, Nike has
produced and aired numerous advertisements involving
Michael Jordan and Jordan-endorsed Nike products and
those products are often called “Jordan” products. Given
the prominence of Nike’s advertising of its Michael Jordan-
endorsed products, we believe that Chattanoga had con-
structive notice of Nike’s use of their Jordan marks in
Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039 7
1985.3 See Safeway, 433 F.2d at 103-04; see also E-Systems,
Inc. v. Montek, Inc., 720 F.2d 604 (9th Cir. 1983) (find-
ing that laches barred injunction even though “[a] few con-
sumers may be confused,” because plaintiff “ought to have
discovered defendant’s use sooner had it been diligently
seeking to enforce its mark”). Moreover, Chattanoga con-
cedes that “since at least 1990, the media in the United
States have referred to products identified or associated
with Defendant Michael Jordan, including products manu-
factured, sold and/or distributed by Nike, with the term
‘Jordan’ (‘Jordan’ shorts, caps, shoes, etc.).” Therefore, the
district court did not error in concluding that Chattanoga
was chargeable with knowledge of Nike’s use of its Jordan
marks no later than 1990. See Safeway, 433 F.2d at 104.
Next, we turn to whether Chattanoga’s delay was unrea-
sonable. See Hot Wax, 191 F.3d at 822-23. In finding
Chattanoga’s delay unreasonable, the district court fol-
lowed our dictate in Hot Wax and “referred to analogous
state statutes of limitations to determine whether a pre-
sumption of laches should apply.” Id. at 821. The district
court found that the most analogous Illinois limitation
period was the three-year statute of limitations found in the
Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Prac-
tices Act, 815 ILCS 505/10a(e), and that Chattanoga’s de-
lay of at least nine years thus created a presumption of
laches. Because Chattanoga failed to rebut this presump-
tion and excuse its delay, the district court found Chat-
tanoga’s delay to be unreasonable.
On appeal, Chattanoga first argues that any delay may
be excused under the doctrine of progressive encroach-
3
This is not to say that laches should always be measured from
defendant’s very first use of the contested mark, see, e.g., 5
MCCARTHY § 31:19, at p. 31-47, only that it is appropriate to do so
in the present case.
8 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
ment. “Under this doctrine, where a defendant begins use
of a trademark or trade dress in the market, and then
directs its marketing or manufacturing efforts such that
it is placed more squarely in competition with the plain-
tiff, the plaintiff’s delay is excused.” Kason Ind. v. Compo-
nent Hardware Group, 120 F.3d 1199, 1205 (11th Cir.
1997). Chattanoga contends that Nike’s Michael Jordan-
endorsed products progressively encroached into the
women’s apparel market, culminating with the establish-
ment of the Jordan Brands Division in 1997, and thus, any
delay in bringing suit before 1997 should be excused.
While we agree with Chattanoga that “[t]he doctrine
of progressive encroachment is relevant in assessing
whether laches applies to bar a trademark claim,” id., we
conclude that the district court correctly found it inap-
plicable here. Chattanoga presents no evidence that over
time Nike has directed its Michael Jordan-endorsed prod-
ucts’ marketing or manufacturing efforts to compete
more directly with Chattanoga’s women’s apparel, and
therefore, there is no progressive encroachment at this
time. See id.; cf. SCI Sys., Inc. v. Solidstate Controls, Inc.,
748 F. Supp. 1257, 1263 (S.D. Oh. 1990) (denying laches
defense where defendant had “expanded its line and
entered into new marketing areas”).
On appeal, Chattanoga’s entire argument for why
laches should not apply is based upon the contention
that the creation of the Jordan Brands Division entire-
ly changed Nike’s relation with the women’s apparel
market. However, the record fails to establish that the
creation of the Jordan Brands Division directed Nike’s
manufacturing or marketing efforts more squarely in
competition with the women’s apparel market. See
Kason, 120 F.3d at 1207. Therefore, without evidence
of progressive encroachment, Chattanoga’s claim today
is the same trademark infringement case it had in 1985,
and Chattanoga’s progressive encroachment argument
Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039 9
amounts to “nothing more than a post hoc rationaliza-
tion for [its] unreasonable delay.”4 See Hot Wax, 191 F.3d
at 823.
Chattanoga next contends that its delay was reasonable
because “taking enforcement action at th[at] time would
not have been successful.” However, Chattanoga had a
provable claim against Nike in 1985 or 1990 given, among
other things, the similarity between Chattanoga’s JOR-
DAN mark and Nike’s Jordan marks and the strength of
Nike’s marks.5 See, e.g., S. Rodofker’s Sons, Inc. v. Genesco
Inc., 150 U.S.P.Q. 821, 823 (T.T.A.B. 1966) (denying
registration of women’s lingerie manufacturer because
men’s formal wear found in same stores and the substan-
tially similar marks “would be likely to lead purchasers
to mistakenly assume that they originate with or are in
some way associated with the same producer”). Chattanoga
should have known they had a provable claim for infringe-
ment as early as 1985 and no later than 1990, and there-
fore, we agree with the district court that any delay
by Chattanoga was inexcusable. See Hot Wax, 191 F.3d at
822-24.
We now turn to the issue of whether Chattanoga’s
unreasonable delay prejudiced Nike. A delay prejudices a
4
Chattanoga’s progressive encroachment argument is further
undermined by its own admissions. Before the district court,
Chattanoga relied on anecdotal evidence in support of its claim.
According to Chattanoga, “in 1992 . . . [it] was thwarted in its
effort to market its own line of ‘Jordan’ tee shirts to a major
retailer on the basis of the latter’s concern that the products
would be confused with products from Michael Jordan and Nike.”
Therefore, even if we assumed there was progressive encroach-
ment by Nike, which there was not, Chattanoga should have sued
Nike in 1992.
5
The district court found that the marks were “nearly identical,
with the exception that Chattanoga’s mark has an elongated ‘J.’ ”
10 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
defendant when the assertion of a claim available for
some time would be inequitable in light of the delay in
bringing that claim and ensues when a defendant has
changed his position in a way that would not have oc-
curred if the plaintiff had not delayed. See Hot Wax, 191
F.3d at 824. We have previously noted that “laches is a
question of degree” and that “if only a short period of
time has elapsed since the accrual of the claim, the magni-
tude of prejudice required before the suit should be barred
is great, whereas if the delay is lengthy, prejudice is more
likely to have occurred and less proof of prejudice is re-
quired.” Id. Prejudice may be shown if the plaintiff’s
unexcused failure to exercise its rights caused the defen-
dant to rely to its detriment and build up a valuable
business around its trademark. See id.; see also Conopco,
Inc. v. Campbell Soup Co., 95 F.3d 187, 192 (2d Cir. 1996);
5 MCCARTHY § 31:12, at pp. 31-36 to 31-37.
In Hot Wax, we began by noting that the plaintiff “sat
idly by and chose not to challenge” the defendant’s use
of the disputed mark, while the defendant invested signifi-
cant amounts of time and money in product development
and advertising over a ten to twenty-year period. 196
F.3d at 824. We explained that had the plaintiff success-
fully pressed its claim in a timely manner, the defendant
could have invested its time and money in other areas
or simply renamed its products. See id. We found such
circumstances to constitute sufficient prejudice as a mat-
ter of law. See id. In Conopco, the Second Circuit held that
prejudice could result from a defendant committing it-
self to an expensive advertising and marketing strategy.
See 95 F.3d at 192 (“By waiting over five years to assert
its present claim, [plaintiff] precluded the possibility that
[defendant] could effectively adopt an alternative market-
ing position.”).
Here, the prejudice is similar if not more severe than
in Hot Wax and Conopco. For over fifteen years, Nike has
Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039 11
spent millions of dollars annually promoting its Michael
Jordan-endorsed products and has acquired a position as
a market leader. Had Chattanoga challenged Nike’s use
of the term Jordan in a timely manner and prevailed,
Nike could have promoted its products in a number of
different ways. Accordingly, given the length of the un-
reasonable delay by Chattanoga and the vast amount of
money spent by Nike, we conclude that the district court
did not err in concluding that Nike was prejudiced by
this delay.
B. Cross-Appeal
Without discussion, the district court denied Nike’s
counterclaims as moot and dismissed them with prejudice.
While we agree that the finding of laches moots Nike’s
counterclaims because with that finding there is no ripe
case or controversy between the parties, it was error
to dismiss the counterclaims with prejudice. Moinian
testified that he might pass off Chattanoga garments
as Michael Jordan-endorsed, if it helped him to “get
even” with Nike, and there was some evidence that he
attempted to do so the year before initiating the present
lawsuit.6 Thus, although the current dispute between the
parties is moot, a future one is possible. If a dispute ripens
between the parties, Nike should have the opportunity
to litigate its claims. Therefore, we will affirm the dis-
trict court’s dismissal of Nike’s counterclaims but modi-
fy the dismissal to be without prejudice.
6
We express no opinion on the merits of this or any other claim
that Nike may make against Chattanoga.
12 Nos. 01-1897, 01-2039
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we MODIFY the judgment of the
district court, and the judgment, as modified, is AFFIRMED.
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-97-C-006—8-21-02