Page, Emmanuel v. Frank, Matthew J. ( 2003 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 02-2622
EMMANUEL PAGE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
MATTHEW J. FRANK,
Respondent-Appellee.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 99 C 1270—Lynn Adelman, Judge.
____________
ARGUED JUNE 6, 2003—DECIDED SEPTEMBER 11, 2003
____________
Before RIPPLE, KANNE and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.
RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Emmanuel Page appeals the de-
nial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. See 28
U.S.C. § 2254. The district court held that the last deci-
sion rendered on the merits by the state courts, the Court
of Appeals of Wisconsin’s decision of May 19, 1999, was
based on an independent and adequate state procedural
ground and therefore barred collateral review in the fed-
eral courts. Because we are in respectful disagreement with
that determination, we must reverse the judgment of the
district court and remand the case for further proceedings.
2 No. 02-2622
I
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
In 1994, Mr. Page was convicted in the Circuit Court for
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, on two counts of inten-
tional homicide and one count of attempted armed robbery.
These charges were based on the deaths of Felix Rodriguez
and Daniel Valentin. In the state trial court, Mr. Page was
represented by Attorney Andrew Mishlove. Only one
witness to the crime, John Guirau, testified in the State’s
case. Guirau stated that, on August 8, 1996, he was in
his apartment with some friends, including the two dece-
dents. An old friend of Guirau, Caprice Summers, ap-
peared at the door and informed the occupants that he
had a friend outside who was interested in selling an
AK-47 assault rifle. Valentin indicated an interest in the
weapon; Guirau therefore invited Summers and his three
friends, including Mr. Page, into the apartment. According
to Guirau, at some point during the ensuing negotiations
over the weapon’s price, Mr. Page pulled a gun, pointed
it at Guirau’s head and announced a robbery. Summers
and Rodriguez then began struggling for control of the AK-
47. Guirau testified that Mr. Page fired at him but missed.
Guirau also believed that he heard the AK-47 fire during
the struggle. He heard five shots fired, but he did not see
Mr. Page shoot anyone.
At trial, the most incriminating evidence that Mr. Page
was the shooter was his alleged confession in the hand-
writing of Detective Sliwinski, one of the two officers who
had questioned Mr. Page at the police station. The docu-
ment provided two places for the suspect to sign, one
indicating that the individual agreed to waive Miranda
rights and to provide a statement and the other affirm-
No. 02-2622 3
ing the accuracy of the statement. Mr. Page had signed
neither, and the document provided no explanation for
this omission. Mr. Page testified at trial that he had in-
voked his Miranda rights but that the officers nevertheless
had continued to question him and to ask him to sign a
number of statements; he had refused to do so. Detective
Sliwinski testified that Mr. Page had agreed to make a
statement, had agreed to its accuracy, but nevertheless
had refused to sign the form.
Mr. Page filed a one-page motion to suppress the al-
leged confession on the ground that the statement had
been procured through a violation of Mr. Page’s Miranda
rights; however, at the suppression hearing, counsel nei-
ther briefed the issue nor invited the court’s attention to
any relevant case law. The trial court determined that, as
a matter of law, the statement’s lack of signatures went
to credibility and not admissibility. The trial court then
denied the motion to suppress the statement without
addressing the Miranda issue. During the suppression
hearing, Mr. Mishlove neither submitted any documentary
evidence nor called any witnesses other than Mr. Page.
Mr. Page eventually was convicted on all counts and
sentenced to two consecutive life sentences. At that stage,
Mr. Mishlove withdrew from the case. He was replaced
by new counsel, Robert Kagen.
Following Mr. Page’s conviction, Attorney Kagen filed
a postconviction motion in the state trial court. See
Wis. Stat. § 974.02. This petition presented only one is-
sue: whether certain jury instructions regarding lesser
included offenses should have been given. Mr. Kagen did
not challenge the effectiveness of trial counsel or the ad-
mission of the alleged confession. The trial court denied
the postconviction motion.
4 No. 02-2622
Attorney Kagen then filed a no-merit brief in the Court
of Appeals of Wisconsin. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S.
738 (1967). Counsel’s no-merit brief presented three is-
sues; Mr. Page filed a pro se response that raised two
additional issues. None of these issues addressed the
allegedly improper confession, the Miranda violation, or the
effectiveness of trial counsel. On July 30, 1996, the Court
of Appeals of Wisconsin granted the Anders motion, per-
mitted counsel to withdraw and affirmed the trial court’s
decision after reviewing the record and finding no issues
of arguable merit.
Mr. Page, proceeding pro se, then filed a second post-
conviction motion in the Wisconsin trial court; this motion
was filed under Wisconsin Statute § 974.06. The motion
asserted several constitutional claims, including ineffec-
tive assistance of postconviction counsel for failing to
raise the Miranda violation, a confrontation clause claim,
and an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim. The
state trial court denied the motion; it stated that the
issues presented had no merit and further reasoned that,
as a consequence, neither of Mr. Page’s attorneys had
been deficient in failing to raise them. The state trial court
also denied the motion on the ground of procedural waiver
because the issues had not been raised in the no-merit
briefs on direct appeal. The state trial court further con-
cluded that Mr. Page could not overcome the waiver
because he had not shown good cause for failing to raise
these issues on the direct appeal.
Mr. Page, continuing to act pro se, then filed in the
Court of Appeals of Wisconsin an appeal of the trial court’s
denial of his § 974.06 motion. The Court of Appeals of
Wisconsin affirmed the trial court’s order on May 19, 1999.
It stated that Mr. Page was procedurally barred by the
Supreme Court of Wisconsin’s ruling in State v. Escalona-
No. 02-2622 5
Naranjo, 517 N.W.2d 157 (Wis. 1994). The court then di-
vided its analysis of Mr. Page’s claims into those waived
and those denied on the merits. The court determined
that Mr. Page had waived his confrontation clause claim,
his Miranda claim, and his ineffective assistance of trial
counsel claim because he failed to raise these issues in
his response to the no-merit brief on direct appeal. The
court provided a merits-based rationale for denying Mr.
Page’s ineffective assistance of postconviction/ap-
pellate counsel claim by holding that the underlying
issues previously had been decided to be meritless and
therefore need not be reviewed again.
B. District Court Proceedings
Mr. Page next filed a pro se petition seeking a writ of
habeas corpus in the United State District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin. He raised several constitu-
tional issues, including ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Specifically, he argued that his postconviction/appel-
late counsel was ineffective in presenting these constitu-
tional challenges before the Wisconsin courts. See R.1 at 7-8.
The district court denied the petition. The court took the
view that the ineffective assistance of postconviction/ap-
pellate counsel claims had been procedurally defaulted
and that federal review therefore was barred.
On September 17, 2002, a judge of this court issued a
certificate of appealability certifying three issues:
1. Whether the state post-conviction appeals court’s
decision that petitioner waived his ineffective assis-
tance of counsel claims rested on an adequate and
independent state procedural ground or whether the
decision relied on the merits such that the federal
6 No. 02-2622
claims were preserved for review. See Moore v. Bryant,
295 F.3d 771 (7th Cir. 2002).
2. Whether the state post-conviction appeals court’s
decision that petitioner waived his ineffective assis-
tance of counsel claims by not raising them in response
to appellate counsel’s “no-merit report” pursuant to
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), was adequate
and independent. Cf. Wilkinson v. Cowan, 231 F.3d 346[sic 347] (7th Cir. 2000).
3. Whether petitioner’s various attorneys rendered
ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the
United States Constitution with respect to petitioner’s
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), claims.
Appellant’s App. at 32.
II
DISCUSSION
A federal court entertaining a petition for a writ of ha-
beas corpus will not review a question of federal law if
it determines that the state decision rests on a state pro-
cedural ground that is independent of the federal question
and adequate to support the judgment. See Moore v. Bryant,
295 F.3d 771, 774 (7th Cir. 2002); Braun v. Powell, 227 F.3d
908, 912 (7th Cir. 2000). Simply stated, the independent
and adequate state ground doctrine bars “ ‘federal habeas
when a state court [has] declined to address a prisoner’s
federal claims because the prisoner [has] failed to meet a
state procedural requirement.’ ” Moore, 295 F.3d at 774(quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729-30 (1991)).
In assessing whether a state court ruling is based on an
“independent and adequate” determination of state law,
the federal court must refer to the decision of the last
No. 02-2622 7
state court to have ruled on the merits. See Schultz v.
Page, 313 F.3d 1010, 1015 (7th Cir. 2002); Brooks v. Walls, 279
F.3d 518, 522 (7th Cir. 2002). In this case, the last ruling
on the merits by a Wisconsin state court is the May 19,
1999, decision of the Court of Appeals of Wisconsin. See
R.11, Ex.F. We review de novo a district court’s deter-
mination that an individual has procedurally defaulted
a claim. See Moore, 295 F.3d at 774; Braun, 227 F.3d at 911-
12. In determining whether a claim has been procedurally
defaulted, we look to Wisconsin law. See Thomas v.
McCaughtry, 201 F.3d 995, 1000 (7th Cir. 2000) (stating that,
in a federal habeas proceeding, state law controls wheth-
er a claim has been defaulted); Franklin v. Gilmore, 188 F.3d
877, 881 (7th Cir. 1999) (same).
A.
Before we embark on an analysis of the case before us,
it will be helpful to set forth the procedural path that
the Wisconsin legislature has established for the review
of criminal convictions.
The procedures governing the review of Wisconsin
criminal convictions are set forth in §§ 974.02 and 974.06
of the Wisconsin Statutes. After a conviction in a Wiscon-
sin trial court, a defendant’s first avenue of relief is a
1
postconviction motion under § 974.02. This motion is
1
Wis. Stat. § 974.02 provides:
(1) A motion for postconviction relief other than under s.
974.06 or 974.07(2) by the defendant in a criminal case
shall be made in the time and manner provided in ss.
809.30 and 809.40. . . .
(continued...)
8 No. 02-2622
filed in the trial court in which the conviction was adjudi-
cated. Arguments concerning sufficiency of the evidence
or issues previously raised before the trial court need not
be raised in this motion in order to preserve the right
of appeal with respect to them. See Wis. Stat. § 974.02(2);
State ex rel. Rothering v. McCaughtry, 556 N.W.2d 136, 137
n.3 (Wis. Ct. App. 1996). Any other claim, such as ineffec-
tive assistance of counsel, must first be brought in a
§ 974.02 motion. See State v. Waites, 462 N.W.2d 206, 213
(Wis. 1990) (holding ineffective assistance of counsel claim
waived because it was not first raised in a postconvic-
tion hearing before the trial court); Rothering, 556 N.W.2d
at 137 (same); State v. Hayes, 481 N.W.2d 699, 700 (Wis.
Ct. App. 1992) (noting that an issue not properly preserved
by a § 974.02 motion is waived). If an issue is raised in the
§ 974.02 motion but relief is denied by the trial court, the
defendant then may appeal to the Court of Appeals of
Wisconsin.
After the times for filing postconviction motions under
§ 974.02 and for taking the subsequent direct appeal have
expired, the defendant has the option of seeking a col-
2
lateral attack on the judgment under Wis. Stat. § 974.06.
1
(...continued)
(2) An appellant is not required to file a postconviction
motion in the trial court prior to an appeal if the grounds
are sufficiency of the evidence or issues previously
raised.
Wis. Stat. § 974.02.
2
The relevant portion of § 974.06(1) provides:
(1) After the time for appeal or postconviction remedy
provided in s. 974.02 has expired, a prisoner in custody
under sentence of a court . . . claiming the right to be
(continued...)
No. 02-2622 9
Any such collateral challenge follows the same procedural
path as the direct appeal. The initial filing is made by
motion in the trial court and subsequent appeals, if any,
are made in the appellate courts. Motions under § 974.06
are limited to jurisdictional and constitutional issues. Pro-
cedural errors are not cognizable. See State v. Carter, 389
N.W.2d 1, 5 (Wis. 1986). Section 974.06(4) further limits
the claims that may be raised collaterally. It provides:
All grounds for relief available to a person under this
section must be raised in his or her original, supple-
mental or amended motion. Any ground finally adjudi-
cated or not so raised, or knowingly, voluntarily and
intelligently waived in the proceeding that resulted in
the conviction or sentence or in any other proceeding
the person has taken to secure relief may not be the
basis for a subsequent motion, unless the court finds
a ground for relief asserted which for sufficient reason
was not asserted or was inadequately raised in the
original, supplemental or amended motion.
Wis. Stat. § 974.06(4). The Wisconsin Supreme Court has
interpreted § 974.06(4) to exclude all issues that were
or could have been raised in a § 974.02 postconviction
motion or appeal, including constitutional issues, unless
the defendant provides “sufficient reason” for not raising
the issues in that earlier proceeding. See Escalona-Naranjo,
517 N.W.2d 157, 162 (Wis. 1994).
With this background, we shall turn to the case before us.
2
(...continued)
released upon the ground that the sentence was imposed
in violation of the U.S. constitution . . . may move the
court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or
correct the sentence.
Wis. Stat. § 974.06(1).
10 No. 02-2622
B.
The district court read the Court of Appeals of Wiscon-
sin’s decision to rest on a procedural default because of
the state court’s reliance on State v. Escalona-Naranjo. See
R.29 at 4. In Escalona-Naranjo, the court had held that
constitutional claims that could have been raised on direct
appeal or in a § 974.02 postconviction motion cannot later
be the basis for a collateral motion pursuant to § 974.06.
See Escalona-Naranjo, 517 N.W.2d at 162.
The district court was partially correct in its reading of
the Wisconsin court’s decision. The Court of Appeals of
Wisconsin did rely on procedural default for its discus-
sion of Mr. Page’s Miranda, confrontation clause and
ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims. See R.11,
Ex.F. at 2-5. However, the Court of Appeals of Wisconsin,
relying on State v. Witkowski, 473 N.W.2d 512, 514 (Wis. Ct.
App. 1991), decided the issue of ineffective assistance
of postconviction/appellate counsel on the ground that
the court would not readdress issues that had been liti-
gated previously. See R.11, Ex.F. at 5.
Our case law firmly establishes that only a procedural
default will bar federal habeas review. In Moore v. Bryant,
295 F.3d at 774, we concluded:
[I]f the decision of the last state court to which the
petitioner presented his federal claims fairly appears
to rest primarily on the resolution of those claims, or
to be interwoven with those claims, and does not clear-
ly and expressly rely on the procedural default, we
may conclude that there is no independent and ade-
quate state ground and proceed to hear the federal
claims.
Id. (citing Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 263-65 (1989)); see
Farmer v. Litscher, 303 F.3d 840, 846 (7th Cir. 2002). Here, the
No. 02-2622 11
Court of Appeals of Wisconsin based its disposition of the
ineffective assistance of postconviction/appellate counsel
claim on its conclusion that the merits of the claim had
been resolved previously. Such a merit-based determina-
tion is not a bar to further consideration in a federal ha-
beas action; “[f]ederal review is precluded only by proce-
dural forfeitures, not by res judicata concerns.” Patrasso v.
Nelson, 121 F.3d 297, 301 (7th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks
and citations omitted); see also Moore, 295 F.3d at 776 n.1.
Consequently, the district court erred in its determina-
tion that the issue of ineffective assistance of postconvic-
tion/appellate counsel was barred by a procedural default.
Accordingly, this issue must be remanded to the district
court for further proceedings.
C.
Although agreeing that, for the reasons explained in the
earlier section, Mr. Page may challenge his postconvic-
tion counsel’s performance, the State has one reservation
to this concession. Wisconsin takes the view that Mr. Page
is not entitled to raise in a federal forum postconviction
counsel’s failure to raise the alleged inadequate perfor-
mance of trial counsel. In the State’s view, Mr. Page waived
the right to contest ineffective assistance of trial counsel
when he did not raise that claim in his response to the
Anders no-merit brief that his postconviction/appellate
counsel filed on direct appeal before the Court of Appeals
of Wisconsin. The State points out that, in the Court of
Appeals’ later decision on collateral review, the court held
that “Page’s claim that he was denied the effective assis-
tance of trial counsel was . . . waived when he failed to
identify this issue in his response to the no merit report.”
R.11, Ex.F. at 5.
12 No. 02-2622
Under Wisconsin’s procedural scheme, which we have
set forth above, Mr. Page would have been required, as
a general matter, to raise the claim of ineffective assistance
of trial counsel in his initial § 974.02 postconviction mo-
3
tion and on later stages of the direct appeal. Id. Failure
to present the argument would constitute a waiver. See
§ 974.06(4). However, the Court of Appeals of Wisconsin
also has acknowledged that this general rule cannot be a
hard and fast one. In Rothering, the court of appeals stated:
It may be in some circumstances that ineffective
postconviction counsel constitutes a sufficient reason
as to why an issue which could have been raised on
direct appeal was not. In other words, demonstrating
to the trial court a sufficient reason for why issues
were not raised on direct appeal raises the same ques-
tions about counsel’s conduct which the defendant
would attempt to characterize as ineffective appellate
counsel.
4
Rothering, 556 N.W.2d at 139.
The State takes the position, as did the Court of Appeals
of Wisconsin, that Mr. Page’s failure to address the issue
3
But see Massaro v. United States, 123 S. Ct. 1690, 1693-96 (2003)
(holding that an attack on the competence of trial counsel may
always be made in a subsequent collateral attack pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2255, even if the petitioner could have made the claim
on direct appeal). See also Perkins v. Lee, No. 02-25, 2003
WL 21729943, at *4 n.1 (4th Cir. July 25, 2003) (unpublished
opinion) (holding that Masssaro applies only to § 2255 cases
and not to cases originating in state court).
4
See also State v. Lo, 665 N.W.2d 756, 768-69 (Wis. 2003) (declin-
ing invitation to overrule Rothering and Rothering’s considera-
tion of “sufficient reason” for failing to raise an issue on di-
rect appeal).
No. 02-2622 13
of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in his response to
the Anders no-merit brief constitutes a waiver and ought
not be excused. See Appellee’s Br. at 6-8. We cannot ac-
cept this argument.
First, we do not believe that an even-handed applica-
tion of Wisconsin law permits such a result. It is clear
that Wisconsin law would not have permitted Mr. Page to
make such an argument before the Court of Appeals of
Wisconsin without its having been raised initially before
the trial court.
When Mr. Page’s postconviction counsel failed to assert
a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in the
§ 974.02 motion before the trial court, he foreclosed Mr.
5
Page’s opportunity to argue such a claim on direct appeal.
Consequently, the appropriate forum for Mr. Page’s chal-
5
See State v. Waites, 462 N.W.2d 206, 213 (Wis. 1990) (holding
that failure to argue ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim
in initial postconviction hearing waives the issue on appeal);
State v. Machner, 285 N.W.2d 905, 908-09 (Wis. Ct. App. 1979)
(requiring evidentiary hearing at which trial counsel is present
before claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel may be
pursued on appeal); State v. Curtis, 582 N.W.2d 409, 409-10 (Wis.
Ct. App. 1998) (holding that Machner evidentiary hearing at
the trial level is required as a necessary prerequisite in every
case before a defendant asserts an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim on appeal).
This approach has been followed regularly by Wisconsin
courts in the “no-merits” context. See State v. Neita, No. 95-2858-
CR-NM, 1996 WL 426110, at *3 (Wis. Ct. App. July 31, 1996)
(unpublished opinion) (declining to address ineffective assis-
tance of counsel claims raised in response to no-merit brief
because the matter was not raised in trial court first); State
v. Fadness, No. 87-2093-CR-NM, 1988 WL 148281, at *1 (Wis. Ct.
App. Dec. 21, 1988) (unpublished opinion) (same).
14 No. 02-2622
lenge to the ineffective assistance of postconviction coun-
sel for failure to raise the issue of ineffective assistance
of trial counsel was in a collateral motion under § 974.06.
Mr. Page properly brought such a motion and argued inef-
fective assistance of postconviction counsel.
Our case law has required consistently that, in order for
a procedural rule to be adequate to support a state
court’s judgment, that procedural rule must be applied in
a “consistent and principled way.” Braun, 227 F.3d at 912;
Prihoda v. McCaughtry, 910 F.2d 1379, 1383 (7th Cir. 1990).
“State court decisions are not adequate to bar federal ha-
beas review unless they rest upon firmly established and
regularly followed state practice.” Franklin, 188 F.3d at 882
(citing James v. Kentucky, 466 U.S. 341, 348-51 (1984)). “A
basis of decision applied infrequently, unexpectedly, or
freakishly may be inadequate, for the lack of notice and
consistency may show that the state is discriminating
against the federal rights asserted.” Prihoda, 910 F.2d at1383 (citing Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578, 587-89
(1988)); see also Braun, 227 F.3d at 912. The practical effect
of the Court of Appeals of Wisconsin’s conclusion—that
the failure to identify ineffective assistance of trial counsel
as an issue in response to an Anders no-merit brief consti-
tutes a waiver—is to require Mr. Page to have asserted a
claim before the court of appeals that, under established
Wisconsin case law, he could not bring initially in that
forum because it had not been brought to the attention
of the trial court. Federal habeas review cannot be precluded
on such a ground because the basis relied upon by the
Wisconsin court does not apply Wisconsin procedure in
a “consistent and principled way.” Braun, 227 F.3d at 912.
There is an even more fundamental reason why a crim-
inal defendant may not be said to have waived a claim in
the manner suggested by the Court of Appeals of Wiscon-
No. 02-2622 15
sin. It is well established that a criminal defendant possesses
the right to effective assistance of counsel through his
first appeal of right. See Evitts v. Lucy, 469 U.S. 387, 396
(1985); Kitchen v. United States, 227 F.3d 1014, 1018 (7th
Cir. 2000). Moreover, ever since Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S.
458 (1938), the Supreme Court has maintained that there
is a definite presumption against finding a waiver of a
defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Such a
waiver must be “an intentional relinquishment or abandon-
ment of a known right or privilege.” Id. at 464. In faithful
adherence to that principle, our own case law has main-
tained that we “ ‘must indulge every reasonable presump-
tion against the loss of constitutional rights.’ ” United States
v. Watkins, 983 F.2d 1413, 1418 (7th Cir. 1993) (quoting
Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 343 (1970)). It would be incon-
gruous to maintain that Mr. Page has a Sixth Amendment
right to counsel on direct appeal, but then to accept the
proposition that he can waive such right by simply failing
to assert it in his pro se response challenging his counsel’s
Anders motion.
D.
The certificate of appealability issued by a judge of this
court directed the parties to address the merits of Mr.
Page’s claims. Mr. Page’s primary underlying claim is that
his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to contest
strongly the possible Miranda violation arising from the
admission of a confession where the Miranda waiver form
was not signed. To prevail on an ineffective assistance
of counsel claim pursuant to Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984), a petitioner must demonstrate “a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. A
16 No. 02-2622
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to under-
mine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.
When a district court has declined to address the mer-
its of a claim on procedural grounds and this court reverses
the procedural ruling, “the appropriate step is to remand
the case for further proceedings (including an eviden-
tiary hearing, if necessary) so that the district court can
determine the merits . . . in the first instance.” Newell v.
Hanks, 283 F.3d 827, 838 (7th Cir. 2002); Farmer, 303 F.3d
at 847. Upon examination of the record, we believe that
there is no reason to deviate from this normal course of
proceeding. Consequently, we remand this matter to the
district court for consideration of the merits of Mr. Page’s
petition.
Conclusion
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is
reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED and REMANDED
A true Copy:
Teste:
_____________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—9-11-03