Hamid, Akram Q. v. Gonzales, Alberto R. ( 2005 )


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  •                            In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    ____________
    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013
    AKRAM QASSIM HAMID,
    Petitioner,
    v.
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES,
    Attorney General of the United States,
    Respondent.
    ____________
    Petitions for Review of Orders of
    the Board of Immigration Appeals.
    No. A77-983-490.
    ____________
    ARGUED NOVEMBER 17, 2004—DECIDED JANUARY 31, 2005
    AMENDED AUGUST 2, 2005
    ____________
    Before COFFEY, MANION, and ROVNER, Circuit Judges.
    COFFEY, Circuit Judge. Akram Hamid, a Palestinian
    resident of Syria, pled guilty to charges of conspiring to
    defraud and to steal. When deportation proceedings were
    instituted against him, Hamid asked for withholding of
    removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and relief under the
    United Nations Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), 1465
    U.N.T.S. 85, art. 3 (1984), claiming that he would be perse-
    cuted and tortured if returned to Syria. The immigration
    judge (“IJ”) denied relief, finding that persecution and
    2                                   Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013
    torture were unlikely. Hamid now claims not only that the
    IJ’s decision was wrong, but that the IJ denied him due
    process by refusing to allow an expert witness to testify by
    telephone from London.
    Hamid’s parents left Palestine in 1948 and became
    refugees in Syria. They retained their Syrian refugee status
    when they relocated to Qatar, where Hamid was born in
    1966. Although Hamid was born in Qatar, he is not a Qatari
    citizen, but instead inherited his parents’ status as a
    refugee in Syria. As such, Hamid was subject to mandatory
    service in the Syrian military. He was allowed to defer his
    service while pursuing higher education at Damascus
    University in Syria, but after obtaining his second master’s
    degree he returned to Qatar rather than report for duty. In
    1991, after the Gulf War broke out, he came to the
    United States on a tourist visa (using his Syrian travel
    documents), found work in Indiana as a business consul-
    tant, and eventually married a United States citizen. On
    September 21, 2001, he was arrested for participating in a
    scheme (which the record does not fully describe) to steal
    and to defraud. He pled guilty to two of the conspiracy
    counts, received a three-year prison sentence (suspended),
    and was placed in deportation proceedings as an aggravated
    felon.
    At his hearing before the immigration court, Hamid con-
    ceded to the court that his crimes were aggravated felonies,
    see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(G) (theft offense for which term
    of imprisonment is at least one year); § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i)
    (fraud offense causing loss greater than $10,000);
    § 1101(a)(43)(U) (attempt or conspiracy), and that he was
    deportable. He claimed, however, that he feared persecution
    and torture if returned to Syria.1 He gave three reasons: his
    1
    The government originally designated Qatar as the country to
    which Hamid should be removed, but Hamid claims that Qatar
    (continued...)
    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013                                       3
    evasion of military service (punishable by imprisonment);
    the length of time he has been in the United States (a sign
    of disloyalty); and the fact that he is Palestinian (a
    disfavored group in Syria).
    In support of his claim, Hamid provided documentary
    evidence, including reports from the Department of State
    and from Amnesty International, that torture continued to
    be practiced in Syrian prisons (particularly military pris-
    ons) as recently as 2002. He also provided corroborating
    affidavits from Dr. Eyal Zisser (Professor of Middle-Eastern
    History at Tel Aviv University) and Dr. Saleem El-Hasan
    (President of the Syrian Human Rights Committee in
    London). Dr. Zisser’s affidavit briefly discussed the general
    political situation in Syria, the government’s routine use of
    torture, and the military service requirement.
    Dr. El-Hasan’s affidavit was more comprehensive, covering
    in five pages a variety of topics relevant to Hamid’s case,
    such as the general conditions of Palestinian refugees in
    Syria, the military service requirement, prison conditions,
    and “the special risks faced by Respondent, Akram Hamid
    in case of his removal to Syria,” including the likelihood
    that he would be imprisoned and tortured. Hamid asked the
    IJ to allow Dr. El-Hasan (who was in London) to testify by
    telephone at the hearing, but the IJ denied the request
    without explanation, simply writing “Motion telephonic
    conference denied” at the top of the motion.
    The IJ ultimately denied Hamid’s request for relief. In a
    12-page written opinion, he found that Hamid, although
    credible, had not met his evidentiary burden for either
    withholding of deportation or relief under CAT. He noted
    that Hamid had submitted evidence supporting his claim
    1
    (...continued)
    will not accept him because he is not a citizen. The government
    therefore designated Syria as an alternate.
    4                                  Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013
    that he believed he would be imprisoned if returned to
    Syria, but concluded that it did not establish a clear
    probability of imprisonment. See INS v. Stevic, 
    467 U.S. 407
    , 430 (1984) (alien seeking withholding of deportation
    must show clear probability of future persecution); Lin v.
    Ashcroft, 
    385 F.3d 748
    , 751 (7th Cir. 2004). The IJ reviewed
    the information provided in the State Department’s 2002
    Syria Country Report, along with the assertions made by Dr.
    Zisser and Dr. El-Hasan in their affidavits that Hamid
    would be arrested, interrogated, and imprisoned if returned
    to Syria. The IJ also considered a July 2000 decree by the
    president of Syria (“Legislative Decree No. 11”) waiving
    military service—along with the penalties for evasion—for
    expatriates who pay a fee of up to $15,000, which suggested
    to the IJ that Hamid could buy his way out of imprisonment
    if necessary. Ultimately, the IJ concluded that Hamid had
    established a risk of imprisonment, not a clear probability.
    Additionally, the IJ found that imprisonment would not
    constitute persecution based on any of the statutorily
    protected grounds, but simply punishment for evasion of
    military service.
    The IJ also acknowledged, based on the 2002 Syria
    Country Report, that torture continued to be used in Syria,
    but found that the Report did not indicate that the use of
    torture was widespread. The IJ therefore concluded that
    even if Hamid were to be imprisoned, he would more likely
    than not be subjected to torture while in prison. See 8
    C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); Comollari v. Ashcroft, 
    378 F.3d 694
    ,
    695 (7th Cir. 2004) (alien seeking relief under CAT must
    show that he will more likely than not be tortured in the
    country of removal).
    After the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed
    the IJ’s decision, Hamid filed a motion for reconsideration.
    He cited our decision in Niam v. Ashcroft, 
    354 F.3d 652
    ,
    659-60 (7th Cir. 2004), in which we held that an IJ who
    refused to allow an expert to testify by telephone about
    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013                                      5
    political conditions in Bulgaria deprived the applicant of
    due process. The BIA summarily denied Hamid’s motion,
    and Hamid petitioned for review of both BIA decisions.
    Hamid now argues that the IJ’s decision finding him inel-
    igible for CAT relief was unreasonable, and that the IJ’s
    unexplained refusal to allow telephonic expert testimony
    was a violation of due process. First, we must ask whether
    we have jurisdiction to consider these arguments. Hamid
    admits that he is removable as an aggravated felon, and the
    Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) generally pro-
    hibits us from reviewing the removal orders of aggravated
    felons. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); Flores-Leon v. INS, 
    272 F.3d 433
    , 438 (7th Cir. 2001). However, § 106(a)(1)(A)(iii) of
    the recently enacted REAL ID Act of 2005, 119 Stat. 231,
    310, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), gives us jurisdic-
    tion to review “constitutional claims or questions of law”—
    such as Hamid’s due-process claim—raised in a petition for
    review even if the petitioner is an aggravated felon. See
    Gattem v. Gonzales, No. 04-2102, ___ F.3d ___, 
    2005 WL 1422373
    , at *2-*3 (7th Cir. Jun. 20, 2005). This jurisdic-
    tional grant applies retroactively to all cases administra-
    tively decided “before, on, or after the date of enactment.”
    See REAL ID Act § 106(b), 119 Stat. at 311; Gattem, 
    2005 WL 1422373
    , at *3; Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 
    410 F.3d 585
    , 587 (9th Cir. 2005).
    We therefore have jurisdiction to consider Hamid’s due-
    process challenge. To succeed in that challenge, Hamid
    must show two things: (1) the IJ’s decision to disallow tele-
    phonic expert testimony deprived Hamid of a meaningful
    opportunity to be heard; and (2) the deprivation was
    prejudicial—that is, the disallowed testimony would have
    potentially affected the outcome of the case. See Kuschchak
    v. Ashcroft, 
    366 F.3d 597
    , 605 (7th Cir. 2004); Kerciku v.
    INS, 
    314 F.3d 913
    , 917-18 (7th Cir. 2003).
    Although the INA allows an asylum applicant “to present
    evidence on [his] own behalf, and to cross-examine wit-
    6                                  Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013
    nesses presented by the Government,” 8 U.S.C.
    § 1229a(b)(4)(B), it does not establish a specific right to
    present evidence through oral testimony. Nevertheless, in
    several cases we have held that an IJ’s refusal to permit
    live testimony deprived an asylum applicant of a meaning-
    ful opportunity to be heard. See, e.g., 
    Kerciku, 314 F.3d at 918
    (an IJ “violates due process by barring complete chunks
    of oral testimony that would support the applicant’s
    claims”). In none of those cases, however, was the expert’s
    testimony the only evidence that was excluded. In Kerciku,
    for instance, the IJ not only denied live expert testimony,
    but cut off the bulk of the applicant’s own testimony. 
    Id. Similarly, in
    Podio v. INS, 
    153 F.3d 506
    , 509-11 (7th Cir.
    1998), the IJ persistently interrupted the testimony of the
    applicant and entirely excluded corroborative testimony
    from his siblings. And in 
    Niam, 354 F.3d at 659
    , the IJ
    disallowed not only the expert’s oral testimony but the
    expert’s affidavit as well. We know of no case in which
    exclusion of an expert’s oral testimony alone was considered
    a denial of due process.
    In general, of course, we have considered live testimony
    preferable to written substitutes. For example, in Whitlock
    v. Johnson, 
    153 F.3d 380
    , 388-89 (7th Cir. 1998), we found
    impermissible the categorical exclusion of live testimony at
    prison disciplinary hearings, in part because it denies “the
    opportunity for the Adjustment Committee to evaluate the
    credibility and demeanor of the inmate’s defense witnesses.”
    The importance of live observations in making credibility
    determinations is presumably why Kerciku and Podio
    required admission of live testimony from the applicants
    and their corroborating witnesses. But observable factors
    like demeanor and tone of voice are less important when it
    comes to expert witnesses, whose reliability is supposed to
    be based on their expertise rather than on what they claim
    to have witnessed. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc.,
    
    509 U.S. 579
    , 592 (1993).
    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013                                      7
    It is therefore not clear that the IJ’s decision to exclude
    Dr. El-Hasan’s live testimony deprived Hamid of a mean-
    ingful opportunity to be heard. In any event, Hamid must
    also show that he was prejudiced by that decision. We have
    found the exclusion of live testimony to be prejudicial when
    the testimony would have added something that was
    otherwise missing from the record: corroboration of facts
    rejected by the IJ as uncorroborated 
    (Podio, 153 F.3d at 511
    ); evidence of persecution already suffered (
    Kerciku, 314 F.3d at 918
    ); or facts contrary to the conclusions of the
    State Department’s country report 
    (Niam, 354 F.3d at 658
    -
    60). In this case, however, the IJ acknowledged and consid-
    ered Dr. El-Hasan’s written assertions that Hamid would be
    arrested, imprisoned, and tortured if removed to Syria, but
    found that those assertions (along with the rest of the
    evidence) did not establish a clear probability that the risk
    would materialize. Hamid has not advised us what addi-
    tional information Dr. El-Hasan would have provided that
    might have affected that conclusion. See Roman v. INS, 
    233 F.3d 1027
    , 1033 (7th Cir. 2000) (applicant’s failure to allege
    excluded testimony that would potentially affect outcome of
    hearing was fatal to due-process claim). We therefore
    cannot conclude that Hamid was deprived of due process.
    Hamid’s CAT claim is jurisdictionally more problematic.
    Before the REAL ID Act, some of our cases suggested that
    we had no jurisdiction to review CAT claims presented by
    aggravated felons. See Espinoza-Franco v. Ashcroft, 
    394 F.3d 461
    , 466 (7th Cir. 2005); Diakite v. INS, 
    179 F.3d 553
    ,
    554 (7th Cir. 1999). In other cases, however, we have re-
    viewed such claims despite the petitioners’ convictions. See
    Ali v. Ashcroft, 
    395 F.3d 722
    , 731 (7th Cir. 2005); Bosede v.
    Ashcroft, 
    309 F.3d 441
    , 445 (7th Cir. 2002). Several other
    circuits have held that although direct review is prohibited,
    indirect review is available by petition for habeas corpus.
    See, e.g., Auguste v. Ridge, 
    395 F.3d 123
    , 137 (3d Cir. 2005);
    Kamagate v. Ashcroft, 
    385 F.3d 144
    , 149 (2d Cir. 2004);
    8                                    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013
    Singh v. Ashcroft, 
    351 F.3d 435
    , 441 (9th Cir. 2003); Saint
    Fort v. Ashcroft, 
    329 F.3d 191
    , 200-02 (1st Cir. 2003).
    We believe that the REAL ID Act resolves these tensions
    concerning the scope of our review. It abolishes habeas
    review of CAT claims, providing that a petition for review
    filed with the appropriate court of appeals is (with an irrel-
    evant exception) “the sole and exclusive means for judicial
    review of any cause or claim under the United Nations
    Convention Against Torture.” REAL ID Act § 106(a)(1)(B),
    119 Stat. at 310, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(4); cf. 8
    C.F.R. § 208.18(e)(1) (“[T]here shall be no judicial appeal or
    review of any action, decision, or claim raised under the
    Convention [Against Torture] . . . except as part of the re-
    view of a final order of removal pursuant to section 242 of
    the [Immigration and Nationality] Act”). And although CAT
    claims are subject to the same jurisdictional restrictions as
    any other claims presented by aggravated felons, see 8
    C.F.R. § 208.18(e)(1) (“any appeal or petition regarding an
    action, decision, or claim under the Convention . . . shall not
    be deemed to include or authorize the consideration of any
    administrative order or decision, or portion thereof, the
    appeal or review of which is restricted or prohibited by the
    Act”), they are also entitled to the same jurisdictional
    allowances—that is, we may review any “constitutional
    claims or questions of law” relevant to a petitioner’s claim
    for relief under CAT, despite his aggravated felony convic-
    tion, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).
    Unfortunately for Hamid, his argument that the IJ
    wrongly denied him CAT relief does not depend upon any
    constitutional issue or question of law. Rather, it comes
    down to whether the IJ correctly considered, interpreted,
    and weighed the evidence presented—that is to say,
    whether the IJ’s conclusion was based on substantial evi-
    dence. See Rashiah v. Ashcroft, 
    388 F.3d 1126
    , 1131 (7th
    Cir. 2004) (describing substantial-evidence standard of re-
    view). There is no indication that the IJ misunderstood the
    Nos. 04-1600 & 04-2013                                     9
    legal standard for granting CAT relief—he properly con-
    sidered whether it was more likely than not that Hamid
    would be tortured if returned to Syria, but concluded that
    it was not. Nor (as discussed above) does it appear that the
    IJ’s treatment of Hamid’s claim violated any constitutional
    standards. We therefore find no basis, within the limited
    scope of our jurisdiction to consider the claims of aggra-
    vated felons, to find that the IJ erred.
    In sum, because Hamid is removable as an aggravated
    felon, we cannot consider whether the IJ’s factual conclu-
    sions (including his conclusion about the likelihood of tor-
    ture) are supported by substantial evidence, so we DISMISS
    his petition for review in Case No. 04-1600 for lack of
    jurisdiction. We do have jurisdiction, despite Hamid’s aggra-
    vated felony, to consider the constitutional claim raised in
    his second petition for review (challenging the BIA’s denial
    of his motion to reopen) but his due-process argument does
    not succeed, so we DENY his petition for review in Case No.
    04-2013.
    A true Copy:
    Teste:
    ________________________________
    Clerk of the United States Court of
    Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
    USCA-02-C-0072—8-2-05
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 04-1600

Judges: Per Curiam

Filed Date: 8/2/2005

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/24/2015

Authorities (21)

Silverio Flores-Leon v. Immigration and Naturalization ... , 272 F.3d 433 ( 2001 )

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 113 S. Ct. 2786 ( 1993 )

Xia J. Lin v. John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General of the ... , 385 F.3d 748 ( 2004 )

Walter Leopoldo Espinoza-Franco v. John Ashcroft, Attorney ... , 394 F.3d 461 ( 2005 )

Jose Roberto Fernandez-Ruiz v. Alberto R. Gonzales , ... , 410 F.3d 585 ( 2005 )

Herbert Whitlock, Stanley Wrice, and Bennie Lopez v. ... , 153 F.3d 380 ( 1998 )

Mirwais Ali v. John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General of the ... , 395 F.3d 722 ( 2005 )

Yaroslav P. Kuschchak v. John D. Ashcroft, United States ... , 366 F.3d 597 ( 2004 )

Irgen Comollari v. John D. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 694 ( 2004 )

George Malcom Anthony Rashiah, Salomi Hiranthie Anthony ... , 388 F.3d 1126 ( 2004 )

Abdoulaye Diakite, Also Known as Mike Forbes v. Immigration ... , 179 F.3d 553 ( 1999 )

Emil Roman and Dochita Roman, 1 v. Immigration and ... , 233 F.3d 1027 ( 2000 )

napoleon-bonaparte-auguste-v-thomas-ridge-secretary-united-states , 395 F.3d 123 ( 2005 )

karamokotie-kamagate-v-john-ashcroft-united-states-attorney-general-james , 385 F.3d 144 ( 2004 )

Saint Fort v. Ashcroft , 329 F.3d 191 ( 2003 )

Jatinder Pal Singh v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General ... , 351 F.3d 435 ( 2003 )

Stephen Bosede v. John Ashcroft, Attorney General , 309 F.3d 441 ( 2002 )

Adrian Kerciku and Najada Kerciku v. Immigration and ... , 314 F.3d 913 ( 2003 )

Vladimir Podio v. Immigration and Naturalization Service , 153 F.3d 506 ( 1998 )

Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Stevic , 104 S. Ct. 2489 ( 1984 )

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