Sanchez & Daniels v. Koresko, John ( 2007 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 07-1228
SANCHEZ & DANIELS, ET AL.,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
JOHN KORESKO AND KORESKO & ASSOCIATES, P.C.,
Defendants-Appellants,
v.
CLINTON KRISLOV, ET AL.,
Third-Party Defendants-Appellees.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 04 C 5183—Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge.
____________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 7, 2007—DECIDED SEPTEMBER 24, 2007
____________
Before BAUER, POSNER, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
BAUER, Circuit Judge. This case involves some of the
most convoluted complicated issues that legal minds can
produce; what started out as a relatively simple class
action evolved into battles among lawyers, suits and
countersuits, settlement fights, multi-state and multi-
court cases that finally bore more resemblance to a Pier-10
brawl than legal actions.
2 No. 07-1228
For our purposes, however, the case appears to have
resolved itself into a fight over attorneys’ fees. And
in wrapping up the—we believe—final loose ends,
Judge Kennelly held a four-day bench trial and entered
an all-encompassing order.
We have reviewed each issue addressed by the district
court and have determined that the district court re-
sponded appropriately and without error. Accordingly, we
adopt the district court’s thorough and well-reasoned
memorandum opinion, dated January 3, 2007, as our
own and AFFIRM the judgment of the lower court on all
counts. A copy of the district court’s order is attached.
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
SANCHEZ and DANIELS, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs and )
Counterclaim defendants, )
)
vs. ) Case No. 04 C 5183
)
KORESKO and ASSOCIATES, et al., )
)
Defendants and )
Counterclaim plaintiffs, )
---------------------------------------------------------- )
)
CLINTON KRISLOV, et al., )
)
Additional counterclaim )
defendants. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY, District Judge:
Defendants John Koresko and Koresko & Associates, P.C. have moved for leave to
amend their counterclaim. For the reasons stated below, the Court grants defendants’ motion but
dismisses their new claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Background
This suit began as a declaratory judgment action by Sanchez & Daniels and its partners
(S&D), all Illinois citizens, against their attorney John Koresko and his firm Koresko &
Associates, P.C. (Koresko), both Pennsylvania citizens. S&D sought a declaratory judgment that
it was not obligated to pay Koresko for certain legal services performed for S&D, including
work in another case over which this Court presided, Daniels v. Bursey, Case No. 05 C 1550
(N.D. Ill.). Koresko filed a counterclaim against S&D that named additional parties as jointly
liable. Counts 1 through 5 of the counterclaim were claims against S&D for breach of contract,
unjust enrichment, conversion, quantum merit, and breach of fiduciary duty. Counts 6 and 7
were claims against S&D for conspiring with and aiding and abetting other persons and entities
in committing various common law torts against Koresko. Numbered separately as part of what
Koresko called a “third party complaint” which was, strictly speaking, part of his counterclaim,
Koresko asserted claims against Clinton Krislov, his former co-counsel in Daniels, the
defendants in that case, and their lawyers for committing various torts – the same torts he alleged
S&D had aided and abetted and conspired to commit. See “Third Party Complaint,” Counts 3-
10. Koresko also asserted claims against Krislov for breach of fiduciary duty and conversion.
Id., Counts 1-2. Finally, in his so-called “third party complaint,” Koresko asserted claims
against S&D and the so-called “third party defendants’ for violating the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Id., Counts
11-14.
The Court severed S&D’s claims against Koresko and Counts 1 through 5 of Koresko’s
counterclaim against S&D from the rest of the case for pretrial and trial purposes, and those
claims eventually proceeded to conclusion. The Court then returned to the remainder of
Koresko’s counterclaim. On November 8, 2006, the Court dismissed Koresko’s remaining
claims. See Sanchez & Daniels v. Koresko & Assocs., No. 04 C 5183, 2006 WL 3253604 (N.D.
Ill. Nov. 8, 2006). The Court’s order noted that any motion to file an amended counterclaim had
to be filed by a particular date, and that if no such motion was timely filed, the order of dismissal
would become final with regard to the counterclaim. Id. at *8. The Court later extended that
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deadline by a short period.
Koresko has now filed a proposed amendment of just one count of his counterclaim –
actually, one count of what he had called his “third party complaint.” Specifically, he seeks to
amend Count 7 of the “third party complaint,” which asserts a claim of defamation. The
defendants oppose amendment on various grounds.
Discussion
The original Count 7 of the so-called “third party complaint” asserted a claim of
defamation against the original plaintiff S&D, Krislov, and numerous other parties. Though
Koresko called his pleading a third party complaint, the Court concluded that it was in fact a
counterclaim, because it asserted claims against the plaintiffs and named additional defendants
pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 13(h) and 20(a). See Sanchez & Daniels, 2006 WL
3253604, at *2-3. The Court was critical of the way in which Koresko pled the claim, noting
that “[e]xactly who made what allegedly defamatory statements is somewhat murky.” Id. at *5.
The Court ruled that a more definite statement was required as to certain defendants because
Koresko’s allegations suggested that some of the allegedly defamatory statements might be
protected by the privilege that applies to statements made in a judicial proceeding. The Court
stated that “it is appropriate to require Koresko to parse his claim a bit more finely so that the
wheat may be separated from the chaff at a reasonably early stage of any ongoing litigation.”
Id. With regard to the remaining counterclaim defendants, the Court ruled that Count 7 failed to
comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 8 because it provided those defendants “with
no clue as to what they are claimed to have done.” Id.
Koresko’s proposed amended Count 7 cuts back significantly on the number of
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defendants alleged to have defamed Koresko. Specifically, the only named defendants are
certain of the defendants in the Daniels litigation – Wayne Bursey and Daniel Carpenter – and
lawyers who represented them in that litigation or otherwise – Jack E. Robinson, Ira Silverstein,
Charles Webster, and Richard Order. There is no allegation, suggestion, or hint in Count 7 that
S&D aided and abetted the alleged defamation, conspired to commit it, or played any role
whatsoever. Thus in its current proposed form, Count 7 is no longer a counterclaim; rather it is,
given these modifications, actually a third party claim.
The Court grants Koresko leave to amend because the proposed new claim satisfies the
concerns the Court raised in dismissing the original version. Specifically, the new claim
sufficiently advises each named defendant what he is claimed to have done. The allegations are
not made with pinpoint specificity, but that is not required in federal pleading.
The defendants named in the amended defamation claim have, however, questioned
whether the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over that claim. Though the Court had subject
matter jurisdiction over the original action brought by S&D by virtue of diversity of citizenship,
at this point all other claims have been disposed of, and amended Count 7 of the counterclaim
stands alone. The Court lacks an independent basis for subject matter jurisdiction over that
claim; it is a state law tort claim, and both Koresko (the plaintiff on that claim) and Silverstein
(one of the defendants) are Pennsylvania citizens. Defendants argue that the Court lacks subject
matter jurisdiction over amended Count 7 and that even if it has jurisdiction, the Court should
decline to exercise it. These issues are governed by the supplemental jurisdiction statute, 28
U.S.C. § 1367.
Section 1367 provides that when a district court has original jurisdiction over an action,
4
the court has supplemental jurisdiction “over all other claims that are so related to claims in the
action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under
Article III of the United States Constitution,” even if those claims “involve the joinder or
intervention of additional parties.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Two claims are part of the same case or
controversy if they “‘derive from a common nucleus of operative facts. A loose factual
connection between the claims is generally sufficient.’” Baer v. First Options of Chicago, Inc.,
72 F.3d 1294, 1299 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting Ammerman v. Sween, 54 F.3d 423, 424 (7th Cir.
1995)). The somewhat narrower “same transaction or occurrence” test that was used before the
adoption of § 1367 no longer governs. See Baer, 72 F.3d at 1298-99.
The issue, therefore, is whether amended Count 7 derives from a nucleus of operative
facts that it has in common with S&D’s declaratory judgment claims against Koresko upon
which this suit was originally based. The Court is inclined to believe the answer is yes. S&D
asked for a judgment that it did not owe Koresko legal fees in the Daniels case because Koresko
had breached an agreement with S&D and had committed misconduct in the course of
representing S&D. In amended Count 7, Koresko says that the parties he names – defendants in
the Daniels case and their attorneys – defamed him in retaliation for his pursuit of the Daniels
case. Koresko also alleges that some of the allegedly defamatory statements were made to his
client S&D during the course of the Daniels litigation. Proposed Amendment ¶¶ 7, 8(H), 9(E),
11(H), 12(D), 13(D). This is, in all likelihood, enough to satisfy the broad, Article III-based
standard of § 1367(a).
The fact that the Court has supplemental jurisdiction over amended Count 7 does not
mean, however, that the Court must exercise that jurisdiction. Section 1367(c) permits a district
5
court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim if it raises a novel or complex
issue of state law; it substantially predominates over the claims over which the court had original
jurisdiction; the court has dismissed the claims over which it had original jurisdiction; or in
exceptional circumstances in which there are other compelling reasons to decline jurisdiction.
28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). In this case, the Court has disposed of all the claims over which it had
original jurisdiction.
After a court has disposed of all the claims that gave it jurisdiction in the first instance, in
assessing whether to retain jurisdiction over any remaining claims the court “must choose the
course that ‘best serves the principles of economy, convenience, fairness and comity which
underlie the pendent jurisdiction doctrine,’” a doctrine that was, in large part, codified in § 1367.
Centres, Inc. v. Town of Brookfield, 148 F.3d 699, 704 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting City of Chicago
v. Int’l College of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 172-73 (1997)).
Koresko argues that this Court’s familiarity with the underlying litigation would allow
the defamation claim to be determined more expeditiously and thus the interest of judicial
economy would be served by retaining jurisdiction over that claim. Koresko also argues that
because the defendants he has named have appeared in the Daniels case, it would not be unduly
inconvenient to any of them to litigate the defamation claim here. See Koresko Reply at 6. The
Court disagrees. Although the underlying case has been pending for some time, the defamation
claims alleged in Count 7 amount to an entirely new suit, on which no discovery has yet been
done. The Court is unpersuaded that its familiarity with the Daniels case would result in any
appreciable economy of judicial effort; though, as noted earlier, some of the allegedly
defamatory statements were made to parties in the Daniels litigation, most of them were made to
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others. See Proposed Amendment ¶¶ 8(A-G & I), 9(A-D & F), 10(A-F), 11(A-G, I-K), 12(A-C,
E-G), 13(A-C, E-F). The Court is also unpersuaded that the defamation claims would be more
expeditiously determined in this District than in some appropriate state court. The persons to
whom the defamatory statements were made are said to be located all over the country; of these,
as best as the Court can determine, only the S&D representatives are located in Illinois.
Subpoenaing any non-Illinois residents for deposition will involve no less effort if the case
proceeds in federal court. Finally, the fact that a litigant may have appeared in this District in
another case, or perhaps just as a lawyer in another case, has no real bearing on whether it is
convenient for him or her to litigate here rather than in a state court.
In sum, the Court sees no good reason to depart from “the well-established law of this
circuit that the usual practice is to dismiss without prejudice state supplemental claims whenever
all federal claims have been dismissed prior to trial.” Groce v. Eli Lilly & Co., 193 F.3d 596,
501 (7th Cir. 1999), quoted in East-Miller v. Lake County Highway Dep’t, 421 F.3d 558, 564-65
(7th Cir. 2005). Though there was a trial in this case, it concerned the distinct, and severed,
claims of S&D against Koresko, and Koresko’s counterclaims, relating to the S&D - Koresko fee
dispute. Given the procedural background of this case, the relevant “federal claims” for present
purposes are those that were contained in Koresko’s original counterclaim, specifically his
ERISA and RICO claims, all of which were dismissed without a trial. The Court declines to
continue to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Koresko’s remaining proposed claim.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the Court grants defendants’ amended motion for leave to
amend their counterclaim [docket no. 383] but dismisses the amended counterclaim without
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prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. This ruling disposes of all remaining claims in
this case. The status hearing set for January 4, 2007 is vacated. The Clerk is therefore directed
to terminate the case.
____________________________________
MATTHEW F. KENNELLY
United States District Judge
Date: January 3, 2007
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No. 07-1228 11
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—9-24-07