Edward Acevedo v. Cook County Officers Electora ( 2019 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 18-2979
EDWARD ACEVEDO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
COOK COUNTY OFFICERS ELECTORAL BOARD, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:18-cv-00293 — Elaine E. Bucklo, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MARCH 29, 2019 — DECIDED JUNE 5, 2019
____________________
Before HAMILTON, BARRETT, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges.
BARRETT, Circuit Judge. Before Edward Acevedo could ap-
pear on the 2018 Democratic primary ballot for Cook County
Sheriff, he had to obtain a certain number of voter signatures
on a nominating petition. He didn’t meet the signature re-
quirement, so he was kept off the ballot. He then sued the Chi-
cago, Cook County, and Illinois electoral boards, arguing that
the Cook County signature requirement is unconstitutional
because it is more onerous than the signature requirement for
2 No. 18-2979
statewide offices. According to Acevedo, the comparatively
higher county requirement can survive only if it is narrowly
tailored to advance a compelling state interest.
Acevedo is wrong. Strict scrutiny is not triggered by the
existence of a less burdensome restriction—it is triggered only
when the challenged regulation itself imposes a severe bur-
den. Because Acevedo has not alleged that the burden im-
posed by the Cook County signature requirement is severe,
the defendants need not show any justification for it beyond
Illinois’s interest in orderly and fair elections. That interest
easily justifies the signature requirement here.
I.
Under Illinois law, potential candidates for public office
must file a nominating petition to gain a place on a political
party’s primary ballot. That petition must include a certain
number of signatures from voters in the jurisdiction where the
candidate seeks election, and those signatures must be col-
lected within a 90-day window. 10 ILCS 5/7-10. Candidates
for statewide offices must collect 5,000 signatures. Id. 5/7-
10(a). Candidates for countywide offices in Cook County
must collect a number of signatures equal to 0.5% of the qual-
ified voters of the candidate’s party who voted in the most
recent general election in Cook County. Id. 5/7-10(d)(1). Ac-
cording to this formula, Acevedo had to gather 8,236 valid
signatures to appear on the 2018 Democratic primary ballot
for Cook County Sheriff. He gathered only 5,654, so he was
denied a place on the ballot.
Acevedo filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that
this denial violated the First and Fourteenth Amendment
No. 18-2979 3
rights to freedom of association and equal protection. His ar-
gument relied on the distinction between the state and county
signature requirements. According to Acevedo, the statewide
requirement reflects Illinois’s judgment that making candi-
dates collect 5,000 signatures is sufficient to protect the state’s
interest in ballot management. Even so, the state demands
8,236 signatures from Democrats seeking countywide office
in Cook County. Acevedo argued that Illinois could not im-
pose this heightened burden unless doing so furthered a com-
pelling state interest. Insisting that Illinois lacked any such in-
terest, Acevedo sought a declaratory judgment pronouncing
the Cook County requirement unconstitutional, as well as in-
junctive relief to bar enforcement of the requirement and com-
pel the defendants to place his name on the Democratic pri-
mary ballot.
The district court held that Acevedo had failed to state a
claim and dismissed the complaint. The court made clear that
there is no bright-line rule requiring any county ballot re-
quirement that is more stringent than a state requirement to
be justified by a compelling state interest. Instead, the focus is
on the burden imposed by the challenged regulation. And
here, the court explained, Acevedo had failed to allege that
requiring candidates to gather 8,236 signatures is a constitu-
tionally significant burden.
II.
Though the election is over, Acevedo’s claim is not moot
because it is capable of repetition, yet evading review. This
branch of the mootness doctrine requires that “(1) the chal-
lenged action was in its duration too short to be fully litigated
prior to its cessation or expiration, and (2) there was a reason-
able expectation that the same complaining party would be
4 No. 18-2979
subjected to the same action again.” Weinstein v. Bradford, 423
U.S. 147, 149 (1975). These requirements are often met in bal-
lot-access cases. See, e.g., Norman v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279, 287–88
(1992); Gjertsen v. Bd. of Election Comm’rs of City of Chi., 751
F.2d 199, 202 (7th Cir. 1984). Here, the timeline for collecting
signatures to appear on a primary ballot is too short to fully
litigate a challenge to the signature requirement. In light of
this, and because Acevedo has expressed his intention to run
for office in Cook County again, his challenge remains live. 1
The constitutionality of a ballot-access restriction depends
on “a practical assessment of the challenged scheme’s justifi-
cations and effects.” Stone v. Bd. of Election Comm’rs for City of
Chi., 750 F.3d 678, 681 (7th Cir. 2014). That assessment is gov-
erned by the two-step analysis that the Supreme Court an-
nounced in Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983). We
“first consider the character and magnitude of the asserted in-
jury to the rights protected by the First and Fourteenth
Amendments that the plaintiff seeks to vindicate.” Id. at 789.
We “then must identify and evaluate the precise interests put
forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed
by its rule” and weigh these interests against the burdened
rights. Id. In doing so, we look to the “legitimacy and
strength” of the proffered interests, as well as “the extent to
which those interests make it necessary to burden the plain-
tiff’s rights.” Id. In Burdick v. Takushi, the Court emphasized
that this test applies to all First and Fourteenth Amendment
challenges to state election laws. 504 U.S. 428, 432–34 (1992).
1More specifically, Acevedo’s requests for a declaratory judgment
and an injunction prohibiting enforcement of the higher requirement re-
main live. His request that the court compel the defendants to place his
name on the 2018 Democratic primary ballot is obviously moot.
No. 18-2979 5
Under this flexible Anderson-Burdick standard, the level of
scrutiny with which we review a ballot-access restriction de-
pends on the extent of its imposition: “the more severely it
burdens constitutional rights, the more rigorous the inquiry
into its justifications.” Libertarian Party of Illinois v. Scholz, 872
F.3d 518, 523–24 (7th Cir. 2017). “Nondiscriminatory re-
strictions that impose only slight burdens are generally justi-
fied by the need for orderly and fair elections,” whereas se-
vere burdens must be “narrowly tailored to serve a compel-
ling state interest.” Id. at 524 (citation omitted). Because of this
dichotomy, “[p]ractically speaking, much of the action takes
place at the first stage of Anderson’s balancing inquiry.” Stone,
750 F.3d at 681.
Cook County’s signature requirement gave Acevedo 90
days to gather 8,362 signatures, an amount that would
demonstrate that he had the support of 0.5% of the voters in
the primary race that he sought to join. Acevedo has not al-
leged any facts supporting an inference that the burden im-
posed by this requirement is severe. Indeed, we have held
that much more stringent requirements were not severe
enough to necessitate heightened scrutiny. For example, we
held in Stone that the requirement of gathering 12,500 signa-
tures—2.5% of the votes cast in the previous election—in 90
days was not a severe burden on candidates who wanted to
run in the Chicago mayoral race. 750 F.3d at 683. In Tripp v.
Scholz, we approved a requirement that new or independent
political parties obtain signatures from 5% of the voting pop-
ulation in order to place candidates on the general election
ballot, holding that “the 5% signature requirement, standing
alone, does not impose a severe burden on plaintiffs’ consti-
tutional rights.” 872 F.3d 857, 864 (7th Cir. 2017). These cases
make it hard for Acevedo to show that the 0.5% requirement
6 No. 18-2979
is anything but slight—which is perhaps why he doesn’t try.
It goes almost without saying that this slight burden is justi-
fied by Illinois’s “relevant and legitimate state interests.”
Tripp, 872 F.3d at 864 (citation omitted); see also Navarro v.
Neal, 716 F.3d 425, 431 (7th Cir. 2013) (“There is ample caselaw
supporting the proposition that ballot access laws serve the
important, interrelated goals of preventing voter confusion,
blocking frivolous candidates from the ballot, and otherwise
protecting the integrity of elections.”).
Acevedo resists this straightforward analysis by arguing
that a special rule applies here. Invoking Illinois State Bd. of
Elections v. Socialist Workers Party, 440 U.S. 173 (1979), Norman
v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279 (1992), and Gjersten v. Bd. of Election
Comm’rs for City of Chi., 791 F.2d 472 (7th Cir. 1986), he argues
that a state always triggers strict scrutiny when it imposes a
higher ballot-access requirement for a countywide office than
for a statewide office. Under these cases, Acevedo says, he
does not have to show that the Cook County signature re-
quirement severely burdens him in order to trigger strict scru-
tiny. He just has to show that the burden is heavier than it
would be if he were running for statewide office.
Acevedo is mistaken. We have stressed before that
“[w]hat is ultimately important is not the absolute or relative
number of signatures required but whether a ‘reasonably dil-
igent candidate could be expected to be able to meet the re-
quirements and gain a place on the ballot.’” Stone, 750 F.3d at
682 (quoting Bowe v. Bd. of Election Comm’rs of City of Chi., 614
F.2d 1147, 1152 (7th Cir. 1980)). If the burden imposed is
slight, Anderson and Burdick make clear that no justification
beyond the state’s interest in orderly and fair elections is nec-
essary—even if less burdensome alternatives are available.
No. 18-2979 7
The cases that Acevedo invokes as support—Socialist
Workers Party, Norman, and Gjersten—are not to the contrary.
To begin with, even if those cases once prescribed an alternate
analysis for this specific type of comparative challenge, they
were all decided before Burdick clarified that the Anderson test
applies to all First and Fourteenth Amendment challenges to
state election regulations. See Burdick, 504 U.S. at 434. But in
any event, those cases are consistent with the Anderson-Bur-
dick analysis.
Socialist Workers Party, Norman, and Gjersten did not apply
strict scrutiny simply because a less burdensome regulation
existed. They applied strict scrutiny because each of the chal-
lenged regulations imposed a severe burden in its own right.
See Short v. Brown, 893 F.3d 671, 677 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining
that the Court in Socialist Workers Party found the challenged
burden to be severe); Norman, 502 U.S. at 288–89, 293–94 (cit-
ing Anderson and Socialist Workers Party for the proposition
that severe restrictions require narrow tailoring and then re-
jecting part of the challenged requirement because it wasn’t
narrowly tailored); Gjersten, 791 F.2d at 474 (rejecting a fa-
cially burdensome 10% signature requirement). 2 And when a
regulation imposes a severe burden, a court must consider
whether the state could use less burdensome alternatives to
achieve the same goal. That is why the existence of less strin-
gent regulations was important in those cases—it showed that
the more stringent regulation at issue was not the narrowest
necessary to protect the state’s interest in managing elections.
2We suggested in Lee v. Keith, 463 F.3d 763, 771 (7th Cir. 2006), that a
5% signature requirement marks the “outer limit” of burdens that don’t
warrant strict scrutiny. The requirement in Gjersten was twice that.
8 No. 18-2979
See Illinois Workers Party, 440 U.S. at 186–87; Norman, 502 U.S.
at 294; Gjersten, 791 F.2d at 477.
The defendants in Socialist Workers Party, Norman, and
Gjersten lost because they couldn’t show that the severe bur-
dens that they placed on ballot access were narrowly tailored.
Because the burden here is slight, it is not subject to the same
level of scrutiny. The district court correctly concluded that
the Cook County signature requirement is justified by Illi-
nois’s interest in orderly and fair elections.
AFFIRMED.