United States v. Troy Smith , 467 F. App'x 504 ( 2012 )

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued February 29, 2012
Decided March 9, 2012
Before
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge
No. 11-2833
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
v. No. 08-CR-53
TROY SMITH, Lynn Adelman,
Defendant-Appellant. Judge.
ORDER
In 2008 Troy Smith pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C.
§§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B). He appealed and we remanded for resentencing. United States v. Smith,
400 F. App’x 96, 97 (7th Cir. 2010). Discontented with the resentencing, he appeals again,
raising two claims in his brief and attempting a third in his reply brief. His claims are
meritless, and so we affirm.
When Smith was sentenced initially, Judge Randa found him to be a career offender,
see U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, based on prior convictions for fleeing a police officer and armed
robbery. Smith, 400 F. App’x at 98. Judge Randa sentenced Smith to 176 months’
imprisonment, a term primarily based on the sentencing guidelines and a 30% reduction in
sentence requested by the government in a motion under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Id. at 97, 99.
No. 11-2833 Page 2
Smith appealed, insisting that Judge Randa had erred by counting his conviction for
fleeing a police officer, WIS. STAT. § 346.04(3), as a “crime of violence” for purposes of
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Smith, 400 F. App’x at 99. This court upheld the determination, explaining
that United States v. Dismuke, 593 F.3d 582, 596 (7th Cir. 2010), rejects the identical argument.
Smith, 400 F. App’x at 99. But we concluded that Judge Randa had committed reversible
error by failing to resolve all contested factual issues at sentencing, see FED. R. CRIM P.
32(i)(3)(B); the judge had denied Smith a downward adjustment for acceptance of
responsibility because Smith might have induced a friend to submit a perjured affidavit to
the court, but the judge explicitly declined to decide whether that affidavit was false. Smith,
400 F. App’x at 99. We vacated Smith’s sentence and remanded. Id. at 99–100.
On remand—after Smith had petitioned unsuccessfully for a writ of certiorari, Smith
v. United States, 79 U.S.L.W. 3608 (U.S. Apr. 25, 2011) (No. 10-8514)—the case was
reassigned to Judge Adelman. He gave Smith a three-level reduction for accepting
responsibility and calculated a revised imprisonment range of 188 to 235 months based on a
total offense level of 31 and criminal-history category of VI. The government renewed its
§ 5K1.1 motion, again requesting a sentence 30% below the range. Judge Adelman posed
this query: “Turning now to the 5K1.1 issue, the Government previously moved for a
departure; and Judge Randa ran it 30 percent. I’ve read the submission. It doesn’t appear to
me that either side wants to revisit that issue. Is that a fair statement?” Both the prosecutor
and Smith’s lawyer agreed with Judge Adelman’s understanding. The court thus
announced that it would “maintain that departure,” making the presumptive imprisonment
range 132 to 165 months.
Judge Adelman then observed that, when accounting for substantial assistance, he
“typically” shuns percentages; rather, he looks at the five factors listed in § 5K1.1 and
reduces the probable sentence by the equivalent of two offense levels for each factor he
finds applicable. He went on to compare the result from the agreed 30% reduction to the
probable outcome using his own methodology. Without identifying which of the five
factors he found present in this case, Judge Adelman shared his assessment that a reduction
equivalent to four offense levels would have been appropriate for Smith and would have
yielded a presumptive sentence of 130 to 162 months, only slightly better than the 30%
reduction agreed to by the parties. Based on additional considerations under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a), Judge Adelman then concluded that a 120-month sentence was appropriate and
reduced that number by 24 months to reflect the amount of time Smith had served on his
undischarged state sentence. And so, after being sentenced initially to 176 months, Smith
was resentenced to 96 months.
Smith’s first appellate claim is a rehash of his career-offender argument. That issue
was resolved in the previous appeal, and the ruling is law of the case. See Pepper v. United
States, 131 S. Ct. 1229, 1250 (2011); United States v. Harris, 531 F.3d 507, 513 (7th Cir. 2008). In
No. 11-2833 Page 3
any event, Smith concedes that his argument is foreclosed by Sykes v. United States, 131 S. Ct.
2267 (2011).
Smith’s second claim is that Judge Adelman created a “sentencing disparity” by
failing to apply his own, preferred methodology for valuing substantial assistance. See 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). Of course, Judge Adelman said that his methodology would have
yielded a reduction equivalent to four offense levels, leaving Smith in a position only
nominally better than where he ended up with his 30%. Smith asserts, however, that his
cooperation was actually worth ten levels, not four. Thus, according to Smith, Judge
Adelman created a disparity by correctly applying his favored methodology to other
defendants but not Smith.
But Smith explicitly waived this contention at resentencing by telling Judge Adelman
that he had no objection to the 30% reduction. See United States v. McGraw, 571 F.3d 621, 630
(7th Cir. 2009); United States v. Hill, 552 F.3d 541, 545 (7th Cir. 2008). In any event Smith’s
disparity argument is frivolous. Even if we found that Judge Adelman had undervalued
Smith’s cooperation, and even if Smith is correct in saying that 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6)
regulates an individual judge from case to case, that provision addresses disparities among
defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct, and he has
not identified any comparators. United States v. Durham, 645 F.3d 883, 897 (7th Cir.), petition
for cert. filed, (U.S. Sept. 26, 2011) (No. 11-6639); United States v. Favara, 615 F.3d 824, 830 (7th
Cir. 2010).
Finally, in response to the government’s brief, Smith introduces a third claim in his
reply brief. He now insists that Judge Adelman imposed a procedurally unreasonable
sentence by failing to explain why his cooperation was worth only four offense levels.
Claims raised for the first time in a reply brief are waived. United States v. Yu Tian Li, 615
F.3d 752, 757 (7th Cir. 2010). More importantly, Smith continues to refuse to accept that his
cooperation was measured at the 30% level that both he and the government had asked
Judge Adelman to apply. In sentencing Smith, the judge did discuss his “typical” approach
to reductions under § 5K1.1, but both at the hearing and in his Statement of Reasons, Judge
Adelman was careful to signal that his dictum was offered as confirmation that 30% was
roughly equivalent to the reduction he “would” have given under his own methodology.
But since Judge Adelman’s “typical” methodology played no role in determining Smith’s
sentence, the judge was not required to explain how he arrived at four levels.
AFFIRMED.