United States v. Ted Pappas ( 2010 )


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  •                              In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    No. 09-1595
    U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.
    T ED L. P APPAS,
    Defendant-Appellee.
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.
    No. 08 CR 52—Charles N. Clevert, Jr., Chief Judge.
    A RGUED O CTOBER 8, 2009—D ECIDED JANUARY 21, 2010
    Before E ASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and M ANION and
    T INDER, Circuit Judges.
    M ANION, Circuit Judge. Ted Pappas was indicted
    for possession of child pornography in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 2252
    (a)(4)(B). Pappas pleaded not guilty and
    filed a motion to suppress evidence seized during a
    search of his home, as well as statements he made
    during the execution of the search warrant. The district
    court granted Pappas’s motion to suppress. The govern-
    ment appeals. We reverse.
    2                                                     No. 09-1595
    I.
    In May 2005, law enforcement officers in California
    executed a search warrant on Michael Golubski’s America
    Online email account. The search revealed that between
    April and May 2005, Golubski used the email name
    “ E x h i b M a le 3 9 ” t o s e n d s e v e n te e n e m a il s t o
    “longtalks@aol.com,” including eleven that contained
    images of child pornography. Further investigation
    revealed that the email account “longtalks@aol.com”
    belonged to Ted Pappas, although in June 2005, Pappas
    changed his email account to TedP5785@aol.com.
    Federal agent Elizabeth Hanson provided this informa-
    tion to an Assistant United States Attorney, and the
    two discussed the propriety of obtaining a search warrant
    for Pappas’s home. After concluding there was probable
    cause to obtain a search warrant, Agent Hanson
    presented a search warrant application and a nine-page
    affidavit to a magistrate judge. Hanson’s affidavit
    included a summary of her professional experience in-
    vestigating child pornography. Specifically, Hanson
    stated that she had ten years’ experience investigating
    sexual exploitation of minors and had conducted numer-
    ous forensic examinations of computers in child pornogra-
    phy investigations. Hanson also described the typical
    behavior of individuals who collect, procure and
    distribute child pornography. She further detailed the
    emails sent to Pappas, stating that over a three-week
    period, Pappas had received eleven emails that included
    child pornography. Hanson also included a description
    of the pornographic images of children contained in three
    No. 09-1595                                           3
    of the eleven email transmissions. Additionally, Hanson
    noted that Pappas continued to maintain an email
    account, using the name TedP5785@aol.com.
    In November 2006, based on the search warrant ap-
    plication and Hanson’s affidavit, a federal magistrate
    judge issued a search warrant for Pappas’s residence.
    According to the government, during the search, Pappas
    spoke with agents and admitted he used the screen
    name “longtalks” to trade adult pornography in chat
    rooms and via email. He also admitted receiving images
    and videos of children engaged in sexually explicit con-
    duct, but claimed he had deleted those images. A search
    of Pappas’s computer hard drive, however, uncovered
    images of child pornography. Agents also discovered
    that images of child pornography had been saved on a
    floppy disk but were later deleted; the government was
    able to recover the images.
    Based on the evidence recovered during the search, a
    grand jury indicted Pappas on two counts of possession
    of child pornography, in violation of 
    18 U.S.C. § 2252
    (a)(4)(B). Pappas pleaded not guilty and filed a
    motion to suppress the evidence seized during the
    search and the statements he made during the execution
    of the warrant. A magistrate judge recommended
    granting the motion to suppress, and the district court
    adopted that recommendation and suppressed the evi-
    dence seized and Pappas’s statements. The government
    appeals.
    4                                                  No. 09-1595
    II.
    On appeal, the government argues that while it may be
    questionable whether probable cause supported the
    issuance of the search warrant, the evidence seized and
    Pappas’s statements are nonetheless admissible under
    United States v. Leon, 
    468 U.S. 897
     (1984).1 In Leon, the
    Supreme Court articulated the good faith exception to the
    exclusionary rule, holding that evidence obtained in
    violation of the Fourth Amendment is nonetheless ad-
    missible if the officer who conducted the search acted in
    good faith reliance on a search warrant. 
    Id. at 922-23
    . “That
    [an] officer[ ] obtained a warrant is prima facie evidence
    of good faith.” United States v. Elst, 
    579 F.3d 740
    , 744
    (7th Cir. 2009). A defendant may rebut the prima facie
    evidence of good faith
    by presenting evidence to establish that: (1) the
    issuing judge wholly abandoned his judicial role and
    failed to perform his neutral and detached function,
    serving merely as a rubber stamp for the police;
    (2) the affidavit supporting the warrant was so
    lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render
    official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable;
    or (3) the issuing judge was misled by information in
    an affidavit that the affiant knew was false or would
    1
    Because the government does not argue that there was
    probable cause to support the issuance of the search warrant, we
    need not address that question; instead our focus is on whether
    a reasonable officer could believe probable cause supported the
    issuance of the warrant.
    No. 09-1595                                               5
    have known was false except for his reckless
    disregard of the truth.
    
    Id.
     (internal quotations and citations omitted).
    In this case, Pappas argues, and the district court held,
    that the affidavit supporting the warrant was so lacking
    in probable cause that the officers could not rely upon it
    in good faith.2 We disagree. Here, the affidavit clearly
    documented evidence establishing that at least eleven
    images of child pornography had been sent to Pappas’s
    email account and verifying that Pappas continued to
    maintain email access (thus indicating continued access
    to a computer on which child pornography could be
    stored). Additionally, prior to seeking a warrant, Agent
    Hanson consulted with an Assistant United States At-
    torney. Consulting “with the prosecutor prior to
    applying for [a] search warrant provides additional
    evidence of [that officer’s] objective good faith.” United
    States v. Bynum, 
    293 F.3d 192
    , 198 (4th Cir. 2002). See
    also United States v. Johnson, 
    78 F.3d 1258
    , 1264 (8th Cir.
    1996) (stating that obtaining advice of a county attorney
    is an indication that an officer’s reliance on a search
    warrant was objectively reasonable); United States v.
    Brown, 
    951 F.2d 999
    , 1005 (9th Cir. 1991) (noting “an
    officer’s consultation with a government attorney is of
    significant importance to a finding of good faith . . . [and
    it is] of even greater importance where, as here, a point
    of law relating to the scope of a Fourth Amendment
    2
    On appeal, Pappas does not contend that the issuing judge
    abandoned his judicial role or was misled by the affidavit.
    6                                                No. 09-1595
    search and seizure was not yet settled at the time the
    warrant issued”); United States v. Taxacher, 
    902 F.2d 867
    , 872
    (11th Cir. 1990) (explaining that officer’s consultation
    “with the local district attorney before seeking the search
    warrant, and then submit[ting] the matter to a neutral
    magistrate” was “indicative of objective good faith”).
    In response, Pappas claims that the search warrant
    application was utterly lacking in probable cause because
    there is no evidence that Pappas solicited child pornogra-
    phy or that he even read the email messages. Rather,
    Pappas maintains that because he also received adult
    pornography from Golubski, the only reasonable
    inference flowing from the facts is that the emails to
    him were “advertisements” that do not indicate that he
    knowingly possessed child pornography. That may be
    one inference. But an officer could also reasonably
    believe that the number of email messages containing
    child pornography sent to Pappas, and the risk inherent
    in sending even one image of child pornography to
    anyone other than a willful recipient, was sufficient to
    establish probable cause for the crime of knowing pos-
    session of child pornography. Similarly, while Pappas
    maintains that the fact that he changed his email account
    demonstrates that he did not want to receive child pornog-
    raphy, equally plausible is the conclusion that Pappas
    changed his email account to avoid detection. In fact,
    given that Pappas waited nearly three months after he
    received the first email from Golubski to change his email
    address, and that he received numerous images of child
    pornography from Golubski, the latter inference seems
    much more likely.
    No. 09-1595                                                  7
    Pappas further argues that the search warrant applica-
    tion was completely lacking in indicia of probable cause
    because of the eighteen-month delay between the trans-
    mission of the emails (mid-2005) and the issuance of the
    search warrant (late 2006). While the recency of informa-
    tion contained in a search warrant application is one
    factor bearing on the question of probable cause, United
    States v. Watzman, 
    486 F.3d 1004
    , 1008 (7th Cir. 2007), there
    is no bright line for when information is stale. United
    States v. Prideaux-Wentz, 
    543 F.3d 954
    , 958 (7th Cir. 2008).
    Indeed, we recently held that while four-year-old trans-
    missions of child pornography were too stale to provide
    probable cause, officers could nonetheless rely in good
    faith on a search warrant issued by a magistrate judge
    based on those transmissions. Prideaux-Wentz, 
    543 F.3d at 958-59
    .3 Similarly, in this case, the officers reasonably
    could have relied on the search warrant that was based
    on child pornography sent eighteen months earlier.
    Pappas also argues that the officers could not reasonably
    rely on the warrant because the warrant application
    included boilerplate language concerning the practices of
    collectors of child pornography but did not include
    any evidence Pappas fit that profile. In support of his
    position, Pappas relies on this court’s recent decision
    3
    The government also cites our nonprecedential decision in
    United States v. Doan, 
    245 Fed. Appx. 550
    , 555 (7th Cir. 2007),
    wherein this court applied the good faith exception to a
    warrant based on child pornography transmitted seventeen
    months prior to the issuance of the warrant.
    8                                               No. 09-1595
    in Prideaux-Wentz, 
    543 F.3d 954
    . In Prideaux-Wentz, the
    defendant argued that the search warrant affidavit was
    defective because it only included boilerplate statements
    about child pornography collectors generally and com-
    pletely “lacked any information that would indicate
    that he has the characteristics of a prototypical child
    pornography collector, and furthermore, that this gap
    renders any probable cause determination entirely unrea-
    sonable.” 
    Id. at 960
    . We noted in Prideaux-Wentz that an
    “affidavit must lay a foundation which shows that the
    person subject to the search is a member of the class.” 
    Id.
    (internal quotations omitted). However, we then held
    that “because the warrant connected Prideaux-Wentz to
    several email accounts responsible for uploading or
    possessing child pornography,” it did not take “much of
    an inferential leap to conclude that Prideaux-Wentz
    might be a collector of child pornography.” 
    Id. at 961
    .
    Accordingly, we concluded that “[t]here was sufficient
    evidence to link the boilerplate statements regarding
    child pornographers to the specific characteristics of
    Prideaux-Wentz.” 
    Id. at 960
    .
    Pappas’s reliance on Prideaux-Wentz is misplaced for
    several reasons. First, he reads too much into that deci-
    sion. While Prideaux-Wentz explained that a search
    warrant affidavit must lay a foundation showing that
    the target of the search is a member of the class
    identified in the warrant, there is no magic “profile” of
    child pornography “collectors” that must be attested to
    in a search warrant affidavit. In fact, the moniker “collec-
    tor” merely recognizes that experts in the field have
    found that because child pornography is difficult to
    No. 09-1595                                              9
    come by, those receiving the material often keep the
    images for years. There is nothing especially unique
    about individuals who are “collectors” of child pornogra-
    phy; rather, it is the nature of child pornography, i.e.,
    its illegality and the difficulty procuring it, that causes
    recipients to become “collectors.” See Watzman, 
    486 F.3d at 1008
     (noting that the agent explained that “individuals
    who view child pornography typically ‘maintain their
    collections for many years’ and ‘keep and collect items
    containing child pornography over long periods of
    time’ ”). Thus, as Prideaux-Wentz explained, where
    evidence indicates that an individual has uploaded or
    possessed multiple pieces of child pornography, there
    is enough of a connection to the “collector” profile to
    justify including the child pornography collector
    boilerplate in a search warrant affidavit. Similarly, here,
    because Pappas received eleven emails containing child
    pornography, inclusion of the child-pornography
    boilerplate was justified.
    Pappas’s reliance on Prideaux-Wentz is also misplaced
    because we decided that case after the search warrant
    in this case was issued. Thus, Prideaux-Wentz could not
    have called into question the good faith of the officers
    involved in the search of Pappas’s residence. See United
    States v. Adames, 
    56 F.3d 737
    , 747 (7th Cir. 1995) (holding
    that “the officers could not have known that the warrant
    was invalid at the time it was executed because [the
    Supreme Court precedent relied upon by the defendant
    to invalidate the search warrant] was not decided
    until more than a year later”). Finally, Prideaux-Wentz
    held that while probable cause was lacking, the evidence
    10                                             No. 09-1595
    seized was nonetheless admissible under the Leon good
    faith exception to the exclusionary rule. Similarly, the
    good faith exception applies here and saves from
    exclusion the evidence discovered during the search of
    Pappas’s home and the statements he made during the
    execution of the search warrant.
    III.
    A magistrate judge issued a search warrant
    authorizing the search of Pappas’s residence. Even if
    probable cause did not support issuance of this warrant,
    Agent Hanson demonstrated a prima facie case of good
    faith by obtaining a warrant in the first instance. Her
    efforts to consult with an Assistant United States Attorney
    prior to seeking a warrant further demonstrate her
    good faith. Although there was some delay between the
    transmission of child pornography to Pappas and the
    issuance of the warrant, the delay was not so great as to
    overcome the presumption of good faith. Nor was there
    anything impermissible in including information related
    to the practices of child pornography “collectors,” given
    that numerous images of child pornography were sent
    to Pappas. Accordingly, the district court erred in
    granting Pappas’s motion to suppress. We R EVERSE.
    1-21-10