Chaff, Olando K. v. Veach, Rick V. , 137 F. App'x 899 ( 2005 )


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  •                              UNPUBLISHED ORDER
    Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    Chicago, Illinois 60604
    Submitted June 9, 2005*
    Decided June 30, 2005
    Before
    Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge
    Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge
    Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
    No. 04-3497
    OLANDO K. CHAFF,                                 Appeal from the United States
    Petitioner-Appellant,                        District Court for the Central
    District of Illinois
    v.
    No. 04-1278
    RICK V. VEACH,
    Respondent-Appellee.                        Joe Billy McDade,
    Judge.
    ORDER
    In 1992 Orlando Chaff and two other men invaded a home in the Southern
    District of Florida, kidnapped the homeowners and their child at gunpoint, and
    robbed the house of cash and jewelry. A plan to hold the family for ransom was
    thwarted, and the three were arrested. Chaff later pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
    commit kidnapping, 
    18 U.S.C. § 1201
    (c); attempted obstruction of commerce by
    robbery, 
    id.
     § 1951(a); use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence,
    id. § 924(c); and possession of a firearm by a felon, id. § 922(g)(1). He was
    sentenced to a total of 240 months’ imprisonment derived principally from a 180-
    month term on the § 922(g)(1) count and a consecutive 60-month term on the
    *
    After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument
    is unnecessary. Accordingly, this appeal is submitted on the briefs and record.
    See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
    No. 04-3497                                                                     Page 2
    § 924(c) count. Chaff also received 150-month terms on the kidnapping and robbery
    charge to run concurrently with each other and with the longer term imposed on
    the § 922(g)(1) count. Chaff appealed, and in March 1997 the Eleventh Circuit
    affirmed in all respects. United States v. Chaff, 
    108 F.3d 342
     (11th Cir. 1997).
    Chaff then filed a motion to vacate under 
    28 U.S.C. § 2255
    , which the Florida
    district court denied. In June 1999 the Eleventh Circuit denied Chaff’s application
    for a certificate of appealability.
    Five years later, in August 2004, Chaff petitioned for habeas corpus under 
    28 U.S.C. § 2241
     in the Central District of Illinois where he is serving his federal
    sentences. Chaff claimed that his conviction under § 1951 (commonly known as the
    Hobbs Act) must be vacated because, in his view, the government’s factual basis did
    not establish that the home he robbed affected commerce, as was necessary to
    convict. Chaff relied on Jones v. United States, 
    529 U.S. 848
     (2000), which holds
    that the arson of an owner-occupied home that is not used for any commercial
    purpose cannot be prosecuted under 
    18 U.S.C. § 844
    (i) because a home is not
    “property ‘used’ in interstate commerce or commerce-affecting activity” and thus
    does not satisfy the commerce element of the statute, 
    id. at 850-51
    . In a
    memorandum submitted with his petition, Chaff contended that § 2241 is the
    appropriate means to attack his Hobbs Act conviction because § 2255 was
    “inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” See 
    28 U.S.C. § 2255
    ¶ 5; United States v. Prevatte, 
    300 F.3d 792
    , 798-99 (7th Cir. 2002); In re
    Davenport, 
    147 F.3d 605
    , 608 (7th Cir. 1998). It was inadequate, he contended,
    because a successive motion under § 2255 is limited to claims based on newly
    discovered evidence or a new rule of constitutional law. Prevatte, 
    300 F.3d at 797
    .
    His claim, in contrast, is that the Supreme Court’s interpretation of § 844(i) in
    Jones establishes that he is actually innocent of the Hobbs Act charge.
    The district court concluded that § 2255 was not inadequate because Chaff
    could have challenged the commerce element on direct appeal by relying on
    “respectable authority” from other circuits, e.g. United States v. Menutti, 
    639 F.2d 107
    , 110-12 (2d Cir. 1981) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that residence was
    not “used” in commerce despite being advertised for rental and receiving natural
    gas, electricity, and insurance from out-of-state companies); United States v.
    Pappadopoulos, 
    64 F.3d 522
    , 528 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding in prosecution under
    § 844(i) that residence lacked commerce nexus despite receiving natural gas from
    out-of-state sources), or in his § 2255 motion by relying on an Eleventh Circuit case
    decided while his appeal was pending, see United States v. Denalli, 
    73 F.3d 328
    ,
    329-31 (11th Cir 1996) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that residence lacked
    commerce nexus despite owner-occupant’s use of home computer for international
    business).
    No. 04-3497                                                                       Page 3
    Had Chaff been prosecuted in this circuit, he might have a better argument
    that § 2255 is ineffectual, assuming, as the district court did, that Jones even
    affects the “concept of ‘commerce’” in the Hobbs Act. Cf. United States v. Marrero,
    
    299 F.3d 635
    , 655-56 (7th Cir. 2002) (expressing concern that, despite recent
    decisions including Jones, government was unwilling to recognize limits to reach of
    Hobbs Act); but see Wilkerson v. United States, 
    361 F.3d 717
    , 732 n.8 (2d Cir. 2004)
    (labeling as “significant” that Supreme Court, despite Jones, has declined to review
    sufficiency of commerce nexus under Hobbs Act). When circuit law is “so firmly
    against” a petitioner, he need not raise the issue to preserve it for later collateral
    attack should the law change. Davenport, 
    147 F.3d at 610
    . Chaff’s claim, to the
    extent it rests on analogy to 844(i), would have been foreclosed by our caselaw until
    it was overruled in Jones. See United States v. Stillwell, 
    900 F.2d 1104
    , 1107-08
    (7th Cir. 1990) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that commerce nexus is
    satisfied where private residence serves no business purpose but receives natural
    gas from out of state); see also United States v. Martin, 
    63 F.3d 1422
    , 1426-27 (7th
    Cir. 1995) (holding in prosecution under § 844(i) that vacant apartment building
    withdrawn from rental market was still “used” in interstate commerce).
    But when Chaff filed his § 2255 motion in the district of conviction, he had
    the benefit of the Eleventh Circuit’s recent decision in Denalli, and therefore had a
    reasonable opportunity to raise the legal theory he advances in his § 2241 petition.
    And because when he litigated his § 2255 motion Chaff had an “unobstructed
    procedural shot at getting his sentence vacated,” he cannot argue that § 2255
    provided an inadequate remedy. See Davenport, 
    147 F.3d at 609-10
    ; see also
    Wofford v. Scott, 
    177 F.3d 1236
    , 1244 (11th Cir. 1999) (§ 2241 unavailable for claim
    that was not “squarely foreclosed” by circuit law at the time of direct appeal or
    § 2255); United States v. Barrett, 
    178 F.3d 34
    , 53 (1st Cir. 1999) (“[W]here a
    prisoner had an opportunity to present his claim properly in his first § 2255
    petition, but failed to do so, any ‘ineffectiveness’ of his current § 2255 petition is due
    to him and not to § 2255."); Abdullah v. Hendrick, 
    392 F.2d 957
    , 963 (8th Cir. 2004)
    (§ 2255 does not free inmate from failure to raise available claim in earlier § 2255
    motion). Accordingly, the district court correctly held that § 2241 is not a remedy
    available to Chaff.
    AFFIRMED.