United States v. Aaron Davis ( 2012 )


Menu:
  •                               In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057,
    11-2061, 11-2062 & 11-2071
    U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
    Plaintiff-Appellee,
    v.
    A ARON M. D AVIS, B OBBY S UGGS,
    W ILLIAM J. D AVISON, S EANTAI S UGGS,
    T ERRAUN P RICE, T ERENCE D ILWORTH,
    Defendants-Appellants.
    Appeals from the United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Indiana, Hammond Division.
    Nos. 2:01-CR-00098 & 2:02-CR-00044–James T. Moody, Judge.
    A RGUED JANUARY 20, 2012—D ECIDED M AY 31, 2012
    Before F LAUM and R OVNER,             Circuit   Judges,      and
    C ASTILLO, District Judge. Œ
    Œ
    The Honorable Ruben Castillo, United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
    2              Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    C ASTILLO, District Judge. This is a consolidated appeal
    of the denial of six defendants’ motions to reduce their
    sentences pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) based on the
    retroactive crack cocaine amendments to the United
    States Sentencing Guidelines. Defendants raise a num-
    ber of challenges on appeal. For the reasons discussed
    below, we affirm the judgments entered by the district
    court.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Bobby Suggs, Aaron Davis, Seantai Suggs, Terraun
    Price, Terence Dilworth, and William Davison were all
    members of the Concord Affiliated (“CCA”) street gang
    in Gary, Indiana. From 1994 until 2001, CCA street gang
    members conspired to distribute crack cocaine and other
    drugs in the Concord neighborhood of Gary. United
    States v. Suggs, 
    374 F.3d 508
    , 512 (7th Cir. 2004); United
    States v. Price, 
    418 F.3d 771
    , 775 (7th Cir. 2005).1 The
    drug trafficking occurred near a government housing
    complex known as “the Hill.” 
    Suggs, 374 F.3d at 508
    ;
    
    Price, 418 F.3d at 775
    . The conspiracy eventually came to
    be led by Bobby, who obtained kilogram quantities of
    powder cocaine from Tomas Unzueta. 
    Suggs, 374 F.3d at 508
    ; 
    Price, 418 F.3d at 775
    . Bobby and his co-conspirators
    1
    The full background of the conspiracy may be found in our
    prior opinions in United States v. Suggs, 
    374 F.3d 508
    (7th Cir.
    2004) and United States v. Price, 
    418 F.3d 771
    (7th Cir. 2005).
    Here, we only summarize those facts that are relevant to the
    defendants’ § 3582(c)(2) motions.
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          3
    converted the powder cocaine into crack cocaine, which
    was then distributed to trusted associates. 
    Suggs, 374 F.3d at 508
    . Those trusted associates then distributed
    the crack cocaine to others or directly sold the crack
    cocaine to customers. 
    Id. The convictions of
    Bobby, Davis, Seantai, and Price
    stem from an 18-person, 33-count superseding indict-
    ment for conspiracy and distribution of crack cocaine
    returned by a grand jury in 2001. The convictions of
    Dilworth and Davison stem from a 6-person, 14-count
    indictment for conspiracy and distribution of crack
    cocaine returned by a grand jury in 2002.
    In July 2002, Bobby, Davis, and Seantai proceeded to a
    jury trial and were convicted on all counts. Bobby, Davis,
    and Seantai were each convicted of one count of
    conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine in violation of 21
    U.S.C. § 846 and 18 U.S.C. § 2, in addition to other
    related drug offenses. At sentencing, the district court
    concluded that each was responsible for distributing in
    excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. In late 2002,
    the district court sentenced Bobby and Seantai to life
    imprisonment. In early 2003, the district court sentenced
    Davis to 405 months’ imprisonment.
    On March 31, 2003, Price, Dilworth, and Davison pro-
    ceeded to a jury trial. On April 9, 2003, the jury found
    Price and Dilworth guilty of conspiracy to distribute
    crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and 18 U.S.C.
    § 2, and found Davison not guilty of this count. The
    jury also convicted Dilworth and Davison of two counts
    of distribution of crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
    4             Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    § 841(a)(1). Price was also convicted of one count of use
    of a communications facility for the distribution of crack
    cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 2.
    At sentencing, the district court concluded that each
    was responsible for distributing in excess of 1.5 kilograms
    of crack cocaine. In October 2003, the district court sen-
    tenced Price to life imprisonment, and Dilworth and
    Davison to 360 months’ imprisonment.
    We later affirmed the convictions of each defendant.
    
    Suggs, 374 F.3d at 521
    ; 
    Price, 418 F.3d at 788
    . Bobby,
    Davis, and Seantai did not appeal their sentences, 
    Suggs, 374 F.3d at 511
    , while Price, Dilworth, and Davison ap-
    pealed their sentences. 
    Price, 418 F.3d at 775
    . Because
    Price, Dilworth, and Davison were sentenced prior to
    the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker,
    
    543 U.S. 220
    , 
    125 S. Ct. 738
    , 
    160 L. Ed. 2d 621
    (2005),
    we ordered a limited remand in accordance with the
    procedure set forth in United States v. Paladino, 
    401 F.3d 471
    , 483-84 (7th Cir. 2005). We asked the district court to
    determine whether it would have imposed a different
    sentence on Price, Dilworth, and Davison had it under-
    stood the Guidelines to be advisory. 
    Price, 418 F.3d at 786-
    88. The district court responded that it would have im-
    posed the same sentences, and we then affirmed those
    sentences in separate opinions. United States v. Price, 155
    Fed. Appx. 899, 
    2005 WL 3113458
    (7th Cir. 2005); United
    States v. Dilworth, 168 Fed. Appx. 89, 
    2006 WL 279062
    (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Davison, 166 Fed. Appx.
    246, 
    2006 WL 314463
    (7th Cir. 2006).
    In late 2007, the United States Sentencing Commis-
    sion adopted Amendment 706, which lowered the base
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.               5
    offense level for crack cocaine offenses by two levels to
    alleviate problems associated with the penalty structure
    commonly known as the “100-to-1 drug-quantity ratio”
    between crack cocaine and powder cocaine offenses as
    found in § 2D1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guide-
    lines. United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines
    Manual, App. C, 226-231 (Nov. 2011) (Amendment 706)
    (USSG). Amendment 706, subsequently fine-tuned by
    Amendments 711 and 715, was made retroactive by the
    Sentencing Commission via Amendment 713. USSG
    App. C, 241-244 (Nov. 2011) (Amendments 711, 713,
    715). At the time defendants were sentenced, offenses
    involving 1.5 kilograms or more of crack cocaine were
    assigned the highest possible base offense level of 38.
    USSG § 2D1.1(c) (Nov. 2002). As a result of Amendment
    706, only offenses involving 4.5 kilograms or more of
    crack cocaine are assigned an offense level of 38, whereas
    offenses involving between 1.5 kilograms and 4.5 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine are assigned a base offense level
    of 36.2 See USSG § 2D1.1(c) (2007); United States v. Hall,
    2
    In late 2010, the Sentencing Commission again revised the
    base offense levels for crack cocaine offenses via Amendment
    748, which implemented “the emergency directive in section 8
    of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010.” USSG App. C, 381 (Nov.
    2011) (Amendment 748). Effective November 1, 2010, a base
    offense level of 38 is applied if the amount of crack cocaine
    involved is 8.4 kilograms or more; a base offense level of 36
    is applied if the amount of crack cocaine involved is between
    2.8 kilograms and 8.4 kilograms; and a base offense level of
    34 is applied if the amount of crack cocaine involved is
    (continued...)
    6             Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    
    582 F.3d 816
    , 817 (7th Cir. 2009) (hereinafter “Mark Hall”).
    After the enactment of Amendment 706, each defendant
    filed a motion to reduce his sentence pursuant to
    § 3582(c)(2). Section 3582(c)(2) allows “a defendant who
    has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on
    a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered
    by the Sentencing Commission” to move for a reduction
    in his sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
    We commend the district court for the procedure it
    followed. The district court appointed counsel in connec-
    tion with each defendants’ § 3582(c)(2) motions, and
    probation prepared new reports as to each defendants’
    request for a reduced sentence. After considering each
    defendants’ request for a sentence modification, the
    district court prepared written orders detailing the basis
    of its decision.
    Each addendum to the defendants’ presentence in-
    vestigation reports (“PSRs”), with the exception of
    Davison’s, concluded that Amendment 706 did not
    impact their sentences because they were each
    responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    As to Davison, the 2008 addendum to his PSR advised
    that his base offense level should be reduced by two
    levels because he was responsible for more than 1.5
    kilograms of crack cocaine but less than 4.5 kilograms,
    yielding a lower Guideline range. In separate rulings,
    2
    (...continued)
    between 840 grams and 2.8 kilograms. USSG § 2D1.1(c)
    (Nov. 2011).
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.              7
    the district court denied each defendants’ § 3582(c)(2)
    motions.
    A. Bobby Suggs
    Bobby’s original PSR established that he was the
    leader of the CCA street gang and that from at least
    1996 until the summer of 2001, the conspiracy distributed
    “in far excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.” The PSR
    reported that Bobby received kilogram quantities of
    cocaine from certain suppliers, which was converted to
    crack cocaine. He then distributed the crack cocaine to
    select members of the CCA street gang, including Davis,
    Seantai, and Dilworth, who in turn distributed the
    crack cocaine to other CCA street gang members. For
    sentencing purposes, the PSR advised that Bobby could
    be held responsible for at least 17.1 kilograms of crack
    cocaine. This amount was established by statements
    from Unzueta estimating that he delivered seven kilo-
    grams 3 of powder cocaine to Bobby, which converts to
    6.2 kilograms of crack cocaine.4 Unzueta also indicated
    that he supplied Anthony Evans, known to have assisted
    3
    An earlier paragraph of the PSR noted that at Bobby’s trial,
    Unzueta testified that he delivered 10 to 15 kilograms of
    powder cocaine to Bobby. The record is not clear as to why
    the PSR only relied upon seven kilograms of powder cocaine
    to calculate the total amount of crack cocaine for which
    Bobby could be held responsible. Due to the quantities in-
    volved, however, this difference is immaterial to our analysis.
    4
    One kilogram of pure powder cocaine is equivalent to
    890 grams of crack cocaine.
    8             Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    Bobby in obtaining kilogram quantities of cocaine and
    with cooking powder cocaine, with at least 12 kilograms
    of powder cocaine, which converts to 10.68 kilograms
    of crack cocaine. The PSR also advised that Bobby
    could be held responsible for an additional 28.34 grams
    of crack cocaine, and 177 grams of crack cocaine that
    the FBI recovered from the CCA street gang. These
    amounts add up to approximately 17.1 kilograms of crack
    cocaine, resulting in a base offense level of 38. Addition-
    ally, the PSR recommended a two-level enhancement
    because the FBI recovered approximately 41 weapons
    from the CCA street gang, 11 of which were traced to
    Bobby and Seantai. Bobby also received a four-level
    enhancement because of his role as the leader of the
    CCA street gang, and a two-level enhancement for ob-
    structing proceedings. Bobby’s total offense level was
    46, and when combined with his criminal history
    category of II, his Guideline range for imprisonment
    was life. The district court sentenced Bobby to life im-
    prisonment.
    In connection with Bobby’s motion for a reduced sen-
    tence, probation submitted an addendum to the PSR
    informing the district court that Bobby was not eligible
    for a sentence reduction because his criminal activity
    involved the distribution of more than 4.5 kilograms of
    crack cocaine. The district court denied Bobby’s motion
    after concluding that it lacked statutory authority and
    jurisdiction to reduce his sentence because his Guideline
    range had not been lowered as a result of Amendment 706.
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.                9
    B. Aaron Davis
    Davis’ PSR indicated that he was one of Bobby’s top
    lieutenants. In that role, Bobby relied, in part, on Davis to
    distribute crack cocaine to the street sellers. The PSR
    reported that Davis supplied others with cocaine to sell
    on “the Hill” as early as 1994, and that in 1998, the FBI
    made a series of controlled buys of five grams or more
    of crack cocaine from Davis and Seantai. The PSR
    further noted that Michael Carter, a co-conspirator, told
    investigators that Davis moved to Indianapolis in 1997,
    but that after this move Davis continued to travel
    between Gary and Indianapolis and continued to sell
    cocaine to Carter. For sentencing purposes, the PSR
    advised that Davis could be held responsible for the
    distribution of at least 19.8 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    This amount was established by statements from
    Unzueta estimating that he delivered 10 to 15 kilograms
    of powder cocaine to Bobby, which converts to 8.9 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine,5 and that he supplied Evans with
    5
    As noted above, although Bobby’s PSR advised that
    Unzueta testified at Bobby’s trial that he had delivered 10 to 15
    kilograms of powder cocaine to Bobby, Bobby’s PSR only took
    into account seven kilograms of this amount when calculating
    the total amount of crack cocaine for which Bobby could be
    held responsible. The record is unclear as to why Davis’ PSR
    relied on the 10 to 15 kilogram quantity of powder cocaine, as
    opposed to seven kilograms of powder cocaine, in calculating
    the total amount of crack cocaine for which Davis could be
    held responsible. Even if Davis were only held responsible
    (continued...)
    10            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    at least 12 kilograms of powder cocaine. The PSR also
    advised that Davis could be held responsible for an
    additional 28.34 grams of crack cocaine, and 177 grams of
    crack cocaine that the FBI recovered from the CCA street
    gang. These amounts add up to approximately 19.8
    kilograms of crack cocaine, yielding a base offense level
    of 38. Because one of the 41 weapons the FBI recovered
    from the CCA street gang was recovered from Davis’
    residence, the PSR recommended a two-level enhance-
    ment. The PSR also recommended a three-level enhance-
    ment for Davis’ role as a top lieutenant of the CCA
    street gang, for a total offense level of 43. The PSR also
    advised that Davis had a criminal history category of II.
    In a 2003 addendum to the PSR, Davis lodged a number
    of objections. Both the government and Davis objected
    to the leadership enhancement citing insufficient evidence
    for the enhancement. The district court adopted both of
    their positions. Davis also objected to the drug quantity
    findings and base offense level in the PSR, contending
    that the government had not established that 19.8 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine was foreseeable to him and within
    the scope of his agreement. The district court rejected
    Davis’ position and adopted the government’s and proba-
    tion’s position as it concerned the base offense level.
    In finding that Davis was responsible for more than
    5
    (...continued)
    for seven kilograms of powder cocaine that Unzueta delivered
    to Bobby, this amount converts to 6.2 kilograms of crack
    cocaine, and therefore the difference is not material to our
    analysis.
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.             11
    1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine at his original sentencing
    hearing, the district court stated:
    It’s this Court’s judgment that based upon a prepon-
    derance of all of the evidence that it has in front of
    it including all of the . . . evidence that has been intro-
    duced at this hearing, that certainly it was rea-
    sonably foreseeable to [Davis] as a close associate of
    the leader of this drug conspiracy, Bobby Suggs, that
    more than 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine base was
    involved. More likely than not, it’s the 19.8 kilograms
    of crack cocaine that was involved that could be
    attributable to [Davis], but certainly at a minimum
    1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine is attributable to [Davis.]
    In the 2003 addendum, Davis further argued that
    his involvement in the conspiracy was limited to the
    time period between 1996 and 1998. The government, on
    the other hand, contended that it had proved at trial
    that Davis remained a member of the conspiracy through
    at least February 2001. According to the government
    and probation, Davis’ membership in the conspiracy was
    established through recorded telephone conversations
    between Bobby and him in February 2001 and through
    a letter he received in February 2001 from Lonnie
    Carson, a co-conspirator. Additionally, the government
    and probation asserted that Davis had assisted Bobby’s
    attempt to evade arrest in May 2001. In the 2003 adden-
    dum, the district court adopted both the government’s
    and probation’s position as to these objections. Ultimately,
    the district court adopted the factual findings and Guide-
    line application in Davis’ PSR, with the exception of
    12            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    the PSR’s recommendation that Davis’ base offense level
    be increased by three levels for his role in the offense.
    Accordingly, Davis’ base offense level remained 38, but
    he only received a two-level firearms enhancement,
    culminating in a total offense level of 40. Davis’
    total offense level combined with a criminal history
    category of II yielded a Guidelines range of 324 to 405
    months’ imprisonment. The district court sentenced him
    to the top-end of the Guidelines, 405 months’ imprison-
    ment.
    In 2011, the district court denied Davis’ motion for a
    reduced sentence after concluding that more than 4.5
    kilograms of crack cocaine were attributable to Davis,
    and therefore his respective Guideline range was not
    impacted by Amendment 706. Alternatively, the district
    court concluded that even if Davis did qualify for a two-
    level reduction in his Guideline range, it would still deny
    Davis’ motion, in the exercise of its discretion, after
    considering the § 3553(a) factors.
    C. Seantai Suggs
    Seantai’s PSR indicated that he was Bobby’s brother and
    one of his top lieutenants, and that Bobby relied on him
    to distribute crack cocaine to the street sellers. The PSR
    reported that in 1998, the FBI made a series of controlled
    buys of five grams or more of crack cocaine from Seantai
    and Davis, and that Seantai and Bobby were active in
    distributing crack cocaine toward the end of 2000. For
    sentencing purposes, the PSR advised that Seantai could
    be held responsible for the distribution of at least 16.91
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          13
    kilograms of crack cocaine based on Unzueta’s state-
    ments that he delivered seven kilograms of powder
    cocaine to Bobby, and supplied Evans with 12 kilograms
    of powder cocaine. In total, these quantities convert to
    16.91 kilograms of crack cocaine, resulting in a base
    offense level of 38.6 Seantai received a two-level enhance-
    ment because of the numerous firearms used in fur-
    therance of the conspiracy and a three-level enhance-
    ment for his role as a top lieutenant. The PSR recom-
    mended a total offense level of 43, and in combination
    with a criminal history category of I, Seantai’s sug-
    gested Guideline range was life imprisonment. In a 2002
    addendum to his PSR, Seantai objected to a number of
    items in the PSR including the drug types and amounts
    attributed to him. Despite his objections, the district
    court adopted the PSR’s factual findings and Guideline
    application, and sentenced Seantai to life imprisonment.
    In 2009, Seantai moved for a reduced sentence pursuant
    to Amendment 706. In ruling upon Seantai’s motion, the
    district court concluded that he was responsible for
    more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and therefore
    did not qualify for a reduced sentence.
    6
    The PSR used the drug-equivalency tables in the Guidelines
    to convert 16.91 kilograms of crack cocaine into a marijuana
    equivalent, from which it then generated a base offense
    level. USSG § 2D1.1, comment. (n.10(D)).
    14           Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    D. Terraun Price
    Price’s PSR concluded, on the basis of law enforcement
    interviews and trial testimony, that Price was responsible
    for conspiring to distribute more than 1.5 kilograms of
    cocaine base. The PSR noted that Price had been a
    member of the conspiracy from at least 1996 until 2001.
    The PSR also advised that Price was a close associate
    of Bobby, and that he allowed Bobby to cook powder
    cocaine in his house, kept Bobby apprised of police pres-
    ence and gang activity, relayed messages from Bobby
    to street-level dealers, and received large quantities of
    crack cocaine from Bobby on a daily basis that he then
    distributed in large quantities to street-level dealers on
    “the Hill.” The PSR further noted that at Bobby’s trial,
    Unzueta had testified that since at least the end of 1996,
    Bobby was receiving kilogram quantities of cocaine
    and Unzueta himself estimated delivering approximately
    10 to 15 kilograms of cocaine to Bobby.
    Numerous witnesses told investigators that Price sup-
    plied them with various amounts of crack cocaine from
    at least 1995 until 2001. For instance, one witness told
    investigators that he was supplied with crack cocaine
    by Bobby, but that Bobby never supplied him “hand-to-
    hand”; rather, Price was the person who brought the
    crack cocaine to dealers on “the Hill.” This witness began
    selling crack cocaine on “the Hill” in 1995 and sold drugs
    “off-and-on” until 2000. Over a two-year period, this
    witness testified that he purchased 1/16 and 1/8 ounces
    of crack cocaine from Price about twice a week. Probation
    estimated that two 1/16-ounce deals per week over a two-
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          15
    year period is equal to approximately 369 grams of
    crack cocaine. A separate witness told investigators that
    he had purchased crack cocaine from Price six times,
    anywhere from 1/2 ounces to four ounces of crack co-
    caine each time. Probation estimated that at a minimum,
    Price sold this witness 1/2 ounces of crack cocaine on
    five occasions and four ounces of crack cocaine on one
    occasion, and therefore the six transactions worked out
    to 184.3 grams of crack cocaine. Yet another witness
    stated that on one occasion he ordered 1/8 kilogram of
    crack cocaine from Bobby. The witness received
    powder cocaine and asked Bobby to cook the powder
    cocaine into crack cocaine. Bobby, the witness, and Price
    all cooked the powder cocaine into crack cocaine.
    Probation estimated that the 1/8 kilogram of cocaine
    “would result in approximately 111.25 grams of crack
    cocaine.” Another witness testified at Price’s trial that
    Price supplied him with drugs from 1997 until March
    2001, and that he purchased crack cocaine from Price on
    several occasions. A different witness told investigators
    that she had purchased at least $150 worth of crack cocaine
    per week from Price and others on “the Hill” for about
    two years, with her last purchase occurring in 1996.
    Probation estimated that $150 would typically purchase
    1.5 grams of crack cocaine and therefore, over a two-
    year period she would have purchased approximately
    156 grams of crack cocaine from CCA street gang members.
    Price’s PSR concluded that he was responsible for
    conspiring to distribute in excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine, yielding a base offense level of 38. The PSR also
    recommended a two-level enhancement because Price
    had conspired to sell drugs with individuals who pos-
    16           Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    sessed firearms, and a three-level enhancement for his
    role as a manager or supervisor of five or more partici-
    pants. Price’s total offense level was 43 and his criminal
    history category was IV, yielding a Guideline range of
    life imprisonment. In a 2003 addendum to the PSR,
    Price objected to the drug quantity attributable to him.
    Despite his objections, the district court adopted the
    factual findings and Guideline application in Price’s
    PSR. The district court sentenced Price to life imprison-
    ment.
    In 2009, Price filed a motion for a sentence reduction.
    In denying Price’s § 3582(c)(2) motion, the district court
    concluded that he was responsible for more than
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and therefore was not
    eligible for a reduced sentence pursuant to Amend-
    ment 706.
    E. Terence Dilworth
    Dilworth’s PSR concluded that defendants of the con-
    spiracy could be held responsible for at least 16.91 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine, on the basis of Unzueta’s state-
    ments regarding the quantity of powder cocaine he sup-
    plied Bobby and Evans. The PSR further concluded that
    the total amount of drugs attributable to Dilworth
    himself exceeded 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    According to the PSR, Dilworth was responsible for
    bringing crack cocaine users, or customers, to “the Hill”
    in the early 1990s. Witnesses recounted that Dilworth
    had been selling on “the Hill” since at least 1993 or
    1994. Additionally, the PSR indicated that Dilworth
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.              17
    received large quantities of crack cocaine directly
    from Bobby to distribute to street-level dealers. The PSR
    noted that one source advised the FBI that Dilworth
    was not a street-level dealer on “the Hill,” but rather
    more of a leader and other people on “the Hill” showed
    him respect. Importantly, a confidential informant
    who lived in the Concord area for approximately seven
    months in 2000 stated that he or she had observed five
    or six CCA street gang members, two of whom were
    Dilworth and Davison, selling on average at least an
    “eight-ball” 7 of crack cocaine per day on “the Hill.” Ac-
    cordingly, the PSR estimated that over a seven-month
    period, a group of five individuals selling an average of
    3.5 grams of crack cocaine per day, resulted in the sale
    of 3,675 grams of crack cocaine, or approximately 3.675
    kilograms of crack cocaine. Several witnesses also
    indicated that Bobby supplied a few people, including
    Dilworth with “weight” crack cocaine and that Dilworth
    was present when Bobby cooked cocaine into crack co-
    caine. Other sources noted that Dilworth sold crack
    cocaine out of Davis’ house on Grant Street in Gary.
    Dilworth’s PSR concluded that his criminal activity
    was distributing in excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack co-
    caine, culminating in a base offense level of 38. The PSR
    also recommended a two-level enhancement because a
    witness had indicated that Dilworth carried a firearm
    while he sold drugs and was a member of the conspir-
    7
    An “eight-ball” refers to 1/8 of an ounce of crack cocaine, or
    approximately 3.5 grams of crack cocaine.
    18            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    acy. Dilworth’s total offense level was 40, and his crim-
    inal history category was III, resulting in a Guideline
    range of 360 months’ to life imprisonment. In a 2003
    addendum to the PSR, Dilworth contested the evidence
    relied upon by probation. Despite his objections, the dis-
    trict court adopted the PSR’s factual findings and Guide-
    line application. The district court sentenced Dilworth to
    360 months’ imprisonment, the low-end of the Guidelines.
    In 2011, the district court denied Dilworth’s motion for
    a sentence reduction after finding that he was re-
    sponsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and
    therefore Amendment 706 did not impact his sentence.
    F. William Davison
    Although Davison was found not guilty at trial on the
    conspiracy charge against him, probation contended that
    there was enough evidence to conclude that he was a
    member of the conspiracy as early as 1997, that he
    engaged in a jointly undertaken criminal enterprise, and
    that it was reasonably foreseeable to him that the con-
    spiracy was distributing in excess of 1.5 kilograms of
    crack cocaine. On the basis of statements from numerous
    informants, the PSR advised that Davison sold crack
    cocaine in the Concord area from 1997 until 2000. The
    PSR described two sales of crack cocaine totaling
    1.47 grams that Davison made to confidential informants
    in June 2000 and that formed the basis of his convic-
    tions. The PSR also noted that a confidential informant
    had purchased 1/2 ounces of crack cocaine from
    Davison between 1997 and 2000, and that an under-
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          19
    cover officer purchased .15 grams of crack cocaine
    from Davison on “the Hill” in July 1997. Most im-
    portantly, as in Dilworth’s PSR, a confidential in-
    formant reported that in 2000, Davison and four or
    five other individuals sold an “eight-ball” of crack co-
    caine per day on “the Hill” over a seven-month pe-
    riod. Accordingly, the PSR estimated that this group of five
    individuals sold approximately 3.675 kilograms of crack
    cocaine during this time period. Finally, the PSR recounted
    that cooperating informants described Davison as a
    “shooter” for the CCA street gang. Informants described
    having seen Davison shooting in the air and shooting at
    passing vehicles. The PSR also detailed Davison’s in-
    volvement in at least two murders in 1999 and 2000.
    Probation therefore concluded that Davison had engaged
    in a “ ‘jointly undertaken criminal enterprise’ with other
    members of the conspiracy and that the activity of the
    jointly undertaken criminal enterprise to distribute in
    excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine was ‘reasonably
    foreseeable to [Davison].’ ”
    Based on the foregoing findings, the PSR recommended
    a base offense level of 38 because Davison’s criminal
    activity was in excess of 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    Additionally, the PSR recommended a two-level enhance-
    ment because of Davison’s role as a “shooter” for the
    CCA street gang. Davison’s total offense level was there-
    fore 40, and when combined with a criminal history
    category of I, his Guideline range was 292 to 365 months’
    imprisonment. The district court adopted the factual
    findings and Guideline application in the PSR, and sen-
    tenced Davison within the Guidelines, to 360 months’
    imprisonment.
    20            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    In 2009, Davison moved for a reduced sentence. In
    connection with his § 3582(c)(2) motion, probation filed
    an addendum to his PSR advising that Davison qualified
    for a reduced sentence pursuant to Amendment 706. The
    district court nonetheless denied Davison’s motion
    after concluding that he was responsible for more than
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and therefore Amend-
    ment 706 did not impact his sentence.
    II. DISCUSSION
    On appeal, Bobby, proceeding pro se, challenges the
    district court’s conclusion that he does not benefit from
    a revised Guidelines range. Davis, Seantai, Price,
    Dilworth and Davison each challenge the district court’s
    conclusion that they were responsible for distributing
    more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and therefore
    are not eligible for relief.
    We review a challenge to the district court’s authority
    to modify a sentence de novo. United States v. Johnson, 
    571 F.3d 716
    , 717 (7th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v.
    Lawrence, 
    535 F.3d 631
    , 634 (7th Cir. 2008)). A district
    court’s decision to deny a reduction in sentence under
    § 3582(c)(2), however, is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
    United States v. Young, 
    555 F.3d 611
    , 615 (7th Cir. 2009);
    Mark 
    Hall, 582 F.3d at 817
    . A district court “abuses its
    discretion when it resolves a matter in a way that no
    reasonable jurist would, or when its decision strikes us
    as fundamentally wrong, arbitrary, or fanciful.” United
    States v. Paul, 
    542 F.3d 596
    , 599 (7th Cir. 2008). This is a
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.           21
    highly deferential standard of review that essentially
    requires us to determine whether the process by which
    the district court resolved the § 3582(c)(2) motion was
    reasonable. 
    Young, 555 F.3d at 615
    .
    A term of imprisonment constitutes a final judgment
    that may not be modified except in limited circumstances.
    Dillon v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 
    130 S. Ct. 2683
    , 2690,
    
    177 L. Ed. 2d 271
    (2010). Section 3582(c)(2) creates “an
    exception to the general rule of finality in the case of a
    defendant who has been sentenced to a term of impris-
    onment based on a sentencing range that has sub-
    sequently been lowered” and made retroactive by the
    Sentencing Commission. 
    Id. (internal quotation marks
    omitted) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)). Section 3582(c)(2)
    allows a district court to reduce a sentence if two condi-
    tions are met: (1) the original sentence was “based on
    a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered
    by the Sentencing Commission,” and (2) “such a
    reduction is consistent with applicable policy state-
    ments issued by the Sentencing Commission[,]” namely
    § 1B1.10(a). 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2); United States v.
    Guyton, 
    636 F.3d 316
    , 318 (7th Cir. 2011); USSG
    § 1B1.10(a)(2), p.s. (Nov. 2011). If the “first condition is
    not met, a district court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction
    to consider the movant’s request for a sentence
    reduction under § 3582(c)(2).” United States v. Forman, 
    553 F.3d 585
    , 588 (7th Cir. 2009); 
    Lawrence, 535 F.3d at 637
    . As
    to the second condition, a sentence reduction pursuant
    to Amendment 706 is not consistent with the Sen-
    tencing Commission’s applicable policy statements
    if Amendment 706 “does not have the effect of
    22            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range.”
    USSG § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B), p.s. (Nov. 2011) (emphasis
    added). After determining that a sentence reduction is
    consistent with applicable policy statements, § 3582(c)(2)
    instructs a district court to consider the § 3553(a) factors
    and determine whether, in its discretion, the reduction
    authorized by reference to the Sentencing Commission’s
    policies is warranted in whole or in part under the par-
    ticular circumstances of the case. 
    Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2692
    . Further, the Supreme Court has clarified that
    § 3582(c)(2) “does not authorize a sentencing or
    resentencing proceeding. Instead, it provides for the
    ‘modif[ication of] a term of imprisonment’ by giving
    courts the power to ‘reduce’ an otherwise final sentence
    in circumstances specified by the [Sentencing] Commis-
    sion.” 
    Id. at 2690. A.
    Bobby Suggs
    We turn first to Bobby’s pro se motion. In denying his
    motion for a sentence reduction, the district court con-
    cluded that it lacked “statutory authorization and cor-
    responding jurisdiction” to reduce his sentence because
    his Guideline range had not been lowered by Amend-
    ment 706. On appeal, Bobby asserts that he is entitled to
    a sentence reduction pursuant to Amendment 706 and
    that he should receive a lower sentence pursuant to the
    § 3553(a) factors. Relying on Kimbrough v. United States,
    in which the Supreme Court held that district courts
    could consider the crack/powder disparity in sentencing
    and impose a below-Guidelines sentence on a drug traf-
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.            23
    ficker dealing in crack cocaine due to the disparity,
    Bobby argues that the district court had “complete discre-
    tion” to disregard the Guideline range and impose an
    appropriate sentence. 
    552 U.S. 85
    , 91, 
    128 S. Ct. 558
    , 
    169 L. Ed. 2d 481
    (2007). We affirm the denial of relief.
    “Subject-matter jurisdiction is ‘the court’s statutory
    authority or constitutional power to adjudicate a case.’ ”
    
    Lawrence, 535 F.3d at 636
    (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for
    Better Env’t, 
    523 U.S. 83
    , 89, 
    118 S. Ct. 1003
    , 
    140 L. Ed. 2d 210
    (1998); citing United States v. Cotton, 
    535 U.S. 625
    , 630,
    
    122 S. Ct. 1781
    , 
    152 L. Ed. 2d 860
    (2002)). “It ‘delineat[es] the
    classes of cases . . . falling within a court’s adjudicatory
    authority.” 
    Id. (quoting Eberhart v.
    United States, 
    546 U.S. 12
    , 16, 
    126 S. Ct. 403
    , 
    163 L. Ed. 2d 14
    (2005)). Contrary to
    Bobby’s suggestion, “there is no ‘inherent authority’ for a
    district court to modify a sentence as it pleases[.]” United
    States v. Cunningham, 
    554 F.3d 703
    , 708 (7th Cir. 2009).
    Pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), Congress has authorized district
    courts to modify a sentence in cases where a defendant
    “has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on
    a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered
    by the Sentencing Commission . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2);
    
    Johnson, 571 F.3d at 717
    ; 
    Lawrence, 535 F.3d at 637
    . When
    a case falls within that class, subject-matter jurisdiction
    is proper. 
    Lawrence, 535 F.3d at 637
    . Although § 3582(c)(2)
    also limits a “court’s authority to reduce a sentence
    by requiring that it consider § 3553(a) and reduce a sen-
    tence only if it is consistent with the [Sentencing Com-
    mission’s] applicable policy statements[,]” these limitations
    only apply once a court has jurisdiction. 
    Id. at 637- 38;
    United States v. Poole, 
    550 F.3d 676
    , 678 n.1 (7th Cir.
    24           Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    2008). That is to say, where a court reduces a defendant’s
    sentence without considering the § 3553(a) factors or
    without ensuring that the amendment has the effect of
    lowering the defendant’s applicable Guideline range, such
    errors are not jurisdictional ones.
    In the 2009 addendum to Bobby’s PSR, probation con-
    cluded that Bobby’s criminal activity was in excess of
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. Specifically, the 2009
    addendum noted that the district court had adopted
    the findings of Bobby’s PSR, which established that
    Bobby was responsible for 17.1 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    Under § 2D1.1 of the revised Guidelines, the two-level
    reduction of a base offense level does not apply where
    the relevant conduct involved more than 4.5 kilograms
    of crack cocaine. See 
    Johnson, 571 F.3d at 717
    . Because
    Bobby was responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of
    crack cocaine, his sentence was not “based on” a sen-
    tencing range that was subsequently lowered. Accordingly,
    the district court did not have the power to adjudicate
    Bobby’s motion and lacked subject-matter jurisdiction.
    See 
    Lawrence, 535 F.3d at 637
    .
    Bobby next argues that the district court should have
    considered the § 3553(a) factors and his post-sentencing
    conduct. Section 3582(c)(2) does not allow resentencing
    based solely on § 3553(a) factors, however. During a
    § 3582(c)(2) sentence modification proceeding, § 3553(a)
    factors are considered only after the district court
    has already determined a defendant’s eligibility for a
    sentence modification and “cannot serve to transform
    the proceedings under § 3582(c)(2) into plenary
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          25
    resentencing proceedings.” 
    Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2691-92
    .
    Here, the district court had no basis to consider the
    § 3553(a) factors because Bobby was simply not eligible
    for a sentence reduction.
    B. Aaron Davis
    In denying Davis’ § 3582(c)(2) motion, the district court
    first concluded that “Davis’ guideline range is not im-
    pacted by the amendments, and so he does not qualify
    for a sentence reduction.” The district court based its
    conclusion on its belief that at Davis’ original sentencing
    hearing, it made “a factual finding that 19.8 kilograms
    of crack cocaine was attributable to [Davis.]” The crux
    of Davis’ argument on appeal is that the district court
    was limited to its factual findings at his original sen-
    tencing that he was responsible for “at a minimum
    1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine,” and that the district court
    impermissibly made new findings in the § 3582(c)(2)
    proceeding in order to hold him responsible for 19.8
    kilograms of crack cocaine. Davis argues that in
    denying his § 3582(c)(2) motion, the district court relied
    on extraneous statements it made at his original
    sentencing hearing regarding the drug quantity attribut-
    able to him, and that those extraneous statements
    cannot be viewed as findings of fact. According to
    Davis, the district court made a specific finding that he
    was responsible for 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine and
    while the district court could have made a finding
    that Davis was responsible for a different amount,
    it “eschewed the need to make any more particular find-
    26            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    ing[.]” Davis also contends that at his original sentencing
    hearing, the district court did not fully inquire into
    the scope of his criminal involvement between 1998,
    when he moved to Indianapolis, and 2001.
    “For sentencing purposes, a criminal defendant con-
    victed of a drug trafficking conspiracy is liable for the
    reasonably foreseeable quantity of drugs sold by his or
    her co-conspirators.” United States v. Seymour, 
    519 F.3d 700
    , 710-11 (7th Cir. 2008). At sentencing, a district court
    need only make findings of fact, such as the quantity of
    drugs attributable to a defendant, by a preponderance
    of the evidence. United States v. Krasinsi, 
    545 F.3d 546
    ,
    551 (7th Cir. 2008). A proposition proved by a prepon-
    derance of the evidence is one that has been shown to
    be more likely than not. E.g., United States v. Foster, 
    577 F.3d 813
    , 815 (7th Cir. 2009). At Davis’ original sentencing,
    which he did not appeal, the district court indicated that
    it was reasonably foreseeable to Davis, who was a close
    associate of Bobby, that more than 1.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine were involved in the conspiracy, and more
    likely than not 19.8 kilograms of crack cocaine
    were reasonably foreseeable to him. Contrary to Davis’
    arguments, these were not extraneous statements;
    rather, they comprised the district court’s finding, by a pre-
    ponderance of the evidence, that Davis was responsible
    for the reasonably foreseeable quantity of drugs, 19.8
    kilograms of crack cocaine, that was involved in this
    particular conspiracy. Because the district court had
    already determined that Davis was responsible for 19.8
    kilograms of crack cocaine, Amendment 706 would not
    serve to reduce his sentence and his § 3582(c)(2) motion
    was properly denied.
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.           27
    Additionally, contrary to Davis’ contentions, the
    district court was required to determine the amount
    of crack cocaine attributable to Davis in order to
    adjudicate his § 3582(c)(2) motion. See United States v.
    Dewayne Hall, 
    600 F.3d 872
    , 877 (7th Cir. 2010) (herein-
    after “Dewayne Hall”). Nothing prevents a district court
    from making new findings of fact when ruling on a
    § 3582(c)(2) motion, so long as those findings are not
    inconsistent with those made at the original sentencing.
    United States v. Duncan, 
    639 F.3d 764
    , 767-68 (7th Cir. 2011)
    (quoting United States v. Woods, 
    581 F.3d 531
    , 538 (7th Cir.
    2009) and Dewayne 
    Hall, 600 F.3d at 876
    ). Indeed, new
    findings are often necessary where, as here, retroactive
    amendments have altered the relevant drug-quantity
    thresholds for determining a defendant’s base offense
    level. Dewayne 
    Hall, 600 F.3d at 876
    (citing Mark 
    Hall, 582 F.3d at 819
    ). In adjudicating a § 3582(c)(2) motion, a
    district court may consider the record as a whole, including
    the defendant’s motions, the government’s responses,
    and any addenda to the PSRs explaining the scope of a
    drug trafficking conspiracy before reaching a conclusion
    on the drug quantity attributable to a defendant. 
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 539
    ; see also Dewayne 
    Hall, 600 F.3d at 876
    .
    Here, the district court made new findings of fact
    by relying on its earlier statements at Davis’ original
    sentencing hearing and the figures presented in his PSR,
    which the district court had previously adopted. The
    district court also considered a 2008 addendum to the
    PSR, which stated that the court had previously made
    a finding of fact that Davis was responsible for 19.8 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine. The evidence in the PSR estab-
    28            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    lished that Davis was one of Bobby’s top lieutenants
    who distributed the crack cocaine Bobby cooked to
    other CCA street gang members, the FBI made several
    controlled purchases of crack cocaine from Davis in
    1998, Davis sold crack cocaine to Carter, and the FBI
    recovered crack cocaine from CCA street gang
    members over 20 times. Relying on statements from
    Unzueta as to the amount of powder cocaine he
    delivered to Bobby, which was then cooked into crack
    cocaine, the PSR concluded that Davis could be held
    responsible for at least 19.8 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    In short, there was more than sufficient evidence in the
    PSR from which the district court could conclude that
    Davis was responsible for 19.8 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    We find that the district court did not abuse its discre-
    tion in denying Davis’ motion.
    We also find no merit to Davis’ argument that the
    district court did not fully inquire into the scope of his
    involvement between 1998 and 2001. We have long held
    that a district court may rely on factual information
    contained in a PSR “so long as it bears sufficient indicia
    of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”
    United States v. Salinas, 
    365 F.3d 582
    , 587 (7th Cir. 2004);
    United States v. Turner, 
    604 F.3d 381
    , 385 (7th Cir. 2010).
    Generally, a defendant then bears the burden of
    showing that the PSR is not accurate or is unreliable.
    United States v. Artley, 
    489 F.3d 813
    , 821 (7th Cir. 2007).
    A defendant does not satisfy that burden merely by
    denying the facts in the PSR; rather, a defendant
    must produce some evidence that calls into question
    the reliability of the alleged facts. Salinas, 365 F.3d at
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.         29
    587; 
    Turner, 604 F.3d at 385
    . Only after a defendant’s
    objection casts doubt as to the reliability of the informa-
    tion in the PSR does the government then have the
    burden of demonstrating the accuracy of the information.
    United States v. Heckel, 
    570 F.3d 791
    , 795-96 (7th Cir.
    2009). Although Davis concedes that he did not present
    any evidence at his original sentencing limiting his role
    in the conspiracy to the early years of the scheme, he
    contends that the evidence presented by the govern-
    ment did not explain his involvement in the conspiracy
    between 1998 and 2001.
    Davis’ contentions fail to cast doubt on the PSR’s recom-
    mendation that he continued to be a part of the
    conspiracy until 2001 and is therefore responsible for
    19.8 kilograms of crack cocaine. In order to withdraw
    from a conspiracy, a criminal defendant must take
    some affirmative act of withdrawal, such as confessing
    to the authorities or communicating his withdrawal to
    his co-conspirators. United States v. Morales, 
    655 F.3d 608
    , 640 (7th Cir. 2011). “ ‘Simply ceasing to participate
    even for extended periods of time is not sufficient to
    show withdrawal.’ ” United States v. Julian, 
    427 F.3d 471
    ,
    483 (7th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Hall, 
    212 F.3d 1016
    , 1023 (7th Cir. 2000)). According to the PSR,
    Carter informed investigators that even after Davis
    moved to Indianapolis, he would travel between Gary
    and Indianapolis and Carter would purchase crack
    cocaine from Davis. Furthermore, the record does not
    contain any evidence that Davis affirmatively withdrew
    his membership at any point in time after 1998 by
    reporting himself to authorities or by communicating his
    30            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    withdrawal to CCA street gang members. Rather, the
    February 2001 letter from Carson demonstrates that he
    continued to associate with CCA members until at least
    February 2001. Finally, contrary to Davis’ argument, the
    district court did consider the extent of his involvement
    in the conspiracy between 1998 and 2001. Although
    Davis objected to the PSR’s findings that he was
    involved in the conspiracy after 1998, as outlined in the
    2003 addendum to the PSR, the district court declined
    to adopt his position and instead adopted the findings
    of the government and probation that he continued to
    be involved with the conspiracy until 2001.
    Alternatively, the district court concluded that even
    if Davis did qualify for a two-level reduction in his Guide-
    line range, it would decline to reduce Davis’ sentence
    because the sentence appropriately reflected the serious-
    ness of the offense and the need to protect the public,
    and because it was “particularly appropriate to
    consider the need to avoid sentence disparities among
    defendants with similar records who have been found
    guilty of similar conduct[.]” Davis’ final argument on
    appeal is that the court’s refusal to exercise its discretion
    to grant him a sentence reduction rests upon its
    erroneous factual findings, and denying him a sentence
    reduction actually creates a sentencing disparity
    because he will be punished more harshly than other
    defendants convicted of similar conduct. Once a
    district court concludes that a defendant is eligible for a
    reduction in sentence, the district court must then “deter-
    mine the extent of that reduction, if any, by considering
    the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the [defendant’s]
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          31
    conduct while imprisoned, and the risk his early release
    would pose to public safety.” United States v. Marion, 
    590 F.3d 475
    , 477 (7th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
    omitted) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 
    580 F.3d 67
    ,
    570 (7th Cir. 2009)). In ruling on a motion to reduce, a
    district court is required to supply the reasons for its
    decision and its order need only contain a minimal expla-
    nation as to how it exercised its discretion. 
    Id. at 477-78. Importantly,
    a district court “need not provide a de-
    tailed, written explanation analyzing every § 3553(a)
    factor.” 
    Id. at 477. Here,
    the district court considered
    some of the § 3553(a) factors and provided a straight-
    forward explanation as to why it would deny Davis’
    motion on this alternative basis. We find that this ex-
    planation was sufficient to withstand scrutiny. Addition-
    ally, Davis’ contention that the denial of a sentence re-
    duction results in a sentencing disparity is meritless, as
    his coconspirators were all sentenced to similar, if not
    longer, terms of imprisonment.
    C. Seantai, Price, Dilworth, and Davison
    We turn next to Seantai, Price, Dilworth, and Davison,
    who are represented by the same counsel on appeal. They
    each argue that the district court erroneously denied
    their § 3582(c)(2) motions for sentence reductions by
    making new factual findings that they were each respon-
    sible for distributing more than 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine. They also contend that because they went to
    trial, as opposed to pleading guilty, the quantity of crack
    cocaine and reliability of evidence establishing those
    32            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    quantities remained at issue and the district court
    therefore had a duty to inquire into the scope of criminal
    activity that they each agreed to undertake. We conclude
    that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
    finding that Seantai, Price, Dilworth, and Davison were
    each responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine.
    1. Seantai Suggs
    In denying Seantai’s motion for a sentence reduction,
    the district court concluded that due to the quantity of
    crack cocaine attributable to Seantai, the amended Guide-
    lines did not impact his sentence and therefore he
    did not qualify for a sentence reduction. The district court
    based its conclusion on statements it made at Seantai’s
    original sentencing hearing rejecting Seantai’s objections
    to the drug quantity findings in his original PSR and
    adopting the government’s and probation’s positions.
    Therefore, according to the district court, it had already
    made an explicit finding attributing over 16 kilograms
    of crack cocaine to Seantai. Alternatively, the district
    court concluded that even if it had not made such
    a finding at Seantai’s original sentencing hearing, it
    “would not hesitate to make a new finding that [Seantai]
    is responsible for far in excess of 4.5 kilograms of
    crack cocaine as a foreseeable quantity distributed by
    his conspiracy.”
    On appeal, Seantai argues that the district court errone-
    ously denied his motion for a sentence reduction
    because at his original sentencing it only found that he
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.            33
    “should be held responsible for far in excess of 1.5 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine[,]” and it did not find that he
    was responsible for 16.91 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    Therefore, Seantai argues, any such conclusion reached
    by the district court in denying his motion for a
    sentence reduction was a new factual finding.8 Seantai
    also argues that the district court’s conclusion that
    Seantai was a primary player in the conspiracy was
    based on highly contested facts, and its statement
    that Seantai did not present any evidence to refute the
    government’s assertions is misplaced because it is the
    government’s burden to prove quantity. Finally, Seantai
    contends that the court’s denial of his motion was
    based entirely on foreseeability, and the district court
    failed to assess the scope of his jointly undertaken activity.
    As discussed above, assuming the district court did not
    make a factual finding as to quantity at Seantai’s original
    sentencing hearing, the court was required to make such
    a finding in adjudicating his § 3582(c)(2) motion.
    Dewayne 
    Hall, 600 F.3d at 877
    . A new factual finding on
    a § 3582(c)(2) motion is appropriate so long as it is not
    inconsistent with the district court’s findings at the
    original sentencing hearing. 
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 538
    . As
    an initial matter, Seantai concedes that at his original
    8
    Because the sentencing hearing transcript of Seantai’s sen-
    tencing hearing has not been made part of the record, nor
    has Seantai included a copy of the relevant pages of the sen-
    tencing hearing transcript in his appendix, we are unable to
    evaluate the district court’s statements at Seantai’s original
    sentencing hearing. We may review, however, whether the
    district court’s new factual finding was appropriate.
    34            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    sentencing hearing the district court found that he
    should be held “responsible for far in excess of 1.5 kilo-
    grams of crack cocaine.” Had the original sentencing
    court found that Seantai was responsible for exactly
    1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, this would be a different
    case, but a finding that he was responsible for over
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine is not inconsistent with
    the district court’s finding at his original sentencing
    hearing. 
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 539
    ; see also United States v.
    Moore, 
    582 F.3d 641
    , 646 (6th Cir. 2009).
    In making its new factual finding as to the quantity
    of drugs attributable to Seantai, the district court relied
    on evidence from Seantai’s trial, and summarized in his
    PSR, such as the testimony from Unzueta that he
    supplied Bobby with kilogram quantities of powder
    cocaine. Seantai’s PSR, which the district court adopted
    despite his objections, made it clear that he and Davis
    were Bobby’s top lieutenants who distributed the crack
    cocaine Bobby cooked to other CCA street gang members,
    that the FBI made a series of controlled purchases of
    crack cocaine from him and Davis in 1998, and that the
    FBI recovered crack cocaine from CCA street gang mem-
    bers on over 20 occasions. On the basis of this informa-
    tion, the PSR concluded that Seantai was responsible
    for 16.91 kilograms of crack cocaine, far in excess of the
    4.5 kilogram threshold in § 2D1.1 for a sentence reduc-
    tion. There was substantial evidence in Seantai’s
    PSR from which the district court could find that
    Seantai was responsible for 16.91 kilograms of crack
    cocaine.
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.            35
    Seantai’s arguments that the information in the PSR was
    based on highly contested facts and that the government
    bears the burden of establishing drug quantities are
    unavailing. As we previously noted, it is well-established
    that the district court may rely on factual information
    contained in a PSR “so long as it bears sufficient indicia
    of reliability to support its probable accuracy.” 
    Salinas, 365 F.3d at 587
    . Even as to controverted facts, a court’s refer-
    ence to the PSR “ ‘constitutes sufficient findings . . . when
    we are assured that the district court made a decision of
    design, rather than of convenience, to adopt the PSR.’ ”
    
    Heckel, 570 F.3d at 796
    (quoting United States v. Burke,
    
    148 F.3d 832
    , 836 (7th Cir. 1998)). Seantai then bears the
    burden of showing that the PSR is not accurate or is
    unreliable, 
    Artley, 489 F.3d at 821
    , but he has proffered
    no evidence in the § 3582(c)(2) proceeding to call into
    question the facts contained in the PSR. A bare denial of
    the information contained in the PSR is simply not suffi-
    cient to challenge the PSR’s accuracy or reliability. 
    Turner, 604 F.3d at 385
    . Accordingly, the district court acted well
    within its discretion when it relied upon the findings
    contained in the PSR.
    Finally, while Seantai is correct that the district court
    did not explicitly mention the scope of his involvement
    in the conspiracy, the district court did adopt the
    factual findings in the PSR which contained more than
    enough evidence from which to make such a finding.
    “The reference to the findings and rationale in the
    presentence report allows us, as a reviewing court, to
    evaluate the district court’s decision, and that is all that
    is required.” United States v. Brimley, 
    148 F.3d 819
    , 822
    36             Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting United States v. Taylor, 
    135 F.3d 478
    ,
    483 (7th Cir. 1998)); see also United States v. Brumfield, 
    301 F.3d 724
    , 735 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[I]t is permissible for a
    district court to discharge its obligation to make factual
    findings by adopting the contents and analysis of the
    PSR.”) (citing United States v. Parolin, 
    239 F.3d 922
    , 925 (7th
    Cir. 2001) and 
    Taylor, 135 F.3d at 482
    ). The Guidelines
    instruct that a defendant involved in jointly undertaken
    criminal activity may be held accountable for “all rea-
    sonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in fur-
    therance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity.”
    USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (Nov. 2011); see also 
    Turner, 604 F.3d at 385
    (quoting United States v. Soto-Piedra, 
    525 F.3d 527
    , 531 (7th Cir. 2008)). “Thus, in a drug conspiracy,
    ‘each conspirator is responsible not only for drug quanti-
    ties directly attributable to him but also for amounts
    involved in transactions by coconspirators that were
    reasonably foreseeable to him.’ ” Turner, 
    604 F.3d 381
    (quoting United States v. Acosta, 
    534 F.3d 574
    , 585 (7th
    Cir. 2008)); see also 
    Seymour, 519 F.3d at 710-11
    . “Reasonable
    foreseeability refers to the scope of the agreement that
    [a defendant] entered into when he joined the
    conspiracy, not merely to the drugs he may have
    known about.” United States v. Flores, 
    5 F.3d 1070
    , 1083
    (7th Cir. 1993). Furthermore, reasonable foreseeability
    does not require a showing “that the defendant was
    involved in or even had direct knowledge of any
    particular transaction.” 
    Seymour, 519 F.3d at 711
    .
    Here, more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine were
    reasonably foreseeable to Seantai. As detailed in his PSR,
    Seantai played a key role in the conspiracy, acting as a
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.           37
    top lieutenant alongside Davis, who distributed the
    crack cocaine Bobby cooked to street-level dealers.
    Through this role, Seantai was aware of the quantities
    of drugs Bobby was receiving from Unzueta and dis-
    tributing in the form of crack cocaine. Considering
    his substantial involvement in the conspiracy through-
    out its life, it was well within the district court’s discre-
    tion to find that Seantai was responsible for more
    than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    2. Terraun Price
    In denying Price’s motion for a sentence reduction, the
    district court concluded that because the evidence in
    the record established that he was responsible for more
    than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, he was not eligible
    for a sentence reduction. On appeal, Price argues that
    “the district court did not carefully consider the facts
    relating to the quantity of drugs attributable to [him] and
    therefore his eligibility for reduction.” According to
    Price, the quantity of drugs for which he is directly re-
    sponsible does not add up to 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine. Like Seantai, Price also argues that the district
    court did not inquire into the scope of his jointly under-
    taken criminal activity.
    Price’s arguments are unpersuasive because the
    district court properly considered the record as whole,
    Price’s arguments and the government’s arguments, as
    well as the original PSR and the 2008 addendum to the
    PSR, which explained Price’s role in the conspiracy,
    before finding that Price was responsible for more than
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. 
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 538
    .
    38            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    The PSR, which the district court adopted, established
    that he was involved in the conspiracy from 1995 to
    2001, and during this time he participated in a number
    of roles. For instance, he allowed Bobby to cook powder
    cocaine in his house, he kept Bobby apprised of police
    presence and gang activity, he relayed messages from
    Bobby to the street-level dealers, and he distributed
    crack cocaine from Bobby to the street-level dealers.
    Additionally, the PSR detailed numerous witness
    accounts about Price’s involvement in the conspiracy
    and his sales of crack cocaine. While the precise quantity
    of drugs that Price himself distributed may not add up
    to 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, this fact is not disposi-
    tive because defendants “convicted of a drug trafficking
    conspiracy [are] liable for the reasonably foreseeable
    quantity of drugs sold by [their] co-conspirators.” 
    Seymour, 519 F.3d at 710-11
    . Here, we have previously concluded
    that the CCA street gang was responsible for distributing
    at least 16 kilograms of crack cocaine throughout the
    course of the conspiracy’s life. Dewayne 
    Hall, 600 F.3d at 876
    . Price was not a regular street-level dealer in this
    conspiracy. Rather, he was a close confidant of Bobby
    and acted as a messenger between Bobby and the street-
    level dealers. As noted by the district court, Price’s
    role allowed him to become familiar with the number
    of dealers and types and quantities of drugs they were
    distributing. There was ample evidence from which
    the district court could conclude that Price was
    accountable for at least 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    Price’s argument that the district court failed to discuss
    the scope of his criminal activity is unavailing. While
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          39
    the district court did not explicitly mention the scope
    of Price’s involvement in the conspiracy, it did adopt the
    factual findings and Guideline application in his PSR.
    Again, Price was involved in the conspiracy at a high
    level, and in his many roles he was well aware of the
    quantities of crack cocaine Bobby was cooking and dis-
    tributing. The district court acted within its discretion
    in finding that it was reasonably foreseeable to Price
    that the conspiracy was distributing in excess of
    4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    3. Terence Dilworth
    In denying Dilworth’s motion for a sentence reduction,
    the district court concluded that it was foreseeable to
    Dilworth “that he was participating in a conspiracy that
    was distributing far in excess of 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine,” and therefore Amendment 706 did not impact
    his sentence. The district court reached this conclusion
    after reviewing the evidence in the record, including
    Dilworth’s PSR. On appeal, Dilworth argues that at his
    original sentencing hearing, the district court did not
    make a factual finding that he was responsible for
    more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, despite its “off-
    handed remark that [] [he] is ‘responsible for many more
    kilos of crack cocaine than 1.5 [kilograms].’ ” Accordingly,
    Dilworth contends that because the district court relied
    on new factual findings, it had a duty to inquire into
    the scope of the criminal activity for which he was re-
    sponsible, but that it failed to do so. Dilworth also argues
    that in denying his motion the district court relied on
    40            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    contested and unreliable evidence, such as hearsay testi-
    mony of witnesses, which he objected to at his original
    sentencing hearing.
    In ruling upon Dilworth’s § 3582(c)(2) motion, it was
    entirely appropriate for the district to make new findings
    of fact as to the quantity of drugs attributable to
    Dilworth, so long as those findings are consistent with the
    findings from the original sentencing hearing. 
    Duncan, 639 F.3d at 767-68
    . The district court’s finding that Dilworth
    was responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine is consistent with its earlier finding that Dilworth
    was “ ‘responsible for many more kilos of crack cocaine
    than 1.5 [kilograms].’ ” See 
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 539
    . The
    district court reached its drug quantity finding only after
    considering all the evidence in the record, including the
    PSR, which the court had previously adopted over
    Dilworth’s objections. Although Dilworth contends that
    the evidence in the PSR was contested and unreliable, he
    had the burden of establishing the unreliability of the
    evidence. 
    Artley, 489 F.3d at 821
    . Yet, on the record before
    us, Dilworth has not proffered any evidence in the
    § 3582(c)(2) proceedings to contest the reliability of the
    information contained in the PSR. As we have previously
    noted, a district court may make factual findings by
    adopting the PSR even as to contested matters. 
    Heckel, 570 F.3d at 796
    . Dilworth’s PSR emphasized that he
    was more than a street-level dealer because he received
    large quantities of crack cocaine directly from Bobby to
    distribute to street-level dealers on “the Hill.” The PSR
    also noted that Dilworth had been responsible for
    bringing customers to “the Hill” in the early 1990s, and
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.          41
    that Dilworth himself had been selling drugs on “the
    Hill” since at least 1993 or 1994. Most importantly,
    Dilworth and a group of four or five other CCA street
    gang members were observed selling 3.5 grams of crack
    cocaine per day on “the Hill” over a seven-month period
    in 2000. That is approximately 3.675 kilograms of crack
    cocaine in just seven months. Taking into account that
    Dilworth was a member of the conspiracy for a number
    of years, had been selling on “the Hill” since 1993 or
    1994, and that he was more than a street-level dealer,
    there was more than ample evidence in the PSR to
    support the district court’s finding that it was foreseeable
    to him that he was participating in a conspiracy that was
    distributing more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion for the
    district court to deny his motion.
    Finally, this Court must reject Dilworth’s argument
    that the testimony in the PSR was contested and unreli-
    able because it contained the hearsay testimony of wit-
    nesses. At sentencing a district court may rely on a PSR
    containing hearsay, so long as those statements are
    reliable. United States v. Isom, 
    635 F.3d 904
    , 908 (7th Cir.
    2011) (“At sentencing, courts may rely on presentence
    reports containing even double-hearsay, i.e., statements
    by coconspirators to investigators, so long as those state-
    ments are reliable.”). It was Dilworth’s burden to show
    the inaccuracy or unreliability of facts in the PSR, and
    Dilworth has not presented any evidence to cast doubt
    on the PSR. 
    Artley, 489 F.3d at 821
    (affirming sentence
    as based upon sufficient evidence, even though state-
    ments establishing drug quantity amounts in the PSR
    42            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    were hearsay). Moreover, the statements in the PSR were
    internally consistent as to Dilworth’s participation in
    the conspiracy. Accordingly, the district court acted
    within its discretion in choosing to rely upon such state-
    ments.
    4. William Davison
    In denying Davison’s motion for a sentence reduction,
    the district court concluded that Davison was not
    eligible for a reduced sentence because he was responsible
    for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. In deter-
    mining the quantity that was reasonably foreseeable to
    Davison, the district court relied on his original PSR, and
    primarily the portion of the PSR containing statements
    from a confidential informant that “for a seven-month
    period in 2000, [] Davison, along with four or five other
    members of the [CCA street] gang, took turns selling
    crack cocaine at a location known as ‘the Hill,’ and
    that each was selling approximately an ‘eight-ball’ (1/8
    ounce, or approximately 3.5 grams) a day.” Notably, the
    district court reached this conclusion despite probation’s
    recommendation in a 2008 addendum to the PSR that
    Amendment 706 applied to Davison. On appeal, Davison
    argues that the district court’s finding that he was re-
    sponsible for in excess of 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine
    is erroneous. Davison argues that the district court failed
    to discuss the actual quantity of drugs for which he
    was responsible, and that he should not be treated like
    the other conspirators. According to Davison, even if
    he were held “responsible for sales of 3.5 grams per day,
    Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.           43
    a figure discussed in his PSR, for the entire three
    years he was alleged to be selling drugs on ‘the [H]ill,’ the
    total amount of drugs distributed would approximate
    3.7 kilograms.” Therefore, Davison argues, his conduct
    does not reach the 4.5 kilograms threshold.
    Here, the district court properly considered the record
    as whole, the government’s arguments and Davison’s
    arguments, as well as the original PSR and the 2008
    addendum to the PSR, before finding that Davison was
    responsible for more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.
    
    Woods, 581 F.3d at 538
    . The PSR, which the district court
    adopted, noted that Davison had been a member of the
    conspiracy as early as 1997, and that he sold crack cocaine
    in the Concord area from 1997 until 2000. The PSR also
    described Davison’s role as a shooter for the CCA street
    gang and his involvement in two murders. Most impor-
    tantly, Davison and a group of four or five other CCA
    street gang members were observed selling 3.5 grams of
    crack cocaine on “the Hill” per day over a seven-month
    period in 2000. In total, this group of individuals sold
    about 3.675 kilograms of crack cocaine in just seven
    months. Considering that Davison was a member of
    the conspiracy for a number of years, there was suf-
    ficient evidence in the PSR to support the district
    court’s finding that it was foreseeable to him that he
    was participating in a conspiracy that was distributing
    more than 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine. While the 2008
    addendum to the PSR recommended that Davison
    did qualify for a two-level reduction in his base offense
    level, we note that the decision of whether or not to
    grant a sentence reduction is entrusted to the discretion
    44            Nos. 11-1313, 11-1323, 11-2057, 11-2061, et al.
    of the district court, and it is the judge’s perspective that
    is most important. 
    Young, 555 F.3d at 614
    .
    Finally, Davison’s contention that he should only be
    held responsible for the drugs he was selling on “the
    Hill” does not help him as he is responsible not just for
    the amounts that he was personally selling, but also “for
    the reasonably foreseeable quantity of drugs sold by his . . .
    co-conspirators.” 
    Seymour, 519 F.3d at 710-11
    . The mini-
    mum amount of crack cocaine that would have
    been reasonably foreseeable to him from the activities
    of his four conspirators on “the Hill” over a three-year
    period would have exceeded 4.5 kilograms of crack
    cocaine. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse
    its discretion by finding that Davison was responsible
    for 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine over the course of his
    three-year involvement with the conspiracy.
    III. CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we A FFIRM the district
    court’s denial of the defendants’ § 3582(c)(2) motions.
    5-31-12