Torrez, Alejandro v. T.G.I. Friday's ( 2007 )


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  •                               In the
    United States Court of Appeals
    For the Seventh Circuit
    ____________
    No. 07-1107
    ALEXANDER TORREZ, also known as ALEJANDRO TORREZ,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.
    TGI FRIDAY’S, INC.,
    Defendant-Appellee.
    ____________
    Appeal from the United States District Court
    for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
    No. 05 C 45—Blanche M. Manning, Judge.
    ____________
    ARGUED NOVEMBER 2, 2007—DECIDED DECEMBER 3, 2007
    ____________
    Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and POSNER and RIPPLE,
    Circuit Judges.
    POSNER, Circuit Judge. In this suit for personal injury,
    governed by Illinois law, the district judge granted sum-
    mary judgment in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiff
    appeals. Federal jurisdiction is based on diversity of
    citizenship, though we were able to ascertain this only
    by directing the parties to file supplemental jurisdic-
    tional memoranda; for the jurisdictional statement in the
    plaintiff’s opening brief failed to identify the state in
    which the defendant, a corporation, is incorporated, and
    2                                               No. 07-1107
    the jurisdictional statement in the defendant’s brief stated
    that the plaintiff’s jurisdictional statement was complete
    and correct, though it was neither.
    The plaintiff was injured while cleaning the hood over a
    fryer exhaust fan at the defendant’s restaurant in Batavia,
    Illinois. He was employed not by the defendant, TGI
    Friday’s (had he been, he could not have brought this suit
    but would have been remitted to an administrative pro-
    ceeding under the state’s workers’ compensation law),
    but by a cleaning service, Facilitec, hired by the defendant.
    He was working at night because he had to wait to enter
    the restaurant until its employees had finished taking
    inventory and were about to close the restaurant for the
    night. Inside the fryer hood were five light bulbs, each
    encased in a transparent glass globe. The bulbs and their
    globes were not visible unless one looked under the hood,
    which the plaintiff did not do. Instead he reached inside
    to clean the inside of the hood—and felt a sudden pinch
    in his arm. The pinch turned out to be a serious wound,
    severing several tendons and disabling the plaintiff from
    regular employment. He had cut his arm on one of the
    globes, but the record is silent on whether it was a
    cracked globe that broke apart when his arm touched it
    or a globe that was broken before he reached into the hood.
    The record contains no picture of the fryer or even
    identification of the brand or model. The plaintiff’s lawyer
    told us that he could not gain access to the restaurant to
    look at the fryer and hood, which is absurd; hasn’t he
    heard of pretrial discovery? (See Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a)(2).)
    Well, maybe not, because he conducted no discovery at all.
    As a result, nothing is known about the source of the
    crack in the globe, or, if the globe was already broken
    when the plaintiff’s arm touched it, the cause of its being
    No. 07-1107                                                   3
    broken. The globe could have been defectively designed
    by the manufacturer, defectively installed or manhandled
    by the manufacturer of the fryer hood, damaged in ship-
    ment, damaged by an employee of the restaurant, damaged
    by another employee of the plaintiff’s company or by the
    plaintiff himself on a prior visit to clean the hood. We
    shall never know.
    The plaintiff has litigated the case as if it were a slip and
    fall case, where for example a customer accidentally
    knocks a bottle containing liquid off a shelf in the defen-
    dant’s store, another customer slips on it and injures
    himself, and the suit charges that the store should have
    detected and removed the danger before the accident. E.g.,
    Perminas v. Montgomery Ward & Co., 
    328 N.E.2d 290
    , 291-92
    (Ill. 1975); Donoho v. O’Connell’s, Inc., 
    148 N.E.2d 434
    , 437-
    41 (Ill. 1958); Peterson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 
    241 F.3d 603
    (7th Cir. 2001); Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 
    260 F.3d 228
    , 231-32
    (3d Cir. 2001). At the same time and inconsistently he
    argues that the globe was cracked or broken by the restau-
    rant’s employees. These are two quite different theories,
    requiring different proof. If an employee of the defendant
    creates a hidden danger (maybe, as claimed in Howard v.
    Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 
    160 F.3d 358
     (7th Cir. 1998), a store’s
    employee rather than another customer knocked the bottle
    off the shelf and failed to notice the spillage or report it or
    clean it up), such as a cracked or broken glass globe in a
    place into which the employee should know someone
    will be likely to reach his arm without awareness of the
    danger, the employee is negligent and his negligence is
    imputed to his employer. Donoho v. O’Connell’s, Inc., supra,
    
    148 N.E.2d at 437
    . But there is as we said no evidence of
    who broke or cracked the globe, and specifically no
    evidence that one of the restaurant’s employees did it.
    4                                                No. 07-1107
    If the danger was created by someone other than an
    employee of the restaurant, the restaurant is liable only
    if it would have detected and removed the danger had it
    been exercising due care to make its premises safe for its
    employees and for any business invitees (which would
    include the members of the outside cleaning staff as well
    as any customer or inspector invited into the kitchen)
    who were within the zone of danger. In the case of slip
    and fall accidents in stores, due care requires the store-
    owner to keep the floor reasonably safe for customers by
    cleaning it frequently and by directing its employees to do
    a certain amount of patrolling of the aisles with their eyes
    directed at the floor. As we explained in the Peterson
    case, “The store’s duty is not merely to prevent careless
    spillage by its employees but also to be on the lookout for
    spillage by whomever caused and to clean it up promptly.
    Satisfaction of the latter half of this duty, the duty of
    inspection and clean up, does not require continuous
    patrolling of the aisles; the cost would be disproportionate
    to the benefit. But it may require, in self-service stores
    where customer traffic is heavy and the probability of a
    slip and fall therefore high (both because there are many
    people using the aisles, who are customers rather than
    employees, and because the probability that a customer
    through spillage or otherwise will create a hazardous
    condition is a function of the number of customers per
    square foot of floor), frequent and careful patrolling. The
    cost of such patrolling to the store need not be high.
    Employees have frequent occasion to be in the store’s
    aisles in any event; they have only to be alert to the possi-
    bility of spillage to notice it and clean it up promptly.” 
    241 F.3d at 604-05
     (citations omitted). Of critical importance is
    whether “the substance [that caused the accident] was
    there a length of time so that in the exercise of ordinary
    No. 07-1107                                                5
    care its presence should have been discovered.” Tomczak
    v. Planetsphere, Inc., 
    735 N.E.2d 662
    , 667 (Ill. App. 2000);
    see also Martin v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 
    183 F.3d 770
    , 774-
    75 (8th Cir. 1999); Porche v. Winn-Dixie Louisiana, Inc., 
    644 So. 2d 699
    , 702 (La. App. 1994); compare Hresil v. Sears,
    Roebuck & Co., 
    403 N.E.2d 678
    , 679-80 (Ill. App. 1980). If
    there is a comparable duty on the part of restaurateurs to
    inspect fryer hoods for cracked or broken glass globes,
    this is not so obvious as to enable a suit to go forward on
    the basis of res ipsa loquitur—that the accident must have
    been due to the defendant’s negligent management of
    something within its control.
    Determining whether a defendant has failed to use due
    care to prevent an accident requires a comparison between
    the cost of the precaution that would have prevented it
    and the cost of the accident that occurred as a result of
    the absence of the precaution, discounted by the probabil-
    ity of an accident if the precaution was not taken. If an
    accident if it occurs would cause on average a $10,000
    loss, and the probability that the accident would occur
    unless a particular precaution was taken was 1 percent,
    and the precaution would have cost only $50, then the
    failure to take it was indeed negligence. For an expected
    loss of $100 (1 percent of $10,000) could have been pre-
    vented at a cost of only $50. Rarely in an actual negligence
    case are the factors that determine whether a precaution
    is cost justified actually quantified. But if the case is
    properly litigated there will at least be evidence of a
    general nature about whether the probability of an ac-
    cident was high or low, the loss if the accident occurred
    would be great or small, and the measures that would
    have prevented the accident would have cost a lot or a
    little, and such general information will usually suffice to
    6                                              No. 07-1107
    resolve the issue of negligence satisfactorily. But the rec-
    ord of this case contains absolutely no evidence concern-
    ing these magnitudes. How likely is a globe in a fryer
    hood to be cracked or broken? How easily could such a
    defect be determined by inspection (for the globes,
    being placed behind a lip in the hood, resist easy inspec-
    tion)? How frequent and, on average, how serious is the
    type of accident that befell the plaintiff? Was he perhaps
    in the best position to inspect, since it was his duty to
    clean the bulbs? Indeed, was it reckless for him to try to
    clean a surface from which (as he must have known, as
    there is no suggestion that this was the first time he had
    tried to clean the fryer hood) hollow glass globes protruded
    that he could not see? In the absence of some evidence
    on these points—there is none—no reasonable jury could
    find that the plaintiff’s injury was due to negligence on
    the part of employees of the restaurant. Summary judg-
    ment was therefore rightly granted in favor of the defen-
    dant.
    AFFIRMED.
    A true Copy:
    Teste:
    _____________________________
    Clerk of the United States Court of
    Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
    USCA-02-C-0072—12-3-07