United States v. Diaz, David , 207 F. App'x 705 ( 2006 )

UNPUBLISHED ORDER
Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted December 7, 2006
Decided December 8, 2006
Before
Hon. MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge
Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge
No. 06-1319
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellee, Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
v.
No. 02-CR-35-3
DAVID DIAZ,
Defendant-Appellant. Joan Humphrey Lefkow,
Judge.
ORDER
David Diaz was convicted of conspiring to possess and distribute cocaine, see
21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), possessing cocaine with intent to distribute, see id.§ 841(a)(1), and carrying a gun during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime,
see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). Diaz pleaded guilty to the two drug charges and was
found guilty on the gun charge after a bench trial; the district court sentenced him
to a total of 120 months’ imprisonment. Diaz filed a notice of appeal, but his newly
appointed counsel now moves to withdraw on the basis that he cannot discern a
nonfrivolous basis for appeal. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Diaz
has not accepted our invitation to respond to counsel’s submission, see Cir. R. 51(b),
so our examination is confined to those potential issues identified in counsel’s
facially adequate brief, see United States v. Tabb, 125 F.3d 583, 584 (7th Cir. 1997)
(per curiam).
No. 06-1319 Page 2
Diaz was indicted on the drug and gun charges after he was arrested for
participating in a drug deal that took place in the Logan Square neighborhood of
Chicago, Illinois. Although he initially pleaded not guilty to all three charges, he
eventually entered open guilty pleas to the two drug charges and opted for a bench
trial on the gun charge. At trial, the government presented the following evidence
detailing Diaz’s role in the drug transaction:
In December 2001 a paid informant contacted Joel Castaneda to purchase
seven kilograms of cocaine; Castaneda told the informant he could provide the
cocaine after he obtained it from his own drug supplier, Diaz. Over the course of
about a month, the informant spoke with either Diaz or Castaneda over the
telephone to negotiate the deal. During the negotiations Castaneda told the
informant that, because of an attempted kidnapping and “rip-off” during an earlier
drug deal, he and Diaz planned to prevent a similar episode by hiring “security
people” to oversee their drug deal. According to the informant, Castaneda described
the “security people” as “idiots guarding with the guns.” A deal was struck for Diaz
and Castaneda to deliver seven kilograms of cocaine to the informant in exchange
for approximately $147,000. The transaction was to occur incrementally
throughout one day, with only two to three kilograms being delivered at a time.
On the agreed day for the transaction, the informant met Castaneda in a
shopping center parking lot. When the informant entered Castaneda’s car,
Castaneda displayed a 9mm handgun. Castaneda also pointed out that a man
sitting in a car parked in the adjoining space was acting as armed security for the
deal; that man would later be identified as Aureo Almazan. After undercover
agents handed over the $147,000 for the entire seven kilograms of cocaine,
Castaneda told the informant that he and Diaz “were going to try to get at least
two” kilograms for the first stage of the transaction. He then departed to retrieve
the cocaine, and Almazan drove off as well.
About two hours later, Diaz, Castaneda, and Almazan returned to the
parking lot in a car driven by Diaz. When Diaz showed the informant one kilogram
of cocaine, federal agents moved in and arrested the three men. A search of the car
revealed a hidden compartment containing an additional kilogram of cocaine and
several 9mm hollow-point bullets; the bullets matched the hollow points loaded in
the handgun recovered from Castaneda. Agents also seized a 9mm handgun from
Almazan.
Castaneda and Almazan testified for the government that Diaz knew they
would be armed at the drug deal. In fact, Almazan recounted that Diaz himself
gave Almazan the 9mm handgun he carried to the deal. Castaneda added that he
and Diaz had agreed that they should be armed at the deal, and that Diaz provided
him with bullets for his handgun.
No. 06-1319 Page 3
The court found Diaz guilty, reasoning that the government had failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Diaz himself had toted a gun, but did
establish that he was guilty under Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946),
because it was reasonably foreseeable that his coconspirators would be armed. Diaz
challenged this conclusion in a posttrial motion for a judgment of acquittal. He
argued, in essence, that the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
that he could reasonably foresee that his coconspirators would be armed at the drug
deal. The district court denied the motion.
In her presentence investigation report, the probation officer advised the
district court that the government had “concluded” that Diaz “should be held
accountable” only for the two kilograms of seized cocaine even though there had
been “an initial agreement” between the informant and Castaneda “that seven
kilograms of cocaine would be delivered.” In calculating the guidelines
imprisonment range for the drug counts, the probation officer utilized the two-
kilogram figure in selecting a base offense level of 25. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(6).
There were no adjustments, so the resulting total offense level of 28 yielded an
imprisonment range of 78 to 97 months given Diaz’s Category I criminal history.
Diaz was also subject to a mandatory, consecutive term of 60 months for his gun
conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b).
At the sentencing hearing, Diaz made several objections to the calculation of
the guidelines range, which the district court overruled. The court then adopted the
recommended 78- to 97-month range, accepting the government’s “conclusion” that
Diaz should be held accountable for conspiring to sell only two kilograms of cocaine,
and not seven. Despite this break, Diaz argued that a sentence below the range
was appropriate to avoid what he characterized as an unwarranted disparity
between his sentence and the sentences of his coconspirators, Castaneda and
Almazon, who received 70 and 78 months, respectively. The district court agreed,
and on both drug counts imposed the minimum mandatory sentence for a drug
offense involving two kilograms of cocaine—60 months’ imprisonment—to run
concurrently. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II). To this the court added the
mandatory consecutive 60-month term on the gun count, for a total of 120 months.
Counsel informs us that Diaz contends that his trial lawyer coerced his guilty
pleas, so counsel first considers whether Diaz could argue that his pleas were
involuntary. See United States v. Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2002). A
district court ensures that a defendant’s guilty plea is knowing and voluntary by
complying with the requirements of Fed. R. Crim. P. 11, and because Diaz did not
move to withdraw his guilty pleas in the district court, we would review the district
court’s compliance with Rule 11 for plain error. See United States v. Vonn, 535 U.S.
55, 59 (2002). We agree with counsel that the district court meticulously complied
with Rule 11. As pertinent here, the court asked Diaz under oath (after explaining
No. 06-1319 Page 4
the ramifications of false statements) whether he understood that he had the right
to plead not guilty, to which he responded “yes,” and whether anyone—including his
attorneys—had threatened him or forced him to plead, to which he stated “no.” See
Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(B), (b)(2). The court also inquired whether Diaz was
satisfied with trial counsel and the advice he received, and Diaz responded “yes.”
Indeed, Diaz’s lead trial attorney requested that the court ask Diaz specifically
whether he was satisfied not only with lead counsel’s performance, but also with the
performance of co-counsel; Diaz again responded “yes.” See Bridgeman v. United
States, 229 F.3d 589, 592 (7th Cir. 2000) (“[Defendant’s] argument that his counsel’s
advice rendered his plea unwitting and involuntary is belied by his own statements
at the change of plea hearing, which are presumed truthful.”). Because the district
court substantially complied with Rule 11 in all other material respects, we agree
with counsel that it would be frivolous for Diaz to challenge on appeal the
voluntariness of his guilty pleas. See United States v. Schuh, 289 F.3d 968, 974 (7th
Cir. 2001).
Counsel next examines whether Diaz could challenge the denial of his
posttrial motion for a judgment of acquittal on the ground that there was
insufficient evidence to support a conviction on the gun count under Pinkerton. Our
review would be de novo. See United States v. Macari, 453 F.3d 926, 936 (7th Cir.
2006). Under Pinkerton, Diaz could be found guilty of violating § 924(c) so long as it
was reasonably foreseeable to him that Castaneda or Almazan would be carrying
guns during and in relation to the drug deal. See United States v. McLee, 436 F.3d
751, 758 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Chairez, 33 F.3d 823, 826-27 (7th Cir.
1994). And because the “possession of weapons is all too common in the course of
drug dealing,” United States v. Allen, 930 F.2d 1270, 1275 (7th Cir. 1990), we have
held that the presence of firearms is reasonably foreseeable at drug deals involving
large amounts of drugs and money, see United States v. Williams, 31 F.3d 522, 526
(7th Cir. 1994); United States v. Gutierrez, 978 F.2d 1463, 1468 (7th Cir. 1992).
Here, the evidence was more than sufficient to support a finding that it was
reasonably foreseeable to Diaz that his cohorts would be armed at the drug deal.
Castaneda testified at trial that he told Diaz a week before the drug transaction
that he would be armed during the deal, and that Diaz gave him bullets for his
handgun. This testimony was corroborated by the 9mm hollow-point bullets found
in the hidden compartment of Diaz’s car. Moreover, Almazon testified that he got
his gun from Diaz. That is enough to sustain the verdict, but even ignoring the
accomplice testimony, the large sum of money that was involved in the deal for the
seven kilograms of cocaine—$147,000—alone makes the presence of firearms
reasonably foreseeable. See Williams, 31 F.3d at 526 (holding that presence of
firearms at drug deal involving $98,000 worth of cocaine was reasonably
foreseeable); Gutierrez, 978 F.2d at 1468 (“The defendants agreed to sell two
kilograms of cocaine for $60,000; therefore, it was reasonably foreseeable that a gun
No. 06-1319 Page 5
would be carried in relation to the illegal transaction.”). Thus it would be frivolous
for Diaz to argue that the district court erred by denying his motion for a judgment
of acquittal.
Finally, counsel contemplates whether Diaz could argue that his overall
prison sentence is unreasonable. See United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).
But Diaz was sentenced to the mandatory minimums for his drug and gun
convictions, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(ii); 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i), and “Booker
does not permit district judges to disregard mandatory minimum sentences,” United
States v. Miller, 450 F.3d 270, 275 (7th Cir. 2006); see United States v. Lee, 399 F.3d
864, 866 (7th Cir. 2005) (“Nothing in Booker gives a judge any discretion to
disregard a mandatory minimum.”).
Moreover, we note that Diaz benefitted greatly from the district court’s
finding that the drug conspiracy involved only two kilograms of cocaine—and not
seven. The drug quantity under § 841(b) for a conspiracy is the amount negotiated,
not the amount actually delivered, see United States v. Muniz, 49 F.3d 36, 39 (1st
Cir. 1995); United States v. Pion, 25 F.3d 18, 24-25 & 25 n.12 (1st Cir. 1994); United
States v. Hughes, 970 F.2d 277, 236-37 & 236 n.9 (7th Cir. 1992), and for seven
kilograms of cocaine the minimum mandatory prison sentence is 10 years, see 21
U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(A)(ii)(II), not the five-year minimum term that the district
court imposed, see id. §§ 846, 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II). Our review of the record shows
that Diaz and his cohorts agreed to sell the informant a total of seven kilograms of
cocaine incrementally throughout one day, not just the two that were delivered
initially. We thus fail to understand how the government could have “concluded”
that the drug quantity was two kilograms. See Muniz, 49 F.3d at 40; Pion, 25 F.3d
at 24-25 & 25 n.12; Hughes, 970 F.2d at 236-37 & 236 n.9. But since the district
court accepted this conclusion and saved Diaz from, at the very least, an additional
five years in prison, compare 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii)(II), with id.§ 841(b)(1)(B)(ii)(II), it would be particularly frivolous for him to challenge the
reasonableness of his sentence.
Accordingly, the motion to withdraw is GRANTED, and the appeal is
DISMISSED.