Joyce Keen v. Merck Sharp & Dohme ( 2020 )

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted June 22, 2020*
Decided June 26, 2020
Before
KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845
JOYCE KEEN, Appeals from the United States
Plaintiff-Appellant, District Court for the Northern District
of Illinois, Eastern Division.
v. No. 15-cv-1178
MERCK SHARP & DOHME CORP., Sharon Johnson Coleman,
Defendant-Appellee. Judge.
ORDER
Joyce Keen sued her employer, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, alleging sex
and disability discrimination, retaliation, and failure to accommodate her disability.
Merck moved for summary judgment and Keen, represented by counsel, filed a
response to Merck’s statement of material facts and her own statement of facts, both of
* We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs
and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would
not significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 2
which the district court struck for failure to comply with local rules. The court then
granted summary judgment to Merck. Because the undisputed facts show no
discrimination, retaliation, or failure to accommodate, we affirm.
I. Background
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we construe the facts in the light
most favorable to the nonmovant. Madlock v. WEC Energy Grp., Inc., 885 F.3d 465, 468
(7th Cir. 2018). Keen asks us to use the facts that she presented in her Local Rule 56.1
submissions, which the district court struck. We decline to do so. As the court observed,
Keen’s response to Merck’s statement of facts was “filled with improper and
unsupported factual assertions,” “baseless objections,” and inappropriate legal
arguments. In so responding, Keen violated the district court’s local rules. See N.D. Ill.
L.R. 56.1(b)(3)(B) (non-movant’s response “shall contain … specific references” to the
record); Curtis v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 807 F.3d 215, 219 (7th Cir. 2015) (legal objections
insufficient to oppose facts). Keen’s additional statement of facts was equally
noncompliant: it exceeded the generous 60-paragraph limit set by the district court (the
default limit is 40, see N.D. Ill. L.R. 56.1(b)(3)(C)), and was, in the court’s words, “replete
with improper argument” and unsupported speculation. “[W]e have repeatedly held
that district judges may strictly enforce local summary-judgment rules … .” McCurry
v. Kenco Logistics Servs., LLC, 942 F.3d 783, 787 (7th Cir. 2019). The district court did not
abuse its discretion when it struck Keen’s Local Rule 56.1 submissions. Therefore, we
adopt the facts from Merck’s statement of facts, recounted in the light most favorable to
Keen. See id.
Merck, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, hired Keen in 1997 as a sales
representative. Merck’s sales representatives promote designated categories of its
pharmaceuticals within an assigned geographic region. Keen says that she has sold
almost every drug in Merck’s portfolio, including (starting in 2008) its diabetes
products.
Merck consolidated its sales force in 2014 to respond to changing market needs.
At the time, Keen and two other sales representatives were assigned to Chicago’s
southern territory, with both Keen and one other representative promoting diabetes
products. Merck laid off the third person and decided that it needed only one
salesperson to promote diabetes products in that territory, so one of the two remaining
sales representatives was assigned to other products. A consulting firm recommended
that Merck retain Keen as the diabetes representative. But after considering the
performances of Keen and the other representative and their overlapping customers, a
regional director decided to keep the other sales representative (a non-disabled male)
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 3
on diabetes products. Only Keen’s assigned products changed; her region, title, salary,
and bonus structure remained the same.
To reach customers, Keen used a car that Merck provided from a fleet run by
Wheels, Inc. A year before the restructuring, she asked for a new car to accommodate
her medical condition of cervical degenerative disc disease. Keen submitted a doctor’s
note stating that she needed a “larger vehicle with better suspension to absorb bumps.”
Merck approved Keen’s request for a new car from its fleet, but a few months later,
Keen said that none of those cars met her needs. She sought cars not in the fleet, such as
a Chevy Traverse, with headrests that adjusted both vertically and horizontally. At
Merck’s request Keen submitted updated medical forms, clarifying that she needed a
“four-way adjustable headrest.” Merck approved the request and ordered Keen a
Traverse.
The next year, Keen took a six-month medical leave from October 2014 through
April 2015. Before she returned, Keen’s doctor told Merck that she could return to work
with three restrictions: lifting no more than 15 pounds; “early or late start”; and use of a
cane. Geraldine Hamer, a Merck benefits specialist, told Keen that Merck needed more
details about “early or late starts.” Keen responded that she wanted flexibility to
manage her pain and driving, and that she had received similar adjustments in the past.
Hamer replied that Keen had not given Merck enough information to grant her request
for “early or late starts,” but it could grant her other two requests. Hamer added that
Keen’s doctor could submit by April 30 further information about her “early or late
start” request and that Keen was approved for long-term disability if she wished to
continue her leave. (Keen swears (and Hamer denies) that near the end of this process,
after speaking with Merck’s human-resources and legal departments, Hamer
threatened to fire her if she persisted in seeking early or late starts.) Four days later, on
April 28, 2015, Merck received a new note from Keen’s doctor clearing her to return to
work with only the lifting and cane restrictions; it did not mention her start-time
request. Keen returned to work the next day.
A few months later, Keen requested a different car, this time a Chevy Tahoe.
Merck denied the request as “not justified by the stated medical condition.” It asked
why a Tahoe was better for Keen, given that her custom-ordered Traverse had a four-
way adjustable headrest and the Tahoe did not. Keen answered that the Traverse’s
headrest caused her pain and paresthesia and the Tahoe did not. A few weeks later,
Merck told Keen that its medical team found the Traverse was sufficient based on the
medical information she had provided. Keen replied that, although the Traverse’s
headrest adjusted four ways, its “baseline position” was “not medically appropriate.”
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 4
She urged Merck to speak with her doctor and asked it to install a Tahoe seat in her
Traverse or let her lease a Tahoe. Three weeks later, Merck told Keen that her doctor
gave it no reason why the Tahoe seat “was superior to the Traverse” and that it would
not provide her with a Tahoe. During these exchanges, Merck gave Keen two other
offers: first, Keen could use her own car and receive reimbursement for mileage, and
second, it repaired her Traverse seat after learning that it was damaged.
Dissatisfied, Keen filed this suit. She raises claims under Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-17, and the Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111–12117. She alleges that Merck discriminated against her
(based on sex and disability) by reassigning her from diabetes products, it failed to
accommodate her disability with her desired car and early or late starts, and it retaliated
against her for filing past administrative charges. Invoking supplemental jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, Keen also raises similar claims under the Illinois Human Rights
Act (IHRA), 775 ILCS 5/2-101–110, and the Illinois Whistleblower Act, 40 ILCS 174/1–40.
Early on, the district court dismissed the Whistleblower Act claim, concluding that it
was preempted by the IHRA claim. It later granted Merck’s motion for summary
judgment. First, it rejected Keen’s discrimination claims, ruling that her reassignment
from Merck’s diabetes products was not materially adverse. On the accommodation
claims, the court ruled that Keen failed to support her requests for a Tahoe and for early
or late starts with enough medical evidence. It also rejected her retaliation claim, seeing
no link between any adverse action and Keen’s administrative charges.
After Keen appealed the entry of summary judgment (No. 18-1672 (7th Cir.
Mar. 27, 2018)), she moved to vacate the judgment under Rule 60(b)(3). She argued that
she had obtained proof that Wheels, Inc.—Merck’s fleet management company—had
not fully responded to a third-party subpoena about her Tahoe request. After two days
of hearings, the district court ruled that the absence of the additional Wheels, Inc.,
documents did not prejudice Keen because Wheels, Inc., had no decision-making power
over her request for another car and the documents had no bearing on Merck’s decision.
Keen appealed that ruling, (No. 19-1845 (7th Cir. Apr. 30, 2019)), and we consolidated
her two appeals.
II. Discussion
We begin by addressing the effect of the district court’s decision to reject Keen’s
Local Rule 56.1 submissions. Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows
that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). We review summary judgment
de novo and generally construe all facts and reasonable inferences in the non-movant’s
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 5
favor. See McCurry, 942 F.3d at 788. Yet, as this case comes to us, the record is limited to
Merck’s factual submissions. Once the district court struck (reasonably, as we have
already concluded) Keen’s response to Merck’s statement of facts and her proposed
statement of facts, and accepted Merck’s statement, Keen’s ability to show a triable issue
became seriously impeded. Nonetheless, we examine those facts to determine whether
the district court correctly entered summary judgment.
Keen first challenges the entry of summary judgment on her discrimination
claims. The ruling was correct because Keen’s assignment away from diabetes products
was not an adverse action—a threshold requirement of a successful workplace
discrimination claim under Title VII or the ADA. See id. (Title VII); Monroe v. Ind. Dep't
of Transp., 871 F.3d 495, 503 (7th Cir. 2017) (ADA). The undisputed facts show that her
reassignment had no effect on her salary, benefits, title, or bonus structure. Lateral
transfers “involving no reduction in pay and no more than a minor change in working
conditions” are not adverse employment actions. See Williams v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.,
85 F.3d 270, 274 (7th Cir. 1996). Keen responds that the reassignment left her with
reduced opportunities for salary increases, bonuses, and networking. But she presented
no evidence of this. And her personal belief that promoting diabetes products was more
prestigious than her new assignment reflects “a mere subjective preference” that is
insufficient to create a triable question of an adverse action. Madlock, 885 F.3d at 470;
see also Williams, 85 F.3d at 274.
Next, Keen argues that the district court overlooked her argument that her
product reassignment was retaliation for administrative charges she filed in 2013. But
any such retaliation claim fails for the same reason as her discrimination claims: no
materially adverse action. See Robertson v. Dep’t of Health Servs., 949 F.3d 371, 382
(7th Cir. 2020). Although the definition of an adverse action differs in the retaliation
context, see id., it is unmet when the only action the employee experienced was a change
to “an essentially equivalent job” that she “did not happen to like as much.” Place v.
Abbott Labs., 215 F.3d 803, 810 (7th Cir. 2000); see also Robertson, 949 F.3d at 382
(reassignment of job responsibilities “typically not materially adverse” unless duties are
significantly altered).
That brings us to Keen’s challenges to the district court’s rejection of her two
accommodation claims. We begin with her request in April 2015 for “early or late
starts.” Keen argues that the court erred by discounting as “self-serving” her sworn
statement that Hamer, Merck’s benefits specialist, threatened to fire her if she kept
requesting this accommodation. Keen correctly observes that a district court may not
discount statements, like this one, about matters that an interested party has observed,
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 6
even if they are “self-serving.” See McKinney v. Office of Sheriff of Whitley Cty., 866 F.3d
803, 814 (7th Cir. 2017).
But any mistake in not crediting Keen’s statement was harmless. First, it is not
disputed that before Hamer allegedly threatened Keen, Hamer asked Keen to furnish
additional information from her doctor clarifying her need for early or late starts. Yet
Keen never supplied it, and she gives us no reason for her inaction. (Notably, she does
not attribute her inaction to the later, contested threat.) An employer may reasonably
request medical support to determine necessary accommodations and deny a request if
the employee does not produce it. See Brown v. Milwaukee Bd. Of Sch. Dirs., 855 F.3d 818,
821, 824 (7th Cir. 2017). Not only did Keen fail to do so, her doctor then cleared her to
work without this accommodation. Merck cannot be liable for not accommodating a
request where Keen never provided sufficient information to support it. See id. Second,
the alleged “threat” went unfulfilled. Had Merck fired (or otherwise harmed) Keen for
requesting an accommodation, Keen would have a claim of retaliation. But the record
contains no evidence of any adverse consequences. So, she has no such claim.
See Hottenroth v. Vill. of Slinger, 388 F.3d 1015, 1030 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[U]nfulfilled threats
that result in no material harm cannot be considered an adverse employment action.”).
Keen’s other accommodation claim—that in 2015 Merck should have issued her a
Tahoe—fares no better. After Merck had already granted her request for one out-of-fleet
car (the Traverse), it considered Keen’s request for another out-of-fleet car (the Tahoe).
Keen appears to argue that Merck never seriously considered her request for a Tahoe.
But the evidence shows that Merck’s consideration was serious and genuine. It spoke
with her doctor about her request and sought information (that neither Keen nor the
doctor provided) explaining the medical need for a Tahoe. It also repaired the seat of
her Traverse and offered to let her to drive any car she paid for herself and reimburse
her for mileage. Although Merck denied Keen’s request for a Tahoe, it was not required
to approve the exact accommodation that Keen requested, so long as its response was
reasonable. See Jay v. Intermet Wagner Inc., 233 F.3d 1014, 1017 (7th Cir. 2000). No
reasonable juror could find that Merck did not properly respond to Keen’s request.
We address two additional matters raised on appeal, beginning with Keen’s
challenge to the resolution of her Rule 60(b)(3) motion. She argues that, during the
hearings on her motion, the district court improperly stated her burden of proof. But, as
Keen acknowledges, the court used the correct standard when deciding the motion,
see Gleason v. Jansen, 888 F.3d 847, 853 (7th Cir. 2018) (setting forth correct standard), so
any misstatements during the hearings were harmless. Keen also contests the court’s
ruling that the IHRA preempts her retaliation claim under the Illinois Whistleblower
Nos. 18-1672 & 19-1845 Page 7
Act. We need not weigh in on this state-law issue. Keen’s claim under this Act depends
on a showing of retaliation. See 740 ILCS 174/15, 174/20.1. But she does not argue that
the Act’s definition of retaliation differs from that in her federal claims, which require a
materially adverse action. Because we have already ruled that Keen suffered no
materially adverse action, this claim also fails.
Finally, we address Keen’s recent motion in this court for sanctions against
Merck and its attorneys related to the disclosure (or lack thereof) and handling of
particular medical records containing private health information. The motion has
procedural and substantive parts. Procedurally, Keen asks to maintain the unredacted
version of the motion and its exhibits under seal with redacted versions in place of the
originals. We GRANT that request. The clerk shall maintain documents 59 and 60
under seal and file the tendered redacted versions of the motion and exhibits in the
public record. Substantively, Keen argues that she recently discovered that Merck
improperly withheld her employee medical records and, along with her attorneys, has
violated HIPAA, a protective order, or other laws. These actions allegedly occurred
after the district court’s summary judgment and Rule 60(b) decisions. The district court
has not considered the motion, Merck has not responded, and, in these circumstances,
the proper course is to DENY Keen’s motion insofar as she asks us to consider the
alleged discovery infractions in the first instance and to impose sanctions. She is free to
present an appropriate motion to the district court raising these same issues.
We have considered Keen’s other arguments, and none has merit.
AFFIRMED