Yves Maboneza v. Officer Kincaid ( 2020 )

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted March 13, 2020*
Decided March 16, 2020
Before
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge
No. 19-1925
YVES M. MABONEZA, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellant, Court for the Central District of Illinois.
v. No. 2:19-cv-02044-CSB
OFFICER KINCAID, et al., Colin S. Bruce,
Defendants-Appellees. Judge.
ORDER
Yves Maboneza, an Illinois prisoner, applied to proceed in forma pauperis
(“IFP”) in his federal lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that, because he is “a tutsi
true man of God,” several prison guards orchestrated his assault by a fellow prisoner.
The district court denied his request, reasoning that he had received too much income
in the preceding six months to be considered indigent. After Maboneza failed to timely
*The defendants-appellees were not served with process in the district court and
are not participating in this appeal. After examining the appellant’s brief and the
record, we have concluded that oral argument would not significantly aid the court.
See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 19-1925 Page 2
pay the full filing fee, the court dismissed his case without prejudice. We conclude that
the district court permissibly found that Maboneza was not indigent, so we affirm.1
On his IFP application, Maboneza declared that he was currently incarcerated,
had no financial obligations and no money in checking or savings accounts, and had
received no income, including gifts, in the past twelve months. As required by the
Prison Litigation Reform Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2), Maboneza attached a certified
statement from his prison trust account showing his “funds available” and the charges
that he had made during the previous six months. The statement revealed that,
although his account balance at the time of filing was $0.75, Maboneza had received
approximately $200 per month from his family during the past six months and spent it
on phone calls and commissary items.
The district court denied Maboneza’s application because his account ledgers
showed that he received “more than $1,500 in the past six months.” The court directed
Maboneza to pay the $400 filing fee in full or face dismissal of his suit. One week before
the fee was due, Maboneza requested to pay the filing fee in installments (which is what
occurs when a court grants IFP status to a prisoner, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1)), explaining
that he did not have $400 and that his family could not come up with the money
without facing substantial hardship. He further explained that his family provided him
with $200 monthly for phone use and daily necessities. The court denied this motion,
reiterating that money from family “is considered income for purposes of determining
whether Plaintiff is indigent.” After Maboneza failed to pay the full filing fee within the
allotted time, the court dismissed his case without prejudice.
Maboneza moved for reconsideration. He explained that he had received only
$1,242, not $1,500, over the prior six months and that he had not intended to mislead the
court—he had not seen a place on the IFP application to record support from family
members, but he provided account ledgers that accurately reflected the deposits. The
court denied the motion for two reasons: even if he received only $1,200 over the past
six months, he was not “indigent,” and by checking the “no” box, he had untruthfully
1 Despite dismissing the complaint “without prejudice” the district court made
plain that it was “finished with” the case, Taylor-Holmes v. Office of Cook Cty. Pub.
Guardian, 503 F.3d 607, 609 (7th Cir. 2007), including by declaring it “closed.” (This
despite its specific direction for the clerk not to enter judgment.) We therefore have
appellate jurisdiction. See Waypoint Aviation Servs. Inc. v. Sandel Avionics, Inc., 469 F.3d
1071, 1073 (7th Cir. 2006).
No. 19-1925 Page 3
denied receiving any gifts over the past six months. Maboneza attacks both of those
reasons on appeal, and we review the district court’s decision for an abuse of discretion.
See McWilliams v. Cook Cty., 845 F.3d 244, 246 (7th Cir. 2017).
First, Maboneza argues that he did not intend to mislead the court by checking
“no” next to gifts; it was an accident, and an inconsequential one at that because he
provided the district court with accurate account ledgers. We agree with him that the
district court’s emphasis on his purported misrepresentation was improper. If an IFP
applicant lies on his court-provided form, the appropriate sanction is dismissal of his
case, not denial of his application. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(A). And this case would not
justify that sanction because the court never determined that Maboneza’s
misrepresentation was intentional. See Robertson v. French, 949 F.3d 347, 352 (7th Cir.
2020) (only deliberate misrepresentations warrant dismissal). Moreover, dismissal is not
appropriate when information is missing from an application form but is nonetheless
“already in the court’s hands.” McWilliams, 845 F.3d at 247. Because Maboneza’s
account ledgers allowed the court to consider the income he received from his family,
his failure to mark on the form that he had received these gifts was inconsequential.
Maboneza also contends that the district court erroneously concluded that he
was not indigent—“unable to pay,” in the words of the statute—because, with no
prison job and only $200 per month in income, he could not possibly come up with $400
in less than a month. But the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding
otherwise. Federal law requires district courts to determine whether a prisoner has
shown that he is unable to pay the required fee up front. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). The
applicant need not show that he is “absolutely destitute,” but must represent that,
because of his poverty, he is unable to pay court fees and costs while also providing
necessities for himself and his dependents. Adkins v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,
335 U.S. 331, 339 (1948). Courts have broad discretion in assessing the sufficiency of an
applicant’s evidence of poverty, especially when it comes to prisoners, who have fewer
demands on their income because prisons provide them with food, clothing, shelter,
and medical care. See Kennedy v. Huibtregtse, 831 F.3d 441, 443 (7th Cir. 2016).
Here, based on its review of Maboneza’s application and account ledgers, the
district court determined that he had sufficient income to pay the entire filing fee up
front. And that prediction bore out: Maboneza received $820—twice the amount of the
filing fee—during the two months between filing his complaint and the deadline set by
the court. See Sultan v. Fenoglio, 775 F.3d 888, 890–91 (7th Cir. 2015) (subsequent
developments in an inmate’s finances are material to the IFP determination when they
No. 19-1925 Page 4
suggest that the prisoner is seeking to avoid assessment of a greater filing fee). That
Maboneza spent his income on phone calls and commissary items does not necessitate a
finding of indigence. Cf. Lucien v. DeTella, 141 F.3d 773, 774–75 (7th Cir. 1998) (prisoner
who spent money on clothing and sundries not entitled to forgo filing fee).
Maboneza further argues that the court should have considered that he qualifies
as an indigent person under Illinois law. See 735 ILCS 5/5-105(a)(2)(ii) and (iii). But
federal courts have no specific standard of poverty to apply to those seeking IFP status.
See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Our construction of “unable to pay” is discretionary.
See Kennedy, 831 F.3d at 443. Congress could have tied determinations of indigence to
the laws governing state court proceedings, or set its own standard, but it did not.
Nothing stops a district judge from considering a state’s indigence guidelines in its
discretion, but those standards are not binding in the federal courts.
AFFIRMED