Larry Dunn, Jr. v. Cathy Jess ( 2020 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20-1168
LARRY H. DUNN, JR.,
Petitioner-Appellee,
v.
CATHY JESS,
Respondent-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 18-cv-700 — William C. Griesbach, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 23, 2020 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 24, 2020
____________________
Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and HAMILTON and ST. EVE,
Circuit Judges.
ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Larry Dunn slapped Andrew
Schuckman in a bar’s parking lot, causing him to fall to the
ground. Witnesses reported seeing Schuckman upright and
apparently unharmed afterward, but hours later, he was
found dead on the bar’s back patio. The state charged Dunn
and his friend Michael Crochet with felony murder, battery,
and theft from a corpse for stealing Schuckman’s cell phone.
2 No. 20-1168
A key issue in the case was whether Dunn’s slap caused
Schuckman’s death. In preparation for trial, Dunn’s counsel
consulted with a forensic pathologist. After viewing the med-
ical examiner’s report, the pathologist believed that Schuck-
man died immediately from his head injuries—suggesting
that Dunn’s slap could not have caused his death. In the
months leading up to trial, defense counsel repeatedly—and
erroneously—stated that he believed the medical examiner
had concluded that Schuckman died immediately from a fatal
blow to the back of his head and would testify to that at trial.
Dunn’s counsel expressed this belief even though the medical
examiner’s report did not contain these conclusions about the
immediacy of death and he never confirmed them with her in
advance of trial. Shortly before trial, the prosecutor informed
Dunn’s counsel that Crochet, Dunn’s co-defendant, had dis-
closed that he had retained experts for his case. These experts
were going to produce reports containing information that
bolstered Dunn’s no-causation defense; the prosecution con-
sidered these reports to be exculpatory. Trial counsel did not
ask for a continuance or attempt to view the reports’ contents,
stating that the medical examiner would testify to the imme-
diacy of death. At trial, defense counsel did not call his foren-
sic pathologist as a witness. Furthermore, contrary to Dunn’s
counsel’s expectations, the medical examiner testified that
there was no reason to think that Schuckman would have died
immediately from the fatal head injury, and it would have
been possible for Schuckman to move after sustaining this in-
jury.
In state postconviction proceedings, Dunn asserted that
his trial counsel had been ineffective for failing to investigate
and present evidence that supported a no-causation defense
to felony murder. The state appellate court concluded that
No. 20-1168 3
Dunn’s trial counsel did not perform deficiently. Dunn then
filed a habeas petition in federal court, which the district court
granted. It reasoned that Dunn’s trial counsel provided inef-
fective assistance by failing to investigate and offer evidence
to support a no-causation defense. Federal courts “do not
lightly grant petitions for a writ of habeas corpus brought by
state prisoners,” and “if the ‘standard [for relief] is difficult to
meet, that is because it was meant to be.’” Cook v. Foster, 948
F.3d 896, 899 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Harrington v. Richter, 562
U.S. 86, 102 (2011)). Here, we agree with the district court that
Dunn has met this high bar—he is entitled to relief because he
was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s deficient performance.
We therefore affirm.
I. Background
A. Andrew Schuckman’s Death
On May 9, 2011, Schuckman, Dunn, and Crochet were pa-
trons of Peg & Lou’s Bar in Racine, Wisconsin. Dunn and Cro-
chet were in town on business and they went to the bar with
Crochet’s uncle, Fred Tennessen. Schuckman was intoxicated
and had several unwelcome interactions in the bar with Cro-
chet and other bar patrons. The bartender eventually asked
Schuckman to leave and escorted him outside. Dunn and Cro-
chet later encountered Schuckman in the bar’s parking lot.
Dunn slapped Schuckman with his open left hand, which
caused Schuckman to fall to the ground and hit his head.
Dunn then went inside and told the bartender what had hap-
pened and asked him to go check on Schuckman. When the
bartender did not immediately do so, Dunn returned outside
to check on Schuckman. After about ten to fifteen minutes, the
bartender arrived and told Dunn to go back inside. The
4 No. 20-1168
bartender escorted Schuckman to the bar’s back patio and left
him on the grass next to a chair.
Hours later, in the early morning of May 10, a bar patron
discovered Schuckman’s body about five to six feet from
where the bartender had left him. He was lying face up, and
there was blood underneath his head and coming from his
mouth and nose. His shirt was pulled up, and his pants were
pulled down slightly. Several personal items, including his
credit cards and wallet, lay near his body.
B. Dunn’s Trial
At trial, Dunn’s defense counsel advanced two key reasons
why the jury should find Dunn not guilty—self-defense and
a lack of causation. Dunn testified that he slapped Schuckman
in self-defense because Schuckman approached him and Cro-
chet with his fist raised. Trial counsel also argued that the
state had failed to show that Dunn’s slap caused Schuckman’s
death.
The state put on several witnesses, including bar patrons,
the bartender, an investigator, a DNA analyst, and the medi-
cal examiner. The bartender testified that when he went out-
side to check on Schuckman, he was sitting on the ground and
had no physical marks on him. Schuckman seemed a little
dazed, but mostly seemed intoxicated. He helped Schuckman
stand up and then used his arms to help Schuckman walk to
the back patio. A bar patron corroborated this testimony, tes-
tifying that he saw the bartender talking to Schuckman in the
parking lot and that Schuckman was breathing and seemed
“fine as far as [the bar patron] could see.” The patron also saw
the bartender help Schuckman stand up.
No. 20-1168 5
Another bar patron testified that he saw Dunn, Crochet,
and Tennessen leave the bar about ten to fifteen minutes be-
fore him. When he exited the bar, Dunn was inside a pickup
truck and another person—either Crochet or Tennessen—
walked to the truck from the direction of the bar’s back patio.
The medical examiner, Dr. Linda Biedryzycki, testified
that Schuckman’s cause of death was blunt head injury. He
had at least five different points of impact on his head, the
most severe of which was a skull fracture and laceration to the
back of his head. According to Dr. Biedryzycki, all Schuck-
man’s head injuries contributed to his death. She testified that
the injury to the back of the head was consistent with some-
one striking the pavement or the ground. While she had no
way of knowing definitively if the skull fracture caused in-
stantaneous death, she opined that there was no reason to
think it would because it did not affect his vital center. In her
opinion, it was possible for someone to be able to move him-
self after that type of injury. She also testified that Schuck-
man’s blood alcohol level was .298%, which would affect his
motor skills.
A police investigator testified that a football-sized pool of
blood lay under Schuckman’s head, and based on debris on
Schuckman, it appeared as though he had been dragged by
his legs. He further testified that investigators found pieces of
Schuckman’s cell phone at the hotel where Crochet and Dunn
were staying. The cell phone had been used after Schuckman
died to call Dunn’s girlfriend. A DNA analyst also testified;
he reported that Crochet’s pants had blood on them that
matched Schuckman’s DNA, but there was no similar positive
DNA match in the stains on Dunn’s clothing.
6 No. 20-1168
Dunn testified in his own defense. He explained that
Schuckman had been intoxicated and acted aggressively to-
ward him and his friends in the bar. At some point, he went
outside to get cigarettes; Crochet followed soon after to get
medicine out of the truck. When Crochet went into the truck,
Schuckman approached in an agitated manner with his fist
balled up over his head. Dunn then slapped Schuckman with
his open left hand. After notifying the bartender about what
had happened and checking on Schuckman, Dunn went back
inside the bar and did not see Schuckman for the rest of the
night. When the men got back to the hotel, Dunn’s cell phone
was dead. He grabbed what he thought was Crochet’s phone
off the dresser and called his girlfriend to say goodnight.
The jury found Dunn guilty of all three counts. The state
court sentenced him to 10 years of imprisonment followed by
8 years of extended supervision.
C. Postconviction Proceedings
Dunn filed a motion for postconviction relief in the state
trial court, contending that his counsel was ineffective for fail-
ing to investigate and present evidence of a no-causation de-
fense.1 To succeed on this claim, under Strickland v. Washing-
ton, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), Dunn needed to show that his coun-
sel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced as
a result. The court held an evidentiary hearing. Dunn called
two witnesses: his trial counsel and a forensic pathologist, Dr.
Peter Stephens. The state called the medical examiner who
had testified at trial, Dr. Biedryzycki.
1Dunn also argued he was entitled to relief on other grounds that are
no longer at issue. Accordingly, we will not discuss them further.
No. 20-1168 7
Dunn’s trial counsel testified that the cause of Schuck-
man’s death was an important issue in the case. He had con-
sulted with a forensic pathologist, Dr. Robert Corliss, twice
before trial in order understand the medical examiner’s report
on the cause of death. At the initial consultation, Dr. Corliss
believed Schuckman had died immediately after receiving the
head trauma based on the information in the medical exam-
iner’s report. Dunn’s counsel erroneously believed that the
medical examiner’s report stated this conclusion. He memori-
alized this mistaken belief in two emails to the prosecutors,
months apart, in which he stated that the medical examiner
had concluded that Schuckman had died immediately from
head trauma. He recognized, and pointed out to opposing
counsel, that this fact undercut the state’s theory of the case.
The bartender had witnessed Schuckman seemingly un-
harmed after Dunn’s slap, suggesting it could not have been
the cause of Schuckman’s death.
In the month leading up to trial, Dunn’s counsel consulted
with Dr. Corliss again. In that conversation, they focused on
the fact that Schuckman sustained multiple head injuries, be-
yond what would be explained by Dunn’s slap and Schuck-
man’s fall. He planned to cross-examine the medical examiner
on this point. At that time, Dunn’s counsel was still operating
under the erroneous belief that the medical examiner was go-
ing to testify that Schuckman’s death was immediate from the
fatal blow to the back of his head. He expressed this belief just
ten days before trial in response to an email from the prose-
cutor. The prosecutor emailed him and stated that Crochet’s
attorney had retained a blood spatter expert and a
pathologist, who were going to produce reports purportedly
establishing that Schuckman had stood up in the area where
he was found and then fell and hit his head. Dunn’s trial
8 No. 20-1168
counsel did not follow up with the prosecutor or contact Cro-
chet’s attorney to inquire about reports’ contents. Rather, he
wrote back to the prosecutor an hour later, stating that:
Our theory of defense has always been that Mr. Dunn
slapped Mr. Schuckman in self-defense; that he didn’t
die immediately because people heard him talking,
mumbling, grumbling after hitting the parking lot, and
that the medical examiner will say he died immedi-
ately. Therefore, there had to be a second time that his
head hit the ground after Mr. Dunn’s slap that caused
death. I believe that the testimony of the medical ex-
aminer, combined with the testimony of [the bar-
tender], supports that there has to be another hit irre-
spective of what [Crochet’s attorney’s] pathologist
says.
Trial counsel did not speak with Dunn before sending this
email, though he testified that Dunn had been clear about not
wanting a continuance. He testified that he told Dunn about
the prosecutor’s email sometime prior to trial.
The expert reports referenced in the email were completed
a week after Dunn’s trial concluded. There were three expert
reports. First, a forensic pathologist wrote a report concluding
that Schuckman suffered non-fatal injuries in the parking lot
and he died due to injuries he received after falling backwards
on the bar’s back patio. Second, a blood analyst concluded
that Schuckman was not bleeding in the parking lot and he
was never upright after sustaining the injury to the back of his
head. Third, a neurologist and mechanical engineer calcu-
lated that Schuckman could have generated enough velocity
No. 20-1168 9
falling backwards on the back patio to fracture his skull, and
extreme intoxication can result in such an “unbroken” fall.2
Trial counsel stated that by the time Dunn’s trial started,
he understood that the medical examiner would not testify
that death was immediate. Given his email to the prosecutor,
this understanding must have occurred sometime in the ten
days before trial. Dunn’s counsel testified that he had no re-
gret over not calling Dr. Corliss as a witness; he planned to
draw out the fact that there were multiple injuries when cross-
examining the medical examiner. He believed eliciting that
testimony from a state’s witness was more advantageous for
his client than calling his own witness. He further testified
that Dr. Corliss told him that the medical examiner’s conclu-
sions in the autopsy report were well-reasoned.
During the postconviction hearing, Dunn also presented
the testimony of Dr. Stephens, a forensic pathologist. Dr. Ste-
phens opined that the laceration and skull fracture in the back
of Schuckman’s head were the substantial cause of his death
because he likely would have survived the other head inju-
ries. He further opined that Schuckman sustained the skull
fracture on the bar’s back patio—not the parking lot where
Dunn had slapped him. In reaching this conclusion, he relied
on the nature of the injury and the lack of blood in the parking
lot and on Schuckman’s shirt. He testified that the nature of
the impact causing the skull fracture would cause an immedi-
ate loss of consciousness, Schuckman would have been un-
likely to be able to sit up and talk afterward, and he would
2 The state later dismissed Crochet’s felony murder charge and al-
lowed him to plead guilty to aiding a felon and misdemeanor battery. He
received a sentence of time served.
10 No. 20-1168
have died within a matter of minutes. Additionally, the
amount of blood found underneath Schuckman’s head and
the lack of blood in the parking lot supported his conclusion
that Schuckman received the skull fracture and laceration on
the back patio. If Schuckman had lived longer than a few
minutes, the pool of blood would have been bigger. Further,
the laceration’s size on the back of Schuckman’s head indi-
cates it had the potential to bleed significantly and profusely
because the scalp is highly vascular. The wound would have
bled immediately. So if Schuckman had sustained it in the
parking lot, one would expect to find blood both there and on
Schuckman’s shirt because the bartender and bar patron saw
Schuckman upright in the parking lot several minutes after
Dunn slapped him. Thus, Dr. Stephens opined that Schuck-
man was never upright after sustaining the laceration and
skull fracture, and so these injuries must have occurred on the
back patio.
Dr. Biedryzycki testified for the state at the hearing. She
opined that the laceration was relatively small and not gap-
ing, so it may or may not have bled a lot. The nature of
Schuckman’s head injury did not lead her to assume that
blood had to be present immediately after being injured. Fur-
ther, she opined that the amount of blood under Schuckman’s
head could not be used to determine how long he lived after
receiving the injuries because blood could have continued to
pool around his head even after death due to hydrostatic pres-
sure. She acknowledged that there was nothing in her autopsy
report that was inconsistent with Schuckman sustaining the
skull fracture and laceration on the back patio.
The trial court held that Dunn’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claim failed Strickland’s prejudice prong. The
No. 20-1168 11
Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of Dunn’s
postconviction motion. State v. Dunn, 372 Wis. 2d 458 (Wis. Ct.
App. 2016) (per curiam). It “was not persuaded that trial
counsel performed deficiently in his investigation of
Schuckman’s death and presentation of a no-causation
defense.” Id. ¶ 13. The state appellate court noted that Dunn’s
trial counsel consulted with a forensic pathologist. Id. It
further determined that “trial counsel’s testimony provides a
reasonable explanation for his approach,” because he had
strategic and practical reasons for not calling Dr. Corliss as a
witness. Id. ¶¶ 15–16. Strategically, he believed he could get
the medical examiner to testify about the presence of multiple
injuries on cross-examination, and practically, Dr. Corliss told
counsel that he thought the medical examiner’s report was
well-reasoned. Id. ¶ 16. The state appellate court concluded
that “[w]hile another lawyer may have handled the matter
differently, that is not the standard for judging whether
counsel’s representation was incompetent.” Id. The Wisconsin
Court of Appeals did not reach Strickland’s prejudice prong.
Dunn then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus un-
der 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin. The district court granted
Dunn’s habeas petition, concluding that he had received inef-
fective assistance of counsel. Dunn v. Jess, 430 F. Supp. 3d 568(E.D. Wis. 2019). It reasoned that Dunn’s counsel’s investiga-
tion of Schuckman’s death and of a no-cause defense was in-
sufficient under any reasonable application of Strickland, be-
cause he failed to interview the medical examiner before trial,
call a forensic pathologist, or investigate the exculpatory re-
ports. Thus, the district court concluded that the state appel-
late court unreasonably applied Strickland’s performance
prong.
12 No. 20-1168
Because the state appellate court did not address
Strickland’s prejudice prong, the district court reviewed the
prong de novo. The court concluded that “Dunn has
demonstrated a reasonable probability that the result would
have been different had Dunn’s counsel adequately presented
the no-causation defense and the jury heard expert testimony
of the sort presented by Dr. Stephens.” Id. at 579. Because Dr.
Stephens’s testimony “substantially undermines one’s
confidence in the result” of the trial, while “the jury may have
reached the same conclusion even with such evidence,” Dunn
had provided sufficient evidence “to establish prejudice
under Strickland.” Id. at 580. The district court thus granted
Dunn’s habeas petition, and the state now asks us to reverse.
II. Discussion
“Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (AEDPA), a federal court is not authorized to issue a
writ of habeas corpus on a claim rejected by a state court on
the merits unless the state-court decision ‘was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court’ or ‘was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.’” Cook,
948 F.3d at 901 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). A state-court de-
cision “unreasonably applies federal law if it correctly identi-
fies the governing Supreme Court precedent but unreasona-
bly applies its holding to the facts of the case.” Id.This standard “sets a high bar for state prisoners seeking
federal habeas review.” Jones v. Calloway, 842 F.3d 454, 460
(7th Cir. 2016). When a state court has reached an issue on the
merits, the inquiry is not whether we “agree with the state
court decision or even whether the state court decision was
correct,” it is “whether the decision was unreasonably wrong
No. 20-1168 13
under an objective standard.” Dassey v. Dittmann, 877 F.3d
297, 302 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc). If the standard “is difficult
to meet, that is because it was meant to be.” Richter, 562 U.S.
at 102. “Nonetheless, ‘difficult’ does not mean ‘impossible’ …
‘[t]he writ of habeas corpus stands as a safeguard against im-
prisonment of those held in violation of the law.’” Cook, 948
F.3d at 899 (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 91).
Strickland provides the clearly established federal law for
Dunn’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. “A petitioner
raising a Strickland claim is required to demonstrate two
things.” Winfield v. Dorethy, 956 F.3d 442, 451 (7th Cir. 2020).
“First, he must show that counsel provided constitutionally
deficient performance” and second, he must “show that this
deficient performance prejudiced his defense.” Id. at 451–52.
“Failing to prove either element defeats a petitioner’s claim.”
Id. at 452.
AEDPA deference only applies to issues that the last rea-
soned state court decision reached on the merits. Here, the
Wisconsin Court of Appeals reached the question of whether
Dunn satisfied Strickland’s performance prong. When the
state court “‘explains its decision on the merits in a reasoned
opinion,’ this presents a ‘straightforward inquiry’ for the fed-
eral habeas court.” Lentz v. Kennedy, 967 F.3d 675, 688 (7th Cir.
2020) (quoting Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018)).
“[W]e focus on that decision and ‘simply review[] the specific
reasons given by the state court and defer[] to those reasons if
they are reasonable.’” Id. (quoting Wilson, 138 S. Ct. at 1192).
Habeas relief is only warranted here if Dunn shows that the
state appellate court’s determination that his counsel did not
perform deficiently “was so lacking in justification that there
was an error well understood and comprehended in existing
14 No. 20-1168
law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.”
Richter, 562 U.S. at 103. The Wisconsin Court of Appeals did
not reach Strickland’s prejudice prong, and so the parties agree
that AEDPA deference does not apply and we review that
prong de novo.
A. Deficient Performance
“To establish deficient performance, a person challenging
a conviction must show that ‘counsel’s representation fell be-
low an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Richter, 562
U.S. at 104 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). This means a
petitioner must identify errors “so serious that counsel was
not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by
the Sixth Amendment.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687). “To avoid the inevitable temptation to evaluate a law-
yer’s performance through the distorting lens of hindsight,
Strickland establishes a deferential presumption that strategic
judgments made by defense counsel are reasonable.” Mosley
v. Atchison, 689 F.3d 838, 848 (7th Cir. 2012). But for this defer-
ence to apply, the decision must be—in fact—strategic. “The
consequences of inattention rather than reasoned strategic de-
cisions are not entitled to the presumption of reasonableness.”
Id. (citing Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 395–96 (2005)). We
“judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged conduct on
the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of coun-
sel’s conduct.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Our review of the
state court’s decision is “‘doubly deferential,’ … [and] gives
both the state court and the defense attorney the benefit of the
doubt.” Burt v. Titles, 571 U.S. 12, 15 (2013) (quoting Cullen v.
Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 190 (2011)).
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals concluded that Dunn’s
trial counsel did not perform deficiently in failing to
No. 20-1168 15
investigate and present a no-causation defense because he (1)
consulted with a pathologist and (2) provided strategic and
practical explanations for his approach. Upon closely
examining the facts of this case, we find that the Wisconsin
Court of Appeals unreasonably applied Strickland because
Dunn’s counsel was poorly informed and based his strategic
decisions on a complete misunderstanding of a key piece of
evidence—namely, the medical examiner’s opinion on the
immediacy of death.
It was unreasonable for the state appellate court to find
that trial counsel did not perform deficiently because he con-
sulted with a forensic pathologist. Indeed, at the initial con-
sultation, Dr. Corliss provided trial counsel with a crucial
piece of evidence supporting Dunn’s no-causation defense: he
thought Schuckman died immediately. Whether Dunn
caused Schuckman’s death was a critical issue in the case. The
state’s main theory of the case depended on connecting two
events: Dunn slapping Schuckman in the bar’s parking lot,
and Schuckman being found dead hours later on the bar’s
back patio. Evidence that Schuckman would have died imme-
diately after receiving his fatal head injuries would have lent
strong support that these two events were not causally con-
nected because multiple witnesses saw Schuckman alive, ap-
parently unharmed, and upright after Dunn slapped him. Yet
Dunn’s counsel seemingly misattributed Dr. Corliss’s opinion
that death was immediate to the medical examiner, and erro-
neously believed that the medical examiner’s report meant
she would testify to that at trial. He failed to confirm that the
medical examiner would introduce this key piece of evidence
at trial or otherwise investigate the immediacy of death. His
mistaken belief infected his trial strategy to such an extent that
his approach to investigating and presenting a no-causation
16 No. 20-1168
defense cannot be reasonably viewed as strategic, even with
the “heavy measure of deference” afforded him under Strick-
land. 466 U.S. at 691. His “failure to investigate thoroughly re-
sulted from inattention, not reasoned strategic judgment.”
Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 526 (2003). It is thus unreason-
able to view trial counsel’s decision to consult with a forensic
pathologist as satisfactory performance, considering trial
counsel did not use the crucial information gleaned from that
consultation.
It was also unreasonable for the state appellate court to
find that trial counsel’s explanation for his approach con-
tained reasonable strategic and practical reasons. Dunn’s
counsel explained he did not call Dr. Corliss as a witness be-
cause he thought the evidence would be more persuasive if
elicited from the medical examiner on cross-examination. The
state appellate court found this explanation demonstrated
that trial counsel was acting strategically. This overlooks the
fact that trial counsel was not able to elicit a crucial piece of
evidence from the medical examiner on cross-examination:
that Schuckman died immediately. “A court adjudicating a
Strickland claim can’t just label a decision ‘strategic’ and
thereby immunize it from constitutional scrutiny,” and the
state court’s determination that trial counsel was acting stra-
tegically here is not reasonable. Jones, 842 F.3d at 464. In fact,
his causation strategy was primarily based on the improbable
assumption that the state’s medical examiner would testify
that the state’s causation theory was medically impossible.
And when that unlikely strategy blew up, counsel had no
Plan B.
Trial counsel and the state appellate court seemingly view
the evidence about multiple injuries—which trial counsel was
No. 20-1168 17
able to elicit on cross-examination—as substitute evidence in
support of a no-causation defense. But while evidence that
Schuckman had more injuries than could be explained by the
slap and fall lends some support to the theory that Dunn did
not cause his death, it is not nearly as strong as evidence that
Schuckman died immediately after the blunt force trauma to
the back of his head. The medical examiner testified that all
Schuckman’s injuries contributed to his death. In order to
convict for felony murder, the jury only needed to find that
Dunn’s conduct was a substantial factor in bringing about
Schuckman’s death. See State v. Oimen, 184 Wis. 2d 423, 404–
05 (1994). So while the presence of multiple injuries suggests
that Schuckman may also have been injured by someone or
something other than Dunn, given the medical examiner’s tes-
timony that all the injuries contributed to his death, the jury
could still reasonably find that the Dunn’s slap was a substan-
tial factor in his death. Evidence that Schuckman died imme-
diately from one fatal blow, conversely, is much stronger evi-
dence that Dunn did not cause his death. Multiple witnesses
saw Schuckman alive, apparently unharmed, and standing
several minutes after Dunn slapped him. Given this, trial
counsel’s explanation for not calling his forensic
pathologist—that he could elicit the relevant information
from the medical examiner on cross-examination—cannot be
reasonably viewed as strategic. See Washington v. Smith, 219
F.3d 620, 630–34 (7th Cir. 2000) (finding ineffective assistance
where counsel failed to investigate and call additional alibi
witnesses because the defendant’s location “was the issue in
the case,” and the one alibi witness counsel called had ques-
tionable credibility because he had a prior conviction).
Trial counsel’s “practical” explanation for why he did not
call Dr. Corliss as a witness also fails. Trial counsel testified
18 No. 20-1168
that he did not call Dr. Corliss because the pathologist told
him the medical examiner’s conclusions in the report were
well-reasoned. But the medical examiner’s conclusion that
there was an interval of survival was not contained in her re-
port. And when trial counsel spoke with Dr. Corliss in April,
trial counsel still had the mistaken belief—memorialized by
his email a mere ten days before trial—that the medical exam-
iner would testify that death was immediate. So while it fol-
lows that at the time trial counsel spoke with Dr. Corliss there
was no contradiction between Dr. Corliss’s opinion and the
medical examiner’s perceived opinion, when trial counsel re-
alized that the medical examiner disagreed on the immediacy
of death, his decision to not call his pathologist cannot reason-
ably be called “practical.” For these reasons, the state appel-
late court unreasonably applied Strickland when it deter-
mined that counsel did not perform deficiently because he
had strategic and practical reasons for his approach to Dunn’s
no-causation defense.
None of the state appellate court’s stated reasons for find-
ing trial counsel’s performance satisfactory are reasonable.
Further, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals failed to adequately
consider or address counsel’s decision to disregard the excul-
patory expert reports he was informed about shortly before
trial. Dunn’s counsel did not seek out further information on
the reports or ask for a continuance. While “reasonably dili-
gent counsel may draw a line when they have good reason to
think further investigation would be a waste,” Rompilla, 545
U.S. at 383 (emphasis added), here trial counsel only had a
bad reason not to follow up: his inaccurate belief that he al-
ready had a witness who would provide similar testimony. A
No. 20-1168 19
tactical decision based on a complete misunderstanding of an
essential piece of evidence does not equate to strategy.3
Sometime in the days before trial, trial counsel figured out
that the medical examiner would not testify as he thought she
would. Thus, “[e]ven if defense counsel could have initially
believed expert testimony unnecessary,” finding out the med-
ical examiner was going to testify that Schuckman did not die
immediately should “have alerted any reasonable attorney to
the need to rebut with a defense expert.” Woolley v. Rednour,
702 F.3d 411, 423 (7th Cir. 2012) (finding counsel performed
deficiently where he “remained nearly passive in the face of
damning” testimony that “effectively hollowed out the core
of his client’s defense” because he “fail[ed] to retain an expert
witness” or “ask for a continuance”). Given that he knew that
he no longer could elicit this crucial piece of information on
cross-examination, his planned approach to the no-causation
defense at trial cannot reasonably be viewed as strategic. Ra-
ther than calling Dr. Corliss to testify or requesting a continu-
ance to obtain the exculpatory reports, he decided to rely on
his cross-examination of the medical examiner to advance the
no-causation defense. But the information he could elicit from
her—that Schuckman sustained multiple injuries—only pro-
vided weak support that Dunn’s slap was not a substantial
factor in Schuckman’s death. He failed to offer any evidence
to rebut the medical examiner’s conclusions that there was an
3 Trial counsel’s testimony that Dunn would not have wanted a con-
tinuance to wait for the completed expert reports does not render his de-
cision to not investigate further strategic. Counsel had a fundamental mis-
understanding about how a key witness would testify, which prevented
him from being able to accurately advise his client on the state of the evi-
dence and the potential necessity of a continuance.
20 No. 20-1168
interval of survival and all Schuckman’s injuries contributed
to his death. He did not present any evidence whatsoever that
Schuckman died immediately—despite having both a foren-
sic pathologist who had expressed this belief and the infor-
mation about exculpatory expert reports that suggested that
Schuckman died on the back patio and did not stand upright
after the fatal injury.
Trial counsel’s approach to presenting a no-causation de-
fense was thus, “in light of all the circumstances … outside
the wide range of professionally competent assistance.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. This finding does not mean that
counsel must always interview a medical examiner or retain
an expert witness to be considered effective. “[I]t may be rea-
sonable,” in some cases, “to rely on cross-examination to cast
general doubt on the government’s version of events.” Wool-
ley, 702 F.3d at 424. It also may be reasonable to rely on the
medical examiner’s report, or to not seek out additional excul-
patory information if it were cumulative. But here, trial coun-
sel’s investigation and presentation of a no-causation defense
rested on an erroneous belief, until days before trial, that he
would be able to elicit a crucial piece of information from the
medical examiner. He then remained “nearly passive in the
face of damning” testimony from the medical examiner that
Dunn caused Schuckman’s death. Woolley, 702 F.3d at 423. We
thus conclude that Dunn’s trial counsel’s performance was
deficient under Strickland.
B. Prejudice
We next turn to Strickland’s prejudice prong, which we re-
view de novo in light of the state appellate court’s silence on
this point. To prevail, Dunn must “affirmatively prove preju-
dice,” meaning that “there is a reasonable probability that, but
No. 20-1168 21
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceed-
ing would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693–94.
“A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to under-
mine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. This does not re-
quire Dunn to prove that his “counsel’s deficient conduct
more likely than not altered the outcome in the case,” id. at
693, but the “likelihood of a different result must be substan-
tial, not just conceivable.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 112.
We conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the
result would have been different if Dunn’s trial counsel had
adequately investigated and presented evidence that Dunn
did not cause Schuckman’s death. Given the evidence that
Schuckman was seen alive and apparently unharmed after
the slap meant that the medical examiner’s testimony at trial
was key in linking Dunn’s slap to Schuckman’s death. Her
testimony that all Schuckman’s injuries contributed to his
death and there was no reason to think he died quickly went
unrebutted at trial. Dr. Stephens’s testimony cast significant
doubt on these conclusions and is sufficient to undermine our
confidence in the outcome. See Mosley, 689 F.3d at 851 (hold-
ing that where important testimony was not offered and the
evidence against the defendant was not overwhelming, Strick-
land’s prejudice prong was satisfied).
Dr. Stephens’s testimony contradicted the medical exam-
iner’s in two key ways. First, while the medical examiner tes-
tified that all Schuckman’s injuries contributed to his death,
Dr. Stephens opined the skull fracture and laceration to the
back of Schuckman’s head were the substantial cause of his
death and he likely would have survived his other injuries.
Second, Dr. Stephens disagreed with the medical examiner
about how long Schuckman likely survived after sustaining
22 No. 20-1168
the skull fracture. The medical examiner testified she had no
reason to think that Schuckman would have died immedi-
ately from his injuries because they did not affect his vital cen-
ter; Dr. Stephens testified that Schuckman would have been
rendered immediately unconscious, would be unlikely to be
able to sit up afterward, and would have died within minutes.
An analogous set of facts arose in Rogers v. Israel, 746 F.2d
1288, 1293–94 (7th Cir. 1984). There, like here, a crucial ques-
tion in the case was whether the victim in a bar fight was im-
mediately incapacitated by his injuries. Trial counsel in both
cases failed to rebut the state’s pathologist’s testimony that
incapacitation would not occur immediately, though the
counsel could have presented such expert testimony. In Rog-
ers, we found that expert testimony regarding the immediacy
of incapacitation “was critical to the presentation of the de-
fense,” and so there was a reasonable probability that the jury
would have had a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s
guilt if it had been presented. Id. at 1293. We find the same
here.
In addition to rebutting some of the medical examiner’s
testimony, Dr. Stephens’s testimony undermined the state’s
theory of the case in other ways. He testified that the lacera-
tion on the back of Schuckman’s head would bleed immedi-
ately and profusely. Yet there was no blood found in the park-
ing lot, and Schuckman did not have blood dripping down
the back of his head. Dr. Stephens’s opinion based on these
facts—that Schuckman was injured on the back patio rather
than in the parking lot—thus contradicted the state’s theory
of the case. The medical examiner conceded at the postconvic-
tion hearing that nothing in her testimony was inconsistent
with Schuckman receiving his injuries on the back patio.
No. 20-1168 23
We recognize that the medical examiner’s testimony was
not the only incriminating evidence in this case. Even at a hy-
pothetical trial where counsel presented testimony like that of
Dr. Stephens’s, the jury would have learned that Schuckman’s
cell phone was found at Dunn and Crochet’s hotel, Schuck-
man’s DNA was found on Crochet’s pants, and Crochet was
spotted walking from the direction where Schuckman was
found later that night. “Logically, a verdict weakly supported
by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors
than one with overwhelming record support.” Cook, 948 F.3d
at 909. But we do not find this other evidence constitutes over-
whelming support that Dunn is guilty of felony murder. Ra-
ther, much of this evidence potentially incriminates Crochet.
It was Crochet who had Schuckman’s blood on his pants, and
Crochet who was witnessed leaving the bar, and ten to fifteen
minutes later, walking away from the direction where
Schuckman was later found. But Dunn’s guilt is not neces-
sarily tied with Crochet’s—the same witness who testified he
saw Crochet walking away from the area where Schuckman
was found also testified that he saw Dunn seated in the
pickup truck at that time. And notably, despite the forensic
and eyewitness testimony implicating Crochet in Schuck-
man’s death, Crochet was able to leverage the exculpatory ex-
pert reports to negotiate a plea bargain for a time-served sen-
tence.
There is of course a chance that even if the jury had heard
testimony like that offered by Dr. Stephens, it would have
nonetheless convicted Dunn for felony murder. It may have
still found that Dunn’s slap caused the skull fracture, or that
Dunn was liable as a party to a crime based on the evidence
against Crochet. But the fact that no evidence was offered
about the timing and location of Schuckman’s death
24 No. 20-1168
substantially undermines our confidence in this result. This is
sufficient to establish prejudice under Strickland.
III. Conclusion
The Wisconsin Court of Appeals unreasonably applied
Strickland when it determined that Dunn’s trial counsel did
not perform deficiently. Dunn was prejudiced as a result of
his trial counsel’s errors, and so the district court’s grant of
habeas relief is
AFFIRMED.