United States v. Melvin Bell ( 2022 )

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 20‐2679
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
MELVIN BELL,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:13‐cr‐00949‐1 — Virginia M. Kendall, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED OCTOBER 27, 2021 — DECIDED MARCH 11, 2022
____________________
Before MANION, WOOD, and BRENNAN, Circuit Judges.
MANION, Circuit Judge. Melvin Bell and co‐defendants,
Monica Hernandez and Carlos Rayas, fraudulently promised
victims that they could save their homes from foreclosure or
lower their mortgage payments. To carry out this scheme,
they invented Washington National Trust (WNT), which they
marketed as a legitimate financial institution bankrolled by
2 No. 20‐2679
wealthy Native Americans. Bell was the Director of Trust Op‐
erations, while his associates acted in subordinate positions.1
They targeted Hispanic homeowners, mostly monolin‐
gual Spanish‐speakers, who were struggling to pay their
mortgages or were already in foreclosure proceedings. Her‐
nandez and Rayas falsely represented to victims that WNT
would buy their mortgages and prevent their pending fore‐
closures in exchange for a membership fee, generally between
$5,000 and $10,000.
On joining WNT, homeowners signed membership forms
and agreements, and paid some or all the required fees. WNT
then mailed these documents to the members or made them
available for pick up, along with a welcome letter signed by
Bell. After receiving a membership packet, usually by mail, if
the member could not pay the full fee at the time of sign‐up,
he or she had to make installment payments. Homeowners
also referred new members, from whom WNT sought and re‐
ceived additional fees.
In reality, WNT was not a licensed trust and never had the
financial resources to buy out a single victim’s mortgage. In‐
stead, Bell and his associates spent the homeowner fees on
personal expenses. WNT never once purchased a victim’s
mortgage or prevented a foreclosure. All told, over 60 home‐
owners joined WNT and lost almost $260,000.
In 2013, a federal grand jury indicted Bell, Hernandez, and
Rayas under 18 U.S.C. § 1341 on four counts of mail fraud.
1 Because Bell challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
the jury’s verdict, we recount the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution. See United States v. Hernandez, 952 F.3d 856, 857 (7th Cir.
2020).
No. 20‐2679 3
Bell consistently refused legal representation. Despite his ob‐
jection, the district court assigned him an experienced defense
attorney to act as stand‐by counsel.
On the eve of trial, Bell moved to retain a recent law school
graduate, attorney John Joyce. Since Bell had refused repre‐
sentation for 20 months despite being provided experienced
stand‐by counsel, the district court inquired about this devel‐
opment. In response to the district court’s questioning, Joyce
explained that he was newly admitted to the Illinois bar, had
never tried a case, and had met Bell at the Metropolitan Cor‐
rectional Center only a few days before. The district court ad‐
vised Bell that choosing the inexperienced Joyce over the ap‐
pointed stand‐by counsel was a serious mistake. Undeterred,
Bell insisted on Joyce.
The district court probed Joyce further about his relation‐
ship to Bell. Joyce informed the court that he had met with
Bell at the behest of Rosa Eliades, co‐defendant Rayas’s coun‐
sel. Joyce told Bell during this visit that he was not his attor‐
ney. After the district court sought clarification, Joyce denied
that Eliades asked him to visit Bell. (So too did Eliades in a
later hearing.) The district court obtained conflict attorneys
from the Federal Public Defender’s Office to discuss this situ‐
ation with Bell and Rayas separately, and later held a conflict
hearing for Hernandez.2
The conflict counsel assigned to Bell advised him (1) about
his right to conflict‐free counsel, (2) of the conflict that could
arise if Joyce represented him, (3) that waiving conflict‐free
counsel would preclude him from raising it during the trial or
2 The district court determined in Hernandez’s conflict hearing that
Eliades had shared information about the case with Hernandez’s counsel.
4 No. 20‐2679
on appeal, and (4) of the dangers that choosing an inexperi‐
enced attorney like Joyce could pose to him. After learning
about the potential conflict, Rayas and Hernandez chose new
attorneys. But Bell decided to stick with Joyce and thanked
the district court for its concern. He subsequently filed a writ‐
ten, signed waiver in which he acknowledged his right to con‐
flict‐free counsel and the potential conflicts associated with
having Joyce represent him.
The district court proceeded to try Bell and Hernandez to‐
gether. (Rayas pleaded out.) The government brought forth
witnesses to testify about their interactions with WNT person‐
nel and presented correspondence sent from WNT to victims
bearing Bell’s signature. In addition, the government submit‐
ted into evidence a fraudulent $100,000 treasury check, which
someone had attempted to deposit into Bell’s bank account,
to establish that WNT never had sufficient funds to purchase
mortgages. The jury found Bell guilty of three counts of mail
fraud, and the district court sentenced him to 150 months’ im‐
prisonment with a three‐year term of supervised release to
follow and ordered him to pay $259,211 in restitution. Bell ap‐
peals.
He first argues that the district court erred by allowing
him to proceed with Joyce, who he asserts provided ineffec‐
tive assistance of counsel because of his relationship with
Rayas. Bell contends that the district court should have tried
harder to convince him to choose a different attorney or, fail‐
ing that, just forced him to.
A defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to effective assis‐
tance can be violated when his counsel has a conflict of inter‐
est, but the right to conflict‐free counsel can be waived. Free‐
man v. Chandler, 645 F.3d 863, 868 (7th Cir. 2011). Generally,
No. 20‐2679 5
when there is no conflict of interest, the district court must
respect the defendant’s choice of counsel. United States v.
Turner, 594 F.3d 946, 952 (7th Cir. 2010). On the other hand,
the district court may decline to accept a waiver if there is “an
actual conflict of interest that seriously undermines counsel’s
effectiveness” or a “serious potential” for such a conflict to
arise. Id. at 948. On appeal, it is the defendant’s burden to
show that there was an actual or serious potential for conflict.
See United States v. Coscia, 4 F.4th 454, 475 (7th Cir. 2021).
Generally, a defendant’s waiver is valid when the judge
informs him that he has a right to conflict‐free counsel and
ensures that he understands the potential consequences of the
conflict. Freeman, 645 F.3d at 868. The district court need only
be satisfied that the defendant made an informed decision—
not that the decision was a prudent one. United States v. Flores,
5 F.3d 1070, 1078 (7th Cir. 1993).
Bell has not shown that there was an actual or potential
conflict of interest that seriously undermined Joyce’s effec‐
tiveness. Essentially, Bell contends that Joyce’s relationship
with Rayas might have affected Joyce’s ability to represent
him because Joyce would not have been able to use strategies
that might have damaged Rayas’s case, especially if Rayas
had decided to work with the government against Bell. How‐
ever, these asserted possibilities are mere conjecture and
would apply to any case in which there is joint representa‐
tion.3 See Turner, 594 F.3d at 954. We have held that the mere
possibility that one co‐defendant might work against the
3 The record indicates that Joyce had a relationship of some kind with
Rayas, but it is not clear whether it rose to the level of formal representa‐
tion. For purposes of this appeal, we need not resolve that issue.
6 No. 20‐2679
other at trial is not sufficient to justify overriding the right of
preferred counsel. Id. Bell does not provide any particularized
assertions that Joyce subordinated his efforts in Bell’s defense
to those of Rayas. Generalized speculation does not require a
court to invalidate a defendant’s right to choose counsel.
Bell attempts to sidestep this analysis. He asserts that the
district court should have rejected his waiver because Joyce’s
relationship with Rayas rose to the level of a “structural er‐
ror.” This refers to a rare kind of error that so undermines the
fairness of a criminal proceeding that it triggers automatic re‐
versal. United States v. Davila, 569 U.S. 597, 611 (2013). Bell
cites no authority for the proposition that an actual or poten‐
tial conflict of counsel can constitute a structural error. The
caselaw holds to the contrary—structural error can occur
when the district court does not allow a defendant to choose
“counsel of [his] choice.” Id. And holding that a conflict auto‐
matically gives rise to structural error would render insensi‐
ble the mass of authority that allows defendants to waive con‐
flict‐free counsel. Simply put, we find no merit in this conten‐
tion.
Regarding the validity of the waiver, the district court con‐
scientiously ensured that Bell knew his rights and understood
the possible pitfalls of choosing his preferred attorney. Not
only did the court attempt to deter Bell from choosing Joyce
rather than the experienced court‐appointed stand‐by coun‐
sel, it also procured a conflict attorney from the Federal Public
Defender’s Office to advise Bell about his rights and the pos‐
sible consequences of choosing to waive them. Repeatedly
and despite the district court’s best efforts, Bell insisted on
Joyce.
No. 20‐2679 7
In sum, the record shows that Bell’s waiver was knowing
and voluntary, and he has not demonstrated an actual or se‐
rious potential for conflict that would have obliged the district
court to disregard his waiver. Accordingly, Bell cannot now
argue that Joyce’s counsel was ineffective because of a con‐
flict. See Coscia, 4 F.4th at 475.
Bell next contends that the district court erred by allowing
the government to introduce as evidence a $100,000 fraudu‐
lent check that someone attempted to deposit into his bank
account as the scheme was unravelling. He asserts that the
fraudulent check was inadmissible propensity evidence. In
other words, the government wanted to suggest to the jury
that, because Bell passed fraudulent checks, he probably com‐
mitted mail fraud too.
Although Federal Rule of Evidence 404 bars the introduc‐
tion of evidence to show a person’s propensity to act a certain
way, this rule “does not apply to direct evidence of the crime
charged.” United States v. Ferrell, 816 F.3d 433, 443 (7th Cir.
2015). In the fraud context, evidence can be direct when ad‐
mitted as proof of an overall scheme. United States v. Lanas,
324 F.3d 894, 901 (7th Cir. 2003). We review the district court’s
evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion and will only re‐
verse a ruling if there was no rational basis for it. United States
v. Gorman, 613 F.3d 711, 717 (7th Cir. 2010).
Here, the government introduced the fraudulent check to
show that Bell and his co‐defendant falsely represented to
homeowners that WNT could purchase mortgages despite
knowing that WNT did not have the resources to do so. This
evidence countered Bell and Hernandez’s argument that
WNT was a legitimate financial entity. The district court
found that the fraudulent check tended to show that Bell and
8 No. 20‐2679
Hernandez were deceiving homeowners when they repre‐
sented that WNT could purchase mortgages outright. Given
the evidence that the fraudulent check for $100,000 briefly ap‐
peared in Bell’s account around the time that he needed to
make good on WNT’s many false representations, we cannot
say that the district court abused its discretion in admitting
the check as direct evidence of a scheme to defraud.
Bell also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence sup‐
porting the verdict. Because he did not move for a judgment
of acquittal at the close of the government’s case, we review
for plain error. See United States v. Lundberg, 990 F.3d 1087,
1095 (7th Cir. 2021). Under this standard, reversal is war‐
ranted only “if the record is devoid of evidence pointing to
guilt.” Id.Bell offers two reasons why the evidence was insufficient
to support the verdict. He argues that the membership pack‐
ets mailed to victims did not advance the scheme to defraud
and that the evidence didn’t show that he knew about the
scheme or that it involved the use of the mails.
We essentially rejected Bell’s first contention in co‐defend‐
ant Hernandez’s appeal, United States v. Hernandez, 952 F.3d
856 (7th Cir. 2020). There, Hernandez also argued that the
scheme to defraud did not depend on the mailings. To the
contrary, we held that a reasonable jury could find that the
mailings contributed to the success of the scheme because cer‐
tain victims submitted payments to WNT after receiving the
membership packets in the mail. Id. at 860. “Because the mail‐
ings repeated the fraudulent promises and lent credibility to
the legitimacy of [WNT],” we determined that the jury could
reasonably “conclude that they helped Hernandez conceal the
No. 20‐2679 9
fraudulent scheme.” Id. This reasoning applies with equal
force to Bell’s case.
His second argument fares no better. Although his co‐de‐
fendants were the ones who met with victims in person, the
evidence showed that Bell controlled the scheme. A WNT em‐
ployee testified that Bell was in charge of WNT, and the mem‐
bership packets mailed to victims bore Bell’s signature as Di‐
rector of Trust Operations; a jury could conclude from this in‐
formation that Bell could foresee the use of the mails to ad‐
vance the scheme. Further, Bell used the homeowner fees on
personal expenses and never once purchased a mortgage or
prevented a foreclosure. Additionally, a fraudulent check for
$100,000 was deposited into Bell’s account, from which a jury
could infer that he knew that WNT did not have the financial
resources to carry out its purported mission. And, in response
to state regulators informing him that he operated an unli‐
censed trust, he continued to recruit homeowners and collect
fees. This record is hardly devoid of evidence pointing to
guilt.
Finally, Bell contends that the district court erred by con‐
structively amending the indictment via jury instructions.
Constructive amendment occurs when a district court ex‐
pands the possible bases of conviction beyond those charged
by the grand jury. United States v. Trennel, 290 F.3d 881, 888
(7th Cir. 2002). But we need not get into the specifics of his
contentions.
When defense counsel affirmatively approves proposed
jury instructions, a defendant waives his right to challenge
them on appeal. United States v. Natale, 719 F.3d 719, 730 (7th
Cir. 2013). That’s what happened here. The district court re‐
cited the instructions that it intended to give the jury
10 No. 20‐2679
regarding the charge of mail fraud and asked defense counsel
if he had any objection. Joyce responded, “No, we don’t have
a problem with that, your Honor.” Assertions of this sort are
enough to constitute waiver. Id. (collecting cases). Conse‐
quently, Bell cannot make this argument here.
Having reviewed the record and the arguments in the
briefs, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.