United States v. Japher Rajab ( 2022 )

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 20-3547
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United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Japher Yosuf Rajab,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of South Dakota - Western
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Submitted: October 18, 2021
Filed: January 14, 2022
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Before COLLOTON, ERICKSON, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
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COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Japher Rajab was convicted of attempting to entice a minor using the internet.
See 18 U.S.C. § 2242(b). On appeal, Rajab argues that there was insufficient
evidence to support his conviction, in part because the object of his enticement was
an adult undercover officer rather than an actual minor. He also contends that the
indictment failed to state an offense, and that the district court1 should have instructed
the jury that proof of an actual minor was required. We reject these arguments and
affirm the judgment.
I.
Evidence at trial showed that Rajab used a messaging software application
called MeetMe to communicate with a purported minor named “Lucy.” Lucy’s
profile on the MeetMe application, however, was operated by a special agent of the
Department of Homeland Security who played the role of Lucy. Lucy’s profile said
that she was nineteen years old, but in messages to Rajab, she informed Rajab that she
was actually fifteen years old. Rajab responded, “Your age isn’t a problem.” In later
messages, Rajab expressed doubt that Lucy was actually fifteen years old, but Lucy
reiterated that she was indeed fifteen years old.
During his conversation with Lucy, Rajab sent explicit messages detailing
sexual acts in which he sought to engage with Lucy. The conversation transitioned
from MeetMe to text messages, and Rajab began using the Talkatone software
application to send messages. Rajab eventually arranged to meet Lucy at a local little
league park, and he promised to bring condoms.
At the designated meeting place, surveillance officers observed the vehicle that
Rajab had described to Lucy. Officers arrested Rajab, seized his cellular phone, and
searched his vehicle. Inside the console of the vehicle, they found two condoms. On
Rajab’s phone, they located the messages that Rajab had exchanged with Lucy in the
MeetMe and Talkatone applications. In the internet search history on Rajab’s phone,
they found queries asking, “Do police set up stings on Meet?” and “Can police post
1
The Honorable Jeffrey L. Viken, United States District Judge for the District
of South Dakota.
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an ad online for prostitution and then arrest?” During an interview with investigators,
Rajab confirmed that he had sent the messages to Lucy, but claimed that he did not
believe that she was actually fifteen years old.
A grand jury charged Rajab with attempting to entice a minor using the
internet, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). A jury found Rajab guilty, and the
district court sentenced him to 120 months’ imprisonment and five years of
supervised release.
II.
Rajab argues on appeal that the indictment failed to state an offense because
it did not allege that the person with whom he was communicating about sexual acts
was under the age of eighteen or that he engaged in sexual activity with a minor. He
did not raise this challenge before trial, and “[w]hen an indictment is challenged after
jeopardy attaches, it is upheld unless it is so defective that by no reasonable
construction can it be said to charge the offense.” United States v. White, 241 F.3d
1015, 1021 (8th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations omitted).
Rajab’s argument fails because the charged offense does not require the
involvement of an actual minor. The statute forbids enticing, or attempting to entice,
any individual under the age of eighteen to engage in prostitution or any sexual
activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense. 18 U.S.C.
§ 2422(b). An attempt is accomplished when the offender intends to commit the
substantive offense and takes a substantial step toward its commission. United States
v. Young, 613 F.3d 735, 742 (8th Cir. 2010). Even where an undercover officer is
playing the role of a minor, an offender commits the crime of attempted enticement
under § 2422(b) where he intends to entice a minor and engages in substantial
conduct toward that end. United States v. Helder, 452 F.3d 751, 756 (8th Cir. 2006).
The statute does not require proof that an offender succeeded in enticing anyone to
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engage in sexual activity. Evidence that a defendant arranged to meet a minor at a
certain time or place and traveled to the designated meeting location is sufficient to
support a conviction. Young, 613 F.3d at 743. We therefore conclude that the
indictment adequately stated an offense.
For similar reasons, there was no error in the district court’s instructions to the
jury. For the first time on appeal, Rajab challenges the court’s instructions that
“[d]irect communication with a child is unnecessary,” and that “[t]he government
must only prove Mr. Rajab believed that he was communicating with someone who
could arrange for the child to engage in unlawful sexual activity.” R. Doc. 67, at 8.
The instructions accurately state the law, and there is no plain error, because the
statute does not require direct communication with a minor. Evidence of attempting
to entice a minor through an intermediary may be sufficient to establish a violation.
United States v. Willins, 992 F.3d 723, 728 (8th Cir. 2021); United States v. Spurlock,
495 F.3d 1011, 1014 (8th Cir. 2007).
Rajab also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction.
The elements of § 2422(b), as charged in this case, require proof that the defendant
(1) knowingly used a facility of interstate commerce, such as the internet or the
telephone system, (2) with the intent to entice a person to engage in illegal sexual
activity, and (3) believed that the person he sought to entice was under the age of
eighteen. United States v. Hensley, 982 F.3d 1147, 1154 (8th Cir. 2020). The attempt
charge required proof that the defendant intended to commit the offense of enticing
a minor and took a substantial step in furtherance of that offense. Id.Rajab maintains that the government failed to prove the use of a facility of
interstate commerce to commit attempted enticement. Officers testified, however,
that Rajab communicated with Lucy through the MeetMe software application, and
that they found messages between Rajab and Lucy in the Talkatone software
application on Rajab’s cellular phone. Another officer testified that the MeetMe and
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Talkatone applications send all communications through the internet, which is a
facility of interstate commerce. A reasonable jury thus could find that Rajab used a
facility of interstate commerce to communicate with Lucy.
The record also shows sufficient evidence that Rajab intended to entice Lucy
to engage in sexual activity while believing that she was a minor. The undercover
agent playing the role of Lucy testified that Rajab sent explicit messages to Lucy and
described sexual acts in which he wanted to engage with her. When arranging to
meet Lucy in person, Rajab promised to bring condoms with him, and officers found
two condoms in the console of Rajab’s vehicle when they arrested him. The agent
also testified that when Lucy told Rajab that she was fifteen years old, Rajab
responded that her “age isn’t a problem.” Rajab later questioned Lucy’s age, but she
reiterated several times that she was fifteen years old, and Rajab continued with his
attempted enticement. A reasonable jury could infer that Rajab believed that Lucy
was fifteen years old and that he intended to entice her to engage in sexual activity.
A reasonable jury also could conclude that the sexual activity in which Rajab
sought to engage with Lucy is illegal under state law. South Dakota criminalizes
sexually penetrating an individual who is at least three years younger than the
perpetrator and who is between the ages of thirteen and sixteen years old. S.D.
Codified Laws §§ 22-22-1(5), 22-22-2. South Dakota also proscribes engaging in
sexual contact with an individual under the age of 16 when the contact is made by a
perpetrator aged sixteen years or older. S.D. Codified Laws §§ 22-22-7, 22-22-7.1.
Rajab was forty-one years old, and he sent messages to Lucy expressing a desire to
engage in both sexual penetration and sexual contact with her. This evidence
supports a finding that Rajab intended to entice Lucy to engage in “illegal sexual
activity.”
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Finally, there was ample evidence that Rajab took a substantial step in
furtherance of enticing Lucy. He arranged to meet Lucy at a local park, and traveled
to the park while equipped with condoms suitable for use in sexual activity. Those
actions are sufficient to establish a substantial step and a completed attempt. Young,
613 F.3d at 743. The record thus supports a reasonable finding that Rajab attempted
to entice a minor in violation of § 2242(b).
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The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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